In our previous work[Phys.Rev.C 101,014003(2020)],the photoproduction reactionγp→K^(*+)Λwas investigated within an effective Lagrangian approach.The reaction amplitudes were constructed by including the t-channel K...In our previous work[Phys.Rev.C 101,014003(2020)],the photoproduction reactionγp→K^(*+)Λwas investigated within an effective Lagrangian approach.The reaction amplitudes were constructed by including the t-channel K,K^(*),and k exchanges,u-channelΛ,∑,and∑^(*)exchanges,s-channel N,N(2000)5/2^(+),and N(2060)5/2^(-)exchanges,and interaction current.The data on the differential cross sections and spin density matrix elements were described simultaneously.In this study,we investigate the photoproduction reactionγn→K^(*0)Λbased on the same reaction mechanism as that ofγp→K^(*+)Λto obtain a unified description of the data forγp→K^(*+)Λandγn→K^(*0)Λwithin the same model.All hadronic coupling constants,form factor cutoffs,and the resonance masses and widths in the present calculations remain the same as in our previous work forγp→K^(*+)Λ.The available differential cross-section data forγn→K^(*0)Λare well reproduced.Further analysis shows that the cross sections ofγn→K^(*0)Λare dominated by the contributions of the t-channel K exchange,while the s-channel N(2000)5/2+and N(2060)5/2-exchanges also provide considerable contributions.展开更多
It is well known that the Poincaré gauge theories of gravity do not have the structure of a standard gauge theory. Nevertheless, we show that a general form of action for the gravitational gauge fields in the gau...It is well known that the Poincaré gauge theories of gravity do not have the structure of a standard gauge theory. Nevertheless, we show that a general form of action for the gravitational gauge fields in the gauge theory does possess local Poincaré invariance.展开更多
With the right and the left waves of an electron, plus the left wave of its neutrino, we write the tensorial densities coming from all associations of these three spinors. We recover the wave equation of the electro-w...With the right and the left waves of an electron, plus the left wave of its neutrino, we write the tensorial densities coming from all associations of these three spinors. We recover the wave equation of the electro-weak theory. A new non linear mass term comes out. The wave equation is form invariant, then relativistic invariant, and it is gauge invariant under the U(1)×SU(2), Lie group of electro-weak interactions. The invariant form of the wave equation has the Lagrangian density as real scalar part. One of the real equations equivalent to the invariant form is the law of conservation of the total current.展开更多
It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However we never have the quark and gluon mom...It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation. The conflicts between the gauge invariance and canonical quantization requirement of these operators are discussed. A new set of quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and spin operators, which satisfy both the gauge invariance and canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation, are proposed. The key point to achieve such a proper decomposition is to separate the gauge field into the pure gauge and the gauge covariant parts. The same conflicts also exist in QED and quantum mechanics and have been solved in the same manner. The impacts of this new decomposition to the nucleon internal structure are discussed.展开更多
The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine...The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler’s semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.展开更多
We derive a general ionization rate formula for the system of diatomic molecules in the velocity gauge. A more concise expression of the photoionization rate in the tunnel region is obtained for the first time. Compar...We derive a general ionization rate formula for the system of diatomic molecules in the velocity gauge. A more concise expression of the photoionization rate in the tunnel region is obtained for the first time. Comparisons are made among the different versions of strong-field approximation. The numerical study shows that the ionization rate in the velocity gauge is underestimated by a few orders compared with that in the length gauge. Our simple formula of ionization rate may provide an insight into the ionization mechanism for the system of diatomic molecules.展开更多
Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the phot...Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the photon which mediates the electromagnetic interaction. We have argued in a different reading that it should in-principle be possible to have massive photons. The problem of whether or not these photons will lead to short or long range interactions has not been answered. Naturally, because these photons are massive, one would without much pondering and excogitation on the matter assume that these photons can only take part in short range interactions. Contrary to this and to conventional wisdom;via a subtlety—namely, the foregoing of the Lorenz gauge and in line with ideas set out in out proposed Unified Field Theory, the introduction of a vector potential whose components are 4 ×?4 Hermitian matrices;we show within the confines of Proca Electrodynamics under the said modifications that massive photons should be long lived (i.e., stable) and be able to take part in long range interactions without any problem.展开更多
We consider the concept of deformed gauge invariance. The described formalism allows the vector gauge bosons to be massive independently of Higgs mechanism. It also allows the possibility for the variability of gauge ...We consider the concept of deformed gauge invariance. The described formalism allows the vector gauge bosons to be massive independently of Higgs mechanism. It also allows the possibility for the variability of gauge coupling constants in space-time.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12175240,11475181,11635009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y7292610K1)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M693142)。
文摘In our previous work[Phys.Rev.C 101,014003(2020)],the photoproduction reactionγp→K^(*+)Λwas investigated within an effective Lagrangian approach.The reaction amplitudes were constructed by including the t-channel K,K^(*),and k exchanges,u-channelΛ,∑,and∑^(*)exchanges,s-channel N,N(2000)5/2^(+),and N(2060)5/2^(-)exchanges,and interaction current.The data on the differential cross sections and spin density matrix elements were described simultaneously.In this study,we investigate the photoproduction reactionγn→K^(*0)Λbased on the same reaction mechanism as that ofγp→K^(*+)Λto obtain a unified description of the data forγp→K^(*+)Λandγn→K^(*0)Λwithin the same model.All hadronic coupling constants,form factor cutoffs,and the resonance masses and widths in the present calculations remain the same as in our previous work forγp→K^(*+)Λ.The available differential cross-section data forγn→K^(*0)Λare well reproduced.Further analysis shows that the cross sections ofγn→K^(*0)Λare dominated by the contributions of the t-channel K exchange,while the s-channel N(2000)5/2+and N(2060)5/2-exchanges also provide considerable contributions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10675019
文摘It is well known that the Poincaré gauge theories of gravity do not have the structure of a standard gauge theory. Nevertheless, we show that a general form of action for the gravitational gauge fields in the gauge theory does possess local Poincaré invariance.
文摘With the right and the left waves of an electron, plus the left wave of its neutrino, we write the tensorial densities coming from all associations of these three spinors. We recover the wave equation of the electro-weak theory. A new non linear mass term comes out. The wave equation is form invariant, then relativistic invariant, and it is gauge invariant under the U(1)×SU(2), Lie group of electro-weak interactions. The invariant form of the wave equation has the Lagrangian density as real scalar part. One of the real equations equivalent to the invariant form is the law of conservation of the total current.
基金Supported by NSFC (10875082,90503010)U.S. DOE (W-7405-ENG-36)
文摘It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation. The conflicts between the gauge invariance and canonical quantization requirement of these operators are discussed. A new set of quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and spin operators, which satisfy both the gauge invariance and canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relation, are proposed. The key point to achieve such a proper decomposition is to separate the gauge field into the pure gauge and the gauge covariant parts. The same conflicts also exist in QED and quantum mechanics and have been solved in the same manner. The impacts of this new decomposition to the nucleon internal structure are discussed.
文摘The S matrix of e-e scattering has the structure of a projection operator that projects incoming separable product states onto entangled two-electron states. In this projection operator the empirical value of the fine-structure constant α acts as a normalization factor. When the structure of the two-particle state space is known, a theoretical value of the normalization factor can be calculated. For an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group, the calculated normalization factor matches Wyler’s semi-empirical formula for the fine-structure constant α. The empirical value of α, therefore, provides experimental evidence that the state space of two interacting electrons belongs to an irreducible two-particle representation of the Poincaré group.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11274149)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.20121032)
文摘We derive a general ionization rate formula for the system of diatomic molecules in the velocity gauge. A more concise expression of the photoionization rate in the tunnel region is obtained for the first time. Comparisons are made among the different versions of strong-field approximation. The numerical study shows that the ionization rate in the velocity gauge is underestimated by a few orders compared with that in the length gauge. Our simple formula of ionization rate may provide an insight into the ionization mechanism for the system of diatomic molecules.
文摘Prevailing and conventional wisdom holds that intermediate gauge Bosons for long range interactions such as the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions must be massless as is assumed to be the case for the photon which mediates the electromagnetic interaction. We have argued in a different reading that it should in-principle be possible to have massive photons. The problem of whether or not these photons will lead to short or long range interactions has not been answered. Naturally, because these photons are massive, one would without much pondering and excogitation on the matter assume that these photons can only take part in short range interactions. Contrary to this and to conventional wisdom;via a subtlety—namely, the foregoing of the Lorenz gauge and in line with ideas set out in out proposed Unified Field Theory, the introduction of a vector potential whose components are 4 ×?4 Hermitian matrices;we show within the confines of Proca Electrodynamics under the said modifications that massive photons should be long lived (i.e., stable) and be able to take part in long range interactions without any problem.
文摘We consider the concept of deformed gauge invariance. The described formalism allows the vector gauge bosons to be massive independently of Higgs mechanism. It also allows the possibility for the variability of gauge coupling constants in space-time.
