AIM: To evaluate whether a higher prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection is associated with an increase in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prescriptions at the county level in Michigan. METHODS: The Michigan Disease S...AIM: To evaluate whether a higher prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection is associated with an increase in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prescriptions at the county level in Michigan. METHODS: The Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) was used to ascertain both the numbers of Giardia lamblia infections as well as the total number of foodborne illnesses per population by county in Michigan during 2005. This was compared with Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) of Michigan numbers of drug prescriptions for IBS per one thousand members per county in 2005. These data were also analyzed for associations with per capita income by county and the number of refugees entering each county in 2005. RESULTS: There were a total of 786 confirmed cases of Giardia lamblia reported to MDSS in 2005. During the same time period, the number of prescriptions for IBS varied from 0.5 per 1000 members up to 6.0 per 1000 members per month. There was no trend towards higher numbers of IBS prescriptions in the counties with more Giardia lamblia infections. Per capita income was not associated with either IBS prescriptions or Giardiasis. There was a significant linear association between the number of refugees entering each county, and the number of Giardia lamblia cases per 100 000 population. CONCLUSION: In this ecological study, there was no association found between BCBS prescriptions for IBS and Giardia lamblia infections in Michigan counties. Our findings may have been influenced by the disparate number of refugees admitted per county.展开更多
Captivity of wild animals and restriction of their movement can lead to stress, resulting in suppressed immune response and reduced disease resistance ability. Wild animals in zoological gardens can predominately affe...Captivity of wild animals and restriction of their movement can lead to stress, resulting in suppressed immune response and reduced disease resistance ability. Wild animals in zoological gardens can predominately affected by various gastro-intestinal parasites. This study was therefore, conducted to determine occurrence, identify types and assess seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals at the Zoological garden of Haramaya University. The study involved a retrospective investigation of zoo records and fecal examinations. Twenty two fecal samples were collected in December, 2013 from all the animals in the garden and examined using concentration and fecal culture techniques. Sampling was repeated after four months in April, 2014 to assess seasonal variations of the parasites. The result from the retrospective study showed death of 21 animals in the last five years. Fecal examination confirmed presence of gastrointestinal parasites with an overall mean prevalence rate of 73.8%. A total of 9 parasite taxa were identified of which 6 (66.67%) and 4 (33.33%) were helminths and protozoa respectively. No Cestode and Trematode species were recovered. <i>Trichuris spp.</i>, <i>Toxocara spp.</i>, <i>Strongyloides spp.</i>, <i>Toxascaris leonine</i>, <i>Passalurus ambiguous</i> and <i>Ascaridia spp.</i> were the helminth parasites observed in the garden. <i>Entamoeba spp.</i>, <i>Isospora spp.</i> and <i>Eimeria spp.</i> were the protozoan parasites encountered. No remarkable seasonal variation in parasitic infection was noticed in the garden. The study revealed occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the zoological garden, most of which are zoonotic and hence future studies are needed to determine risks of cross-transmission.展开更多
Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoono...Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers,park visitors as well as keeping the captive NHPs in healthy state,it is necessary to carry out regular parasitological examination and treatment.A total of 72 fecal samples of Olive Baboon(n=39)and Common Langur(n=33)irrespective of their age and sex were collected from two zoological gardens of Bangladesh.Eggs and oocysts of seven gastrointestinal(GI)parasites were observed and identified in samples of both host species.The prevalence of GI parasites recorded was 100%.In case of Olive Baboon,the protozoan prevalence was higher(53.83%)than that of helminths,but opposite scenario was seen in case of Common Langur.Besides,higher intensity of coccidian oocysts in both hosts was recorded in the study.展开更多
Globally,habitat degradation is accelerating,especially in the tropics.Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates,people,and domestic animals and change stress levels in w...Globally,habitat degradation is accelerating,especially in the tropics.Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates,people,and domestic animals and change stress levels in wildlife,leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections.However,the direction and consequences of these changes are unclear,since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources(e.g.,improving nutritional health by eating nutritious crops)and decreasing susceptibility to infection,or interactions with humans may lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection.Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to understand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance.Here we quantify the gastrointestinal parasites of a group of vervet monkeys(Chlorocebus aethiops)near Lake Nabugabo,Uganda,that frequently overlaps with people in their use of a highly modified environment.We compare the parasites found in this population to seven other sites where vervet monkey gastrointestinal parasites have been identified.The vervets of Lake Nabugabo have the greatest richness of parasites documented to date.We discuss how this may reflect differences in sampling intensity or differences in the types of habitat where vervet parasites have been sampled.展开更多
The objective was to evaluate the effect of aqueous infusion of cracked soursop seeds on two different concentrations as an organic dewormer compared to a commercial one in GNE （gastrointestinal nematodes） egg popul...The objective was to evaluate the effect of aqueous infusion of cracked soursop seeds on two different concentrations as an organic dewormer compared to a commercial one in GNE （gastrointestinal nematodes） egg population in crossbred hair sheep （Blackbelly-Khatadin） of the northen region of Veracruz. The aqueous infusion was prepared adding 93.5 g of cracked soursop seeds in 1,875 mL of boiled water and let stand for 12 h. Crossbred ewes were randomly assigned to receive every 19 days： （1） 10 mL of cracked soursop infusion orally （n = 27）, （2） 15 mL of cracked soursop infusion orally （n = 27）, and （3） 2 mL of Febendazole subcutaneously （n = 26）. Feces （2-5 g） were collected directly from the rectum of each animal on the following days： 0, 19, 38 and 57 days post treatment. Nematode egg population was determined using the technique of McMaster. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA （analysis of variance）. There was a reduction overtime （P = 0.05） in all treatments in parasite egg population. There were no differences （P = 0.10） in egg population across treatments. In conclusion, aqueous infusion of soursop cracked seeds proved to be an environmentally friendly and effective alternative in the control of gastrointestinal parasites in crossbred hair sheep in the region of northern Veracruz.展开更多
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), which is a cosmopolitan nematode that infects humans among other species, presents a complex host-parasite relationship that hinders the development of tools to eradicate the parasi...Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), which is a cosmopolitan nematode that infects humans among other species, presents a complex host-parasite relationship that hinders the development of tools to eradicate the parasitosis. The aim of this research was to analyze the host response during a primary infection with T. spiralis in five genetically different mouse lines of the CBi-IGE stock. Adult males from the CBi+, CBi−, CBi, CBi/L and CBi/C lines were infected with 1, 2 or 4 L1 larvae per g of body weight. In the chronic stage, the number of parasites per g of tissue (relative larval load, rLL) showed a significant host genotype-dose interaction, since it did not increase in the same way in the five genotypes. At the lowest dose, both CBii−and CBi/L mice were resistant while CBi+, CBi/C, and CBi were susceptible. At the highest dose, only CBi/L remained resistant, and CBi+ was the most susceptible. The reproductive capacity index of adult worms (RCI = rLL/infective dose) evinced only a genotype effect, allowing rating each line as resistant or susceptible regardless of dose. Animals receiving 2 L1 larvae were also sacrificed in the intestinal phase (6 and 13 days p-i) to determine the number of adult parasites (nAP) recovered in a small intestine segment, and female fecundity (Ff). No differences in nAP were observed among genotypes on day 6 p-i. nAP decreased between days 6 and 13 p-i, this reduction being different among genotypes and significant only in CBi/L and CBi/C. Ff decreased in CBi/L and CBi/C on day 13 p-i. At the time of infection, serum cytokine baseline values showed a Th1 orientation for genotype CBi/L (high IFN-γ and IL-2) and a Th2 for CBi+ (high IL-4 and IL-10).The variability in the response observed in this murine model suggests its potential usefulness to gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate host-parasite relationship.展开更多
文摘AIM: To evaluate whether a higher prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection is associated with an increase in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prescriptions at the county level in Michigan. METHODS: The Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) was used to ascertain both the numbers of Giardia lamblia infections as well as the total number of foodborne illnesses per population by county in Michigan during 2005. This was compared with Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) of Michigan numbers of drug prescriptions for IBS per one thousand members per county in 2005. These data were also analyzed for associations with per capita income by county and the number of refugees entering each county in 2005. RESULTS: There were a total of 786 confirmed cases of Giardia lamblia reported to MDSS in 2005. During the same time period, the number of prescriptions for IBS varied from 0.5 per 1000 members up to 6.0 per 1000 members per month. There was no trend towards higher numbers of IBS prescriptions in the counties with more Giardia lamblia infections. Per capita income was not associated with either IBS prescriptions or Giardiasis. There was a significant linear association between the number of refugees entering each county, and the number of Giardia lamblia cases per 100 000 population. CONCLUSION: In this ecological study, there was no association found between BCBS prescriptions for IBS and Giardia lamblia infections in Michigan counties. Our findings may have been influenced by the disparate number of refugees admitted per county.
文摘Captivity of wild animals and restriction of their movement can lead to stress, resulting in suppressed immune response and reduced disease resistance ability. Wild animals in zoological gardens can predominately affected by various gastro-intestinal parasites. This study was therefore, conducted to determine occurrence, identify types and assess seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals at the Zoological garden of Haramaya University. The study involved a retrospective investigation of zoo records and fecal examinations. Twenty two fecal samples were collected in December, 2013 from all the animals in the garden and examined using concentration and fecal culture techniques. Sampling was repeated after four months in April, 2014 to assess seasonal variations of the parasites. The result from the retrospective study showed death of 21 animals in the last five years. Fecal examination confirmed presence of gastrointestinal parasites with an overall mean prevalence rate of 73.8%. A total of 9 parasite taxa were identified of which 6 (66.67%) and 4 (33.33%) were helminths and protozoa respectively. No Cestode and Trematode species were recovered. <i>Trichuris spp.</i>, <i>Toxocara spp.</i>, <i>Strongyloides spp.</i>, <i>Toxascaris leonine</i>, <i>Passalurus ambiguous</i> and <i>Ascaridia spp.</i> were the helminth parasites observed in the garden. <i>Entamoeba spp.</i>, <i>Isospora spp.</i> and <i>Eimeria spp.</i> were the protozoan parasites encountered. No remarkable seasonal variation in parasitic infection was noticed in the garden. The study revealed occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the zoological garden, most of which are zoonotic and hence future studies are needed to determine risks of cross-transmission.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
文摘Non-human primates(NHPs)serve as necessary reservoir hosts of parasites that create diseases to human.A close interaction between human and NHP can make a pathway for transmission of zoonotic diseases.To prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers,park visitors as well as keeping the captive NHPs in healthy state,it is necessary to carry out regular parasitological examination and treatment.A total of 72 fecal samples of Olive Baboon(n=39)and Common Langur(n=33)irrespective of their age and sex were collected from two zoological gardens of Bangladesh.Eggs and oocysts of seven gastrointestinal(GI)parasites were observed and identified in samples of both host species.The prevalence of GI parasites recorded was 100%.In case of Olive Baboon,the protozoan prevalence was higher(53.83%)than that of helminths,but opposite scenario was seen in case of Common Langur.Besides,higher intensity of coccidian oocysts in both hosts was recorded in the study.
文摘Globally,habitat degradation is accelerating,especially in the tropics.Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates,people,and domestic animals and change stress levels in wildlife,leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections.However,the direction and consequences of these changes are unclear,since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources(e.g.,improving nutritional health by eating nutritious crops)and decreasing susceptibility to infection,or interactions with humans may lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection.Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to understand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance.Here we quantify the gastrointestinal parasites of a group of vervet monkeys(Chlorocebus aethiops)near Lake Nabugabo,Uganda,that frequently overlaps with people in their use of a highly modified environment.We compare the parasites found in this population to seven other sites where vervet monkey gastrointestinal parasites have been identified.The vervets of Lake Nabugabo have the greatest richness of parasites documented to date.We discuss how this may reflect differences in sampling intensity or differences in the types of habitat where vervet parasites have been sampled.
文摘The objective was to evaluate the effect of aqueous infusion of cracked soursop seeds on two different concentrations as an organic dewormer compared to a commercial one in GNE （gastrointestinal nematodes） egg population in crossbred hair sheep （Blackbelly-Khatadin） of the northen region of Veracruz. The aqueous infusion was prepared adding 93.5 g of cracked soursop seeds in 1,875 mL of boiled water and let stand for 12 h. Crossbred ewes were randomly assigned to receive every 19 days： （1） 10 mL of cracked soursop infusion orally （n = 27）, （2） 15 mL of cracked soursop infusion orally （n = 27）, and （3） 2 mL of Febendazole subcutaneously （n = 26）. Feces （2-5 g） were collected directly from the rectum of each animal on the following days： 0, 19, 38 and 57 days post treatment. Nematode egg population was determined using the technique of McMaster. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA （analysis of variance）. There was a reduction overtime （P = 0.05） in all treatments in parasite egg population. There were no differences （P = 0.10） in egg population across treatments. In conclusion, aqueous infusion of soursop cracked seeds proved to be an environmentally friendly and effective alternative in the control of gastrointestinal parasites in crossbred hair sheep in the region of northern Veracruz.
文摘Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), which is a cosmopolitan nematode that infects humans among other species, presents a complex host-parasite relationship that hinders the development of tools to eradicate the parasitosis. The aim of this research was to analyze the host response during a primary infection with T. spiralis in five genetically different mouse lines of the CBi-IGE stock. Adult males from the CBi+, CBi−, CBi, CBi/L and CBi/C lines were infected with 1, 2 or 4 L1 larvae per g of body weight. In the chronic stage, the number of parasites per g of tissue (relative larval load, rLL) showed a significant host genotype-dose interaction, since it did not increase in the same way in the five genotypes. At the lowest dose, both CBii−and CBi/L mice were resistant while CBi+, CBi/C, and CBi were susceptible. At the highest dose, only CBi/L remained resistant, and CBi+ was the most susceptible. The reproductive capacity index of adult worms (RCI = rLL/infective dose) evinced only a genotype effect, allowing rating each line as resistant or susceptible regardless of dose. Animals receiving 2 L1 larvae were also sacrificed in the intestinal phase (6 and 13 days p-i) to determine the number of adult parasites (nAP) recovered in a small intestine segment, and female fecundity (Ff). No differences in nAP were observed among genotypes on day 6 p-i. nAP decreased between days 6 and 13 p-i, this reduction being different among genotypes and significant only in CBi/L and CBi/C. Ff decreased in CBi/L and CBi/C on day 13 p-i. At the time of infection, serum cytokine baseline values showed a Th1 orientation for genotype CBi/L (high IFN-γ and IL-2) and a Th2 for CBi+ (high IL-4 and IL-10).The variability in the response observed in this murine model suggests its potential usefulness to gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate host-parasite relationship.
