An output expression of a class of dual-input single-output fuzzy controllers using pseudo trapezoid shaped membership function is given. By structure analysis it is proved that this class of fuzzy controllers is the ...An output expression of a class of dual-input single-output fuzzy controllers using pseudo trapezoid shaped membership function is given. By structure analysis it is proved that this class of fuzzy controllers is the sum of a global two-dimensional multi-level relay and a local linear or nonlinear proportional-integral or proportional-differential controller. And the output of this class of fuzzy controllers is a continuous, non-decreasing function of its input variables. These and other meaningful results derived from structure analysis based on the output expressions can guide the design of fuzzy controllers.展开更多
In order to illustrate the roles played by Pro40 in the structure, properties and functions of Cytochrome b 5, three mutated genes, P40V, P40Y, P40G were constructed in this work. Only the P40V gene was successfully ...In order to illustrate the roles played by Pro40 in the structure, properties and functions of Cytochrome b 5, three mutated genes, P40V, P40Y, P40G were constructed in this work. Only the P40V gene was successfully expressed into holoprotein in E. coli JM83. According to the results of X-ray crystallographic analysis and various kinds of spectroscopy studies, it is evident that substituting valine for Pro40 does not result in significant alterations in the protein's overall structure; however, local conformational perturbations in the proximity of the heme do occur. The redox potential of the P40V mutant is 40 mV lower than that of the wild type protein. Its stability towards heat, urea, acid and ethanol were significantly decreased. The mutation leads to a decrease in the hydrophobicity of the heme pocket, which is probably the major factor contributing to the above changes. Binding constants and electron transfer rates between cytochrome b 5 and cytochrome c were determined using UV-visible spectroscopy and stopped-flow techniques for both the wild type and the mutant. The results showed that the substitution of Pro40 by valine does not influence the binding constant of cytochrome b 5 to cytochrome c; however, the electron transfer rate between them decreased significantly. This indicates that proline-40 is essential to maintaining cytochrome b 5's stability and its electron transfer with cytochrome c. These studies also provided a good example that property and functional changes of a protein do not necessarily require large overall structural alterations; in most cases, only perturbations on the local conformations are sufficient to induce significant changes in protein′s properties and functions.展开更多
文摘An output expression of a class of dual-input single-output fuzzy controllers using pseudo trapezoid shaped membership function is given. By structure analysis it is proved that this class of fuzzy controllers is the sum of a global two-dimensional multi-level relay and a local linear or nonlinear proportional-integral or proportional-differential controller. And the output of this class of fuzzy controllers is a continuous, non-decreasing function of its input variables. These and other meaningful results derived from structure analysis based on the output expressions can guide the design of fuzzy controllers.
文摘In order to illustrate the roles played by Pro40 in the structure, properties and functions of Cytochrome b 5, three mutated genes, P40V, P40Y, P40G were constructed in this work. Only the P40V gene was successfully expressed into holoprotein in E. coli JM83. According to the results of X-ray crystallographic analysis and various kinds of spectroscopy studies, it is evident that substituting valine for Pro40 does not result in significant alterations in the protein's overall structure; however, local conformational perturbations in the proximity of the heme do occur. The redox potential of the P40V mutant is 40 mV lower than that of the wild type protein. Its stability towards heat, urea, acid and ethanol were significantly decreased. The mutation leads to a decrease in the hydrophobicity of the heme pocket, which is probably the major factor contributing to the above changes. Binding constants and electron transfer rates between cytochrome b 5 and cytochrome c were determined using UV-visible spectroscopy and stopped-flow techniques for both the wild type and the mutant. The results showed that the substitution of Pro40 by valine does not influence the binding constant of cytochrome b 5 to cytochrome c; however, the electron transfer rate between them decreased significantly. This indicates that proline-40 is essential to maintaining cytochrome b 5's stability and its electron transfer with cytochrome c. These studies also provided a good example that property and functional changes of a protein do not necessarily require large overall structural alterations; in most cases, only perturbations on the local conformations are sufficient to induce significant changes in protein′s properties and functions.
