Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(...Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.展开更多
Purpose The interaction between sleep and recovery is a fundamental issue for ultra-marathoners,especially after an ultra-trail,but literatures on this matter remains are scarce.The main objectives were(1)to describe ...Purpose The interaction between sleep and recovery is a fundamental issue for ultra-marathoners,especially after an ultra-trail,but literatures on this matter remains are scarce.The main objectives were(1)to describe sleep parameters during the nights following an ultra-endurance event in amateur trail runners,(2)to evaluate the recovery kinetics,and(3)to assess the relationship between sleep parameters and recovery.Methods Nineteen race finishers were tested daily,from 10 days before to 10 days after the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc^(®)(UTMB^(®)).Hooper Index(HI)was used to assess recovery and sleep parameters(total sleep time,TST and wake after sleep onset,WASO)were monitored using a wrist-worn actigraph.Results HI was higher than baseline until day 5 after the race(P<0.05)and younger athletes had a lower HI than older ones during the recovery period(P<0.001).TST was not modified by the race,but there was a WASO peak on the second night after.Positive correlations were found between WASO and muscle soreness(P<0.001)and between TST and HI(P<0.05).Conclusions In conclusion,participants needed 6 days for recovery after UTMB^(®)and younger runners seemed to recover faster than older ones.Post-race sleep quantity did not increase,but the second night was more fragmented,most likely due to muscle soreness.Correlations between sleep and recovery parameters highlighted the key role of sleep for recovery.展开更多
文摘Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.
基金We thank the organization of the Ultra Trail du Mont Blanc^(®) and the Ultra Sports Science foundation for making this study feasible.
文摘Purpose The interaction between sleep and recovery is a fundamental issue for ultra-marathoners,especially after an ultra-trail,but literatures on this matter remains are scarce.The main objectives were(1)to describe sleep parameters during the nights following an ultra-endurance event in amateur trail runners,(2)to evaluate the recovery kinetics,and(3)to assess the relationship between sleep parameters and recovery.Methods Nineteen race finishers were tested daily,from 10 days before to 10 days after the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc^(®)(UTMB^(®)).Hooper Index(HI)was used to assess recovery and sleep parameters(total sleep time,TST and wake after sleep onset,WASO)were monitored using a wrist-worn actigraph.Results HI was higher than baseline until day 5 after the race(P<0.05)and younger athletes had a lower HI than older ones during the recovery period(P<0.001).TST was not modified by the race,but there was a WASO peak on the second night after.Positive correlations were found between WASO and muscle soreness(P<0.001)and between TST and HI(P<0.05).Conclusions In conclusion,participants needed 6 days for recovery after UTMB^(®)and younger runners seemed to recover faster than older ones.Post-race sleep quantity did not increase,but the second night was more fragmented,most likely due to muscle soreness.Correlations between sleep and recovery parameters highlighted the key role of sleep for recovery.
