为有助于中国在气候谈判过程中科学有效地维护国家利益,应用一个综合描述中国经济、能源、环境系统的递推动态'可计算一般均衡'(computable general equilibrium, CGE)模型,分析在中国实施碳减排政策的经济影响.以2010年实施碳...为有助于中国在气候谈判过程中科学有效地维护国家利益,应用一个综合描述中国经济、能源、环境系统的递推动态'可计算一般均衡'(computable general equilibrium, CGE)模型,分析在中国实施碳减排政策的经济影响.以2010年实施碳税政策为模拟情景,定量描述了减排政策下国内生产总值(GDP)、能源价格、资本价格等宏观经济变量的变化.结果表明: 当减排率为0～40%时, GDP损失率在0～3.9%之间,减排边际社会成本是边际技术成本的2倍左右.在中国实施CO2减排政策将有助于能源效率的提高,但同时也将对中国经济增长和就业带来负面影响.展开更多
Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportati...Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportation,manufacturing,power generation,and residential.Previously published four case studies on passenger cars,trucks and buses,paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses.The following can be concluded:-In total,～23％ (119 EJ) of the world's total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts.Of that 20％ (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3％ (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.-By taking advantage of the new surface,materials,and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles,machinery and other equipment worldwide,energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40％ in the long term (15 years)and by 18％ in the short term (8 years).On global scale,these savings would amount to 1.4％ of the GDP annually and 8.7％ of the total energy consumption in the long term.-The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25％) and in the power generation (20％) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ～10％.In the longer terms,the savings would be 55％,40％,25％,and 20％,respectively.-Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term.In the longer term,the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.Fifty years ago,wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95％ in ten years by the development and deployment of new展开更多
文摘Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportation,manufacturing,power generation,and residential.Previously published four case studies on passenger cars,trucks and buses,paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses.The following can be concluded:-In total,～23％ (119 EJ) of the world's total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts.Of that 20％ (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3％ (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.-By taking advantage of the new surface,materials,and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles,machinery and other equipment worldwide,energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40％ in the long term (15 years)and by 18％ in the short term (8 years).On global scale,these savings would amount to 1.4％ of the GDP annually and 8.7％ of the total energy consumption in the long term.-The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25％) and in the power generation (20％) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ～10％.In the longer terms,the savings would be 55％,40％,25％,and 20％,respectively.-Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term.In the longer term,the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.Fifty years ago,wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95％ in ten years by the development and deployment of new
