In this study, we consider the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by exposure to an electromagnetic beam. We propose a concise dose-response relation for predicting the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from a given ...In this study, we consider the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by exposure to an electromagnetic beam. We propose a concise dose-response relation for predicting the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from a given spatial temperature profile. Our model is distilled from sub-step components in the ADT CHEETEH-E model developed at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Our model has only two parameters: the activation temperature of nociceptors and the critical threshold on the activated volume. When the spatial temperature profile is measurable, the two parameters can be determined from test data. We connect this dose-response relation to a temperature evolution model for electromagnetic heating. The resulting composite model governs the process from the electromagnetic beam deposited on the skin to the binary outcome of subject’s reflex response. We carry out non-dimensionalization in the time evolution model. The temperature solution of the non-dimensional system is the product of the applied power density and a parameter-free function. The effects of physical parameters are contained in non-dimensional time and depth. Scaling the physical temperature distribution into a parameter-free function greatly simplifies the analytical solution, and helps to pinpoint the effects of beam spot area and applied power density. With this formulation, we study the theoretical behaviors of the system, including the time of reflex, effect of heat conduction, biological latency in observed reflex, energy consumption by the time of reflex, and the strategy of selecting test conditions in experiments for the purpose of inferring model parameters from test data.展开更多
Quantum theory with conjecture of fractional charge quantization, eigenfunctions for fractional charge quantization, fractional Fourier transform, Hermite function for fractional charge quantization, and eigenfunction...Quantum theory with conjecture of fractional charge quantization, eigenfunctions for fractional charge quantization, fractional Fourier transform, Hermite function for fractional charge quantization, and eigenfunction for a twisted and twigged electron quanta is developed and applied to resistivity, dielectricity, giant magneto resistance, Hall effect and conductance. Our theoretical relationship for quantum measurements is in good conformity and in agreement with most of the experimental results. These relationships will pave a new approach to quantum physics for deciphering measurements on single quantum particles without destroying them. Our results are in agreement with 2012 Physics Nobel Prize winning Scientists, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland.展开更多
作为薄膜器件最重要物理量之一的局域电导率的定量测定,能在保证性能、提高成品率、完善制作工艺等方面起关键作用。利用基于原子力显微镜(Atomic force microscope,AFM)的4电极微探针局域电导率测量技术,精确测量厚度为350nm、宽度分别...作为薄膜器件最重要物理量之一的局域电导率的定量测定,能在保证性能、提高成品率、完善制作工艺等方面起关键作用。利用基于原子力显微镜(Atomic force microscope,AFM)的4电极微探针局域电导率测量技术,精确测量厚度为350nm、宽度分别为50.0μm、25.0μm、5.0μm、2.0μm及600nm、纯度为99.999%的铝薄膜导线的电导率。由于被测试件宽度和厚度方向的尺寸明显缩小且十分接近电极的最小间距,综合考虑电极尺寸、不同批次电极的加工精度和加工参数、4个电极间的位置误差等几个影响测量精度的因素,修正电导率的计算模型并将传统4电极电导率测量法的应用领域拓展到亚微米级微观尺度。试验结果证明基于AFM的4电极微探针技术在亚微米级局域电导率测量方面的能力。展开更多
文摘In this study, we consider the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by exposure to an electromagnetic beam. We propose a concise dose-response relation for predicting the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from a given spatial temperature profile. Our model is distilled from sub-step components in the ADT CHEETEH-E model developed at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Our model has only two parameters: the activation temperature of nociceptors and the critical threshold on the activated volume. When the spatial temperature profile is measurable, the two parameters can be determined from test data. We connect this dose-response relation to a temperature evolution model for electromagnetic heating. The resulting composite model governs the process from the electromagnetic beam deposited on the skin to the binary outcome of subject’s reflex response. We carry out non-dimensionalization in the time evolution model. The temperature solution of the non-dimensional system is the product of the applied power density and a parameter-free function. The effects of physical parameters are contained in non-dimensional time and depth. Scaling the physical temperature distribution into a parameter-free function greatly simplifies the analytical solution, and helps to pinpoint the effects of beam spot area and applied power density. With this formulation, we study the theoretical behaviors of the system, including the time of reflex, effect of heat conduction, biological latency in observed reflex, energy consumption by the time of reflex, and the strategy of selecting test conditions in experiments for the purpose of inferring model parameters from test data.
文摘Quantum theory with conjecture of fractional charge quantization, eigenfunctions for fractional charge quantization, fractional Fourier transform, Hermite function for fractional charge quantization, and eigenfunction for a twisted and twigged electron quanta is developed and applied to resistivity, dielectricity, giant magneto resistance, Hall effect and conductance. Our theoretical relationship for quantum measurements is in good conformity and in agreement with most of the experimental results. These relationships will pave a new approach to quantum physics for deciphering measurements on single quantum particles without destroying them. Our results are in agreement with 2012 Physics Nobel Prize winning Scientists, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland.
文摘作为薄膜器件最重要物理量之一的局域电导率的定量测定,能在保证性能、提高成品率、完善制作工艺等方面起关键作用。利用基于原子力显微镜(Atomic force microscope,AFM)的4电极微探针局域电导率测量技术,精确测量厚度为350nm、宽度分别为50.0μm、25.0μm、5.0μm、2.0μm及600nm、纯度为99.999%的铝薄膜导线的电导率。由于被测试件宽度和厚度方向的尺寸明显缩小且十分接近电极的最小间距,综合考虑电极尺寸、不同批次电极的加工精度和加工参数、4个电极间的位置误差等几个影响测量精度的因素,修正电导率的计算模型并将传统4电极电导率测量法的应用领域拓展到亚微米级微观尺度。试验结果证明基于AFM的4电极微探针技术在亚微米级局域电导率测量方面的能力。
