Based on the consecutive measurement (1995-1997) of meteorology and microclimate of artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu, we calculated the potential evapotranspiration by using four different methods to discuss th...Based on the consecutive measurement (1995-1997) of meteorology and microclimate of artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu, we calculated the potential evapotranspiration by using four different methods to discuss the method which is fit for forest ecosystem. The results are given as follows.1) In terms of the enviromental conditions of forest ecosystem, we redefined some parameters in Penman equation and used it to calculate the potential evapotranspiration of artificial Pinus forest ecosystem in Mount Dinghu.Preliminary result is that Penman equation is worth spreading for calculating the potential evapotranspiration of forest ecosystem,compared with several other methods.2) The annual average potential evapotranspiration of the artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu is 937.55 mm,according to Penman equation. It is 50% of the rainfall in the corresponding period. The highest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is July and the lowest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is January. This is completely consistent with the variations of temperature.展开更多
Introduction:Existing studies on ecosystem service relationships are mainly qualitative or semi-quantitative assessments,but lack of quantitative exploration of aggregated ecosystem services and their influencing fact...Introduction:Existing studies on ecosystem service relationships are mainly qualitative or semi-quantitative assessments,but lack of quantitative exploration of aggregated ecosystem services and their influencing factors.We mapped the distributions of 12 ecosystem services of Zhejiang Province in 2000 and 2015 at the district and county level,analyzed their relationships using Spearman’s correlation analysis,constructed ecosystem service bundle index(ESBI)for each district and county by structural equation model,and then through multiple linear regression,we explored factors associated with ESBI variations.Outcomes:Our results showed that(1)most ecosystem services were spatially clustered.There were synergies between individual ecosystem services in categories of provisioning and regulating services,respectively;(2)our proposed ESBI index system consists of overall index and sub-indices of provisioning,regulating,and cultural services.The higher the ESBI value,the more important the corresponding place for multiple aggregated ecosystem service provision.Compared to 2000,ESBI in 2015 distributed more unevenly,and the average dropped by 3.10%;and(3)the increase of ESBI was associated with its initial value,and four socioeconomic and natural factors;the decrease of ESBI was influenced by the initial value and six key socioeconomic factors.Discussion and Conclusion:Our proposed ESBI system has several advantages(e.g.,scale free,flexible weighting,quantitative and continuous indices for further analyses,and alternative non-monetary solution)in understanding and managing relationships among multiple ecosystem services.展开更多
Coastal ecosystems are highly susceptible to salt-related problems due to their formation process and geographical location. As such ecosystems are the most accessible land resources on Earth, clarifying and quantifyi...Coastal ecosystems are highly susceptible to salt-related problems due to their formation process and geographical location. As such ecosystems are the most accessible land resources on Earth, clarifying and quantifying the effects of salt-alkali conditions on N concentration and ammonia(NH_(3)) volatilization are pivotal for promoting coastal agricultural productivity. The challenge in establishing this effect is to determine how salt-alkali conditions impact NH_(3) volatilization through direct or indirect interactions. An incubation experiment using a coastal soil from a paddy farmland, combined with the structural equation modeling(SEM) method, was conducted to reveal the net effects of salt-alkali on NH_(3) volatilization and the role of environmental and microbial factors in mutual interaction networks. The specific experimental design consisted of four salt treatments(S1, S2, S3, and S4: 1‰, 3‰, 8‰, and 15‰ NaCl by mass of soil, respectively), four alkaline treatments(A1, A2, A3, and A4: 0.5‰, 1‰, 3‰, and 8‰ NaHCO_(3)by mass of soil, respectively) and a control without NaCl or NaHCO_(3) addition(CK), and each treatment had three urea concentrations(N1, N2, and N3: 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 g N kg^(-1) soil,respectively) and three replicates. At the N1, N2, and N3 levels, NH_(3)volatilization increased by 9.31%–34.98%, 3.07%–26.92%, and 2.99%–43.61% as the NaCl concentration increased from 1‰ to 15‰, respectively, compared with CK. With an increase in the NaHCO_(3)concentration from 0.5‰ to 8‰, NH_(3) volatilization increased by 8.36%–56.46%, 5.49%–30.10%, and 30.72%–73.18% at the N1, N2, and N3 levels, respectively, compared with CK. According to the SEM method, salinity and alkalinity had positive direct effects on NH_(3)volatilization, with standardized path coefficients of 0.40 and 0.19, respectively.Considering the total effects(net positive and negative effects) in the SEM results, alkalinity had a greater influence than salinity(total standardized coefficient0.104 > 0.0展开更多
Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest ...Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest managers are thus challenged by the need to define strategies that may protect the soil while addressing the demand for other ecosystem services. Our emphasis is on the development of an approach to assess the impact of silvicultural practices and forest management models on soil erosion risks under climate change. Specifically, we consider the annual variation of the cover-management factor(C) in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation over a range of alternative forest management models to estimate the corresponding annual soil losses, under both current and changing climate conditions. We report and discuss results of an application of this approach to a forest area in Northwestern Portugal where erosion control is the most relevant water-related ecosystem service.Results: Local climate change scenarios will contribute to water erosion processes, mostly by rainfall erosivity increase.Different forest management models provide varying levels of soil protection by trees, resulting in distinct soil loss potential.Conclusions: Results confirm the suitability of the proposed approach to address soil erosion concerns in forest management planning. This approach may help foresters assess management models and the corresponding silvicultural practices according to the water-related services they provide.展开更多
Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycli...Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.展开更多
A comprehensive understanding of the spatial-temporal evolution and driving forces on ecosystem services(ES)is essential for the agro-pastoral ecotone’s ecological security in northern China.However,the land-use patt...A comprehensive understanding of the spatial-temporal evolution and driving forces on ecosystem services(ES)is essential for the agro-pastoral ecotone’s ecological security in northern China.However,the land-use pattern(LULC)agglomeration with spatial differentiation in the pastoral and agricultural areas has been rarely concerned.Taking distinct LULC(1980-2018)in Chifeng as an example,we compared four crucial categories of ESs with InVEST.Using SEM,we further contrasted the effects of several variables on regional ES variations in pastoral-dominated(North)and agriculture-dominated(South)regions,respectively.Results revealed the conversion between forest and grassland oriented the LULC transformation in the North.In contrast,human-activitiy-oriented land tended to occupy environmentally sensitive places in the South.Similar ES variations were supplied with the North outperforming the South when soil conservation was omitted.As for the impacts of regional ES variations,the natural and LULC policies both showed positive effects,whereas the anthropogenic factors showed positive in the North,which was negative in the South.Therefore,the ecologicallymaintained-dominant and ecologically-restored-dominant strategies should be separately adopted in the North and South.Our study provided appropriate regional ecological management suggestions for balancing the LULC-driven conflicts between ecological protection and regional development.展开更多
土壤保持是生态系统通过其结构与过程减少由于降水所导致的土壤侵蚀的作用,是生态系统重要调节服务之一。四川省位于长江上游,是我国重要的生态安全屏障区域,对其生态系统土壤保持功能的保护和土壤侵蚀的控制是维持长江中下游生态安全...土壤保持是生态系统通过其结构与过程减少由于降水所导致的土壤侵蚀的作用,是生态系统重要调节服务之一。四川省位于长江上游,是我国重要的生态安全屏障区域,对其生态系统土壤保持功能的保护和土壤侵蚀的控制是维持长江中下游生态安全的重要保障。研究采用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)和统计学方法,对四川省生态系统土壤保持功能的空间特征以及影响因素展开分析,结果表明:(1) 2015年,四川省生态系统土壤保持总量为199.01亿t,平均土壤保持强度约409.43 t hm-2a-1,森林和灌丛生态系统是土壤保持功能的主体,农田生态系统仍发挥了相当数量的土壤保持作用,但农业活动中需注意采取水土保持措施;(2)空间上,土壤保持功能较强的区域主要位于地形起伏明显的盆周山地区(包括龙门山、邛崃山、大凉山和米仓山等),以巴中市、雅安市、达州市、广元市、攀枝花市、乐山市等地的平均土壤保持强度较高,以凉山州、阿坝州、甘孜州、雅安市、巴中市、达州市等地的土壤保持极重要区分布较广;(3)自然因素中,气候和地形是影响研究区生态系统土壤保持空间格局的主要因素,土壤因素在区域尺度上也表现出一定的影响,植被因素则可能在局域尺度上发挥作用。研究从土壤保持功能角度揭示了保障生态安全的重要区域,研究结果可为四川省的生态保护和侵蚀控制提供科学指导。展开更多
文摘Based on the consecutive measurement (1995-1997) of meteorology and microclimate of artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu, we calculated the potential evapotranspiration by using four different methods to discuss the method which is fit for forest ecosystem. The results are given as follows.1) In terms of the enviromental conditions of forest ecosystem, we redefined some parameters in Penman equation and used it to calculate the potential evapotranspiration of artificial Pinus forest ecosystem in Mount Dinghu.Preliminary result is that Penman equation is worth spreading for calculating the potential evapotranspiration of forest ecosystem,compared with several other methods.2) The annual average potential evapotranspiration of the artificial Pinus forest in Mount Dinghu is 937.55 mm,according to Penman equation. It is 50% of the rainfall in the corresponding period. The highest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is July and the lowest mean monthly potential evapotranspiration is January. This is completely consistent with the variations of temperature.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant number 71673247]Ministry of Science and Technology of China[Grant number 2016YFC0503404]Outstanding Youth Fund of Zhejiang Province[Grant number LR18D010001].
文摘Introduction:Existing studies on ecosystem service relationships are mainly qualitative or semi-quantitative assessments,but lack of quantitative exploration of aggregated ecosystem services and their influencing factors.We mapped the distributions of 12 ecosystem services of Zhejiang Province in 2000 and 2015 at the district and county level,analyzed their relationships using Spearman’s correlation analysis,constructed ecosystem service bundle index(ESBI)for each district and county by structural equation model,and then through multiple linear regression,we explored factors associated with ESBI variations.Outcomes:Our results showed that(1)most ecosystem services were spatially clustered.There were synergies between individual ecosystem services in categories of provisioning and regulating services,respectively;(2)our proposed ESBI index system consists of overall index and sub-indices of provisioning,regulating,and cultural services.The higher the ESBI value,the more important the corresponding place for multiple aggregated ecosystem service provision.Compared to 2000,ESBI in 2015 distributed more unevenly,and the average dropped by 3.10%;and(3)the increase of ESBI was associated with its initial value,and four socioeconomic and natural factors;the decrease of ESBI was influenced by the initial value and six key socioeconomic factors.Discussion and Conclusion:Our proposed ESBI system has several advantages(e.g.,scale free,flexible weighting,quantitative and continuous indices for further analyses,and alternative non-monetary solution)in understanding and managing relationships among multiple ecosystem services.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177393)the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province,China(No.2021054)。
文摘Coastal ecosystems are highly susceptible to salt-related problems due to their formation process and geographical location. As such ecosystems are the most accessible land resources on Earth, clarifying and quantifying the effects of salt-alkali conditions on N concentration and ammonia(NH_(3)) volatilization are pivotal for promoting coastal agricultural productivity. The challenge in establishing this effect is to determine how salt-alkali conditions impact NH_(3) volatilization through direct or indirect interactions. An incubation experiment using a coastal soil from a paddy farmland, combined with the structural equation modeling(SEM) method, was conducted to reveal the net effects of salt-alkali on NH_(3) volatilization and the role of environmental and microbial factors in mutual interaction networks. The specific experimental design consisted of four salt treatments(S1, S2, S3, and S4: 1‰, 3‰, 8‰, and 15‰ NaCl by mass of soil, respectively), four alkaline treatments(A1, A2, A3, and A4: 0.5‰, 1‰, 3‰, and 8‰ NaHCO_(3)by mass of soil, respectively) and a control without NaCl or NaHCO_(3) addition(CK), and each treatment had three urea concentrations(N1, N2, and N3: 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 g N kg^(-1) soil,respectively) and three replicates. At the N1, N2, and N3 levels, NH_(3)volatilization increased by 9.31%–34.98%, 3.07%–26.92%, and 2.99%–43.61% as the NaCl concentration increased from 1‰ to 15‰, respectively, compared with CK. With an increase in the NaHCO_(3)concentration from 0.5‰ to 8‰, NH_(3) volatilization increased by 8.36%–56.46%, 5.49%–30.10%, and 30.72%–73.18% at the N1, N2, and N3 levels, respectively, compared with CK. According to the SEM method, salinity and alkalinity had positive direct effects on NH_(3)volatilization, with standardized path coefficients of 0.40 and 0.19, respectively.Considering the total effects(net positive and negative effects) in the SEM results, alkalinity had a greater influence than salinity(total standardized coefficient0.104 > 0.0
基金ALTERFOR project,“Alternative models and robust decision-making for future forest management”,H2020-ISIB-2015-2/grant agreement No. 676754,funded by European Union Seventh Framework ProgrammeSUFORUN project,‘Models and decision SUpport tools for integrated FOrest policy development under global change and associated Risk and UNcertainty’ funded by the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement number 691149+2 种基金BIOECOSYS project,“Forest ecosystem management decision-making methods an integrated bioeconomic approach to sustainability”(LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-030391,PTDC/ASP-SIL/30391/2017)MedFOR,Master Programme on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (Erasmus+Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees,Project 20171917)Centro de Estudos Florestais,research unit funded by Fundacao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia I.P.(FCT),Portugal within UIDB/00239/2020。
文摘Background: Climate change may strongly influence soil erosion risk, namely through variations in the precipitation pattern. Forests may contribute to mitigate the impacts of climate change on soil erosion and forest managers are thus challenged by the need to define strategies that may protect the soil while addressing the demand for other ecosystem services. Our emphasis is on the development of an approach to assess the impact of silvicultural practices and forest management models on soil erosion risks under climate change. Specifically, we consider the annual variation of the cover-management factor(C) in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation over a range of alternative forest management models to estimate the corresponding annual soil losses, under both current and changing climate conditions. We report and discuss results of an application of this approach to a forest area in Northwestern Portugal where erosion control is the most relevant water-related ecosystem service.Results: Local climate change scenarios will contribute to water erosion processes, mostly by rainfall erosivity increase.Different forest management models provide varying levels of soil protection by trees, resulting in distinct soil loss potential.Conclusions: Results confirm the suitability of the proposed approach to address soil erosion concerns in forest management planning. This approach may help foresters assess management models and the corresponding silvicultural practices according to the water-related services they provide.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF(CAFYBB2017ZX002)Yunnan Basic Research Program(2019FB058).
文摘Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.
基金This study was funded by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0503603)The Science and Technology Plan Project of Inner Mongolia(No.2022YFDZ0073)。
文摘A comprehensive understanding of the spatial-temporal evolution and driving forces on ecosystem services(ES)is essential for the agro-pastoral ecotone’s ecological security in northern China.However,the land-use pattern(LULC)agglomeration with spatial differentiation in the pastoral and agricultural areas has been rarely concerned.Taking distinct LULC(1980-2018)in Chifeng as an example,we compared four crucial categories of ESs with InVEST.Using SEM,we further contrasted the effects of several variables on regional ES variations in pastoral-dominated(North)and agriculture-dominated(South)regions,respectively.Results revealed the conversion between forest and grassland oriented the LULC transformation in the North.In contrast,human-activitiy-oriented land tended to occupy environmentally sensitive places in the South.Similar ES variations were supplied with the North outperforming the South when soil conservation was omitted.As for the impacts of regional ES variations,the natural and LULC policies both showed positive effects,whereas the anthropogenic factors showed positive in the North,which was negative in the South.Therefore,the ecologicallymaintained-dominant and ecologically-restored-dominant strategies should be separately adopted in the North and South.Our study provided appropriate regional ecological management suggestions for balancing the LULC-driven conflicts between ecological protection and regional development.
文摘土壤保持是生态系统通过其结构与过程减少由于降水所导致的土壤侵蚀的作用,是生态系统重要调节服务之一。四川省位于长江上游,是我国重要的生态安全屏障区域,对其生态系统土壤保持功能的保护和土壤侵蚀的控制是维持长江中下游生态安全的重要保障。研究采用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)和统计学方法,对四川省生态系统土壤保持功能的空间特征以及影响因素展开分析,结果表明:(1) 2015年,四川省生态系统土壤保持总量为199.01亿t,平均土壤保持强度约409.43 t hm-2a-1,森林和灌丛生态系统是土壤保持功能的主体,农田生态系统仍发挥了相当数量的土壤保持作用,但农业活动中需注意采取水土保持措施;(2)空间上,土壤保持功能较强的区域主要位于地形起伏明显的盆周山地区(包括龙门山、邛崃山、大凉山和米仓山等),以巴中市、雅安市、达州市、广元市、攀枝花市、乐山市等地的平均土壤保持强度较高,以凉山州、阿坝州、甘孜州、雅安市、巴中市、达州市等地的土壤保持极重要区分布较广;(3)自然因素中,气候和地形是影响研究区生态系统土壤保持空间格局的主要因素,土壤因素在区域尺度上也表现出一定的影响,植被因素则可能在局域尺度上发挥作用。研究从土壤保持功能角度揭示了保障生态安全的重要区域,研究结果可为四川省的生态保护和侵蚀控制提供科学指导。
