The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author....The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author. The monitor measures the open width of sliding window and record daily and annual changes. The performance of a house and the living style of its dweller were investigated using questions to the dwellers. The investigation gave the following results. Windows were closed not only at night but also in the day time even in mild seasons in most houses. The average open widths were very small in mild and hot seasons in most houses. The daily and annual changes of open widths are very various. The open widths of windows are influenced by many factors;the type of a room, the number of a floor, the living schedule of dwellers, thermal performances of a house and the equipment for heating or cooling and the weather conditions. Therefore these factors have to be reconsidered to design effective windows.展开更多
Some big cities in Bangladesh have been experiencing a massive and rapid influx of rural people due to the impacts of climate change,and therefore the urban administration encounters enormous challenges.This study aim...Some big cities in Bangladesh have been experiencing a massive and rapid influx of rural people due to the impacts of climate change,and therefore the urban administration encounters enormous challenges.This study aims to investigate the drivers of climate-induced migration and the post-displacement status of the migrants living in the urban slum of Rajshahi City.Using a semi-structured questionnaire survey,this study conducted interviews with 50 migrants residing in two slums in Rajshahi City.An interpretive phenomenological analysis(IPA)approach was implemented to evaluate the survey data.This study finds that food insecurity and flood are the two significant climate drivers of migration.Among the non-climate drivers,lack of alternative livelihood is the major reason.It should be noticed that the climate migrants in many cases do not get the opportunity to improve their living standards;they are usually occupied with low-pay professions like maid,van and rickshaw puller,and scrap collector.The study also reveals that migrants,especially females and children,need several basic physiological,economic,social,and health services.Most children have no chance to attend school.Compared to males,females have more opportunities for some support and allowances.Overall,an inadequate level of change has taken place in the lives of migrants,which raises the concern if migration is ever a way to resolve a problem or the beginning of many other problems.Further research may concentrate on the impact of migration on the dynamics of social capital among slum dwellers.展开更多
Background： DHF （dengue hemorrhagic fever） is an infectious disease that is caused by dengue virus. To date no specific medicine is available for this disease. Jakarta Province ranks 5th in the incidence of DHF. In...Background： DHF （dengue hemorrhagic fever） is an infectious disease that is caused by dengue virus. To date no specific medicine is available for this disease. Jakarta Province ranks 5th in the incidence of DHF. In 2014, the CI （cumulative incidence） of DHF was 48.7 cases/100,000. In Cipayung sub district （East Jakarta）, there were 136 new cases of DHF （CI = 52.1/100,000） in 2015. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of DHF outbreak in Cipayung, East Jakarta. Subjects and Method： This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in Cipayung, East Jakarta. A sample of 594 households were selected at random for this study. The dependent variable was DHF. The independent variables were dweller density, water container drainage, container supervision. The data were collected using questionnaire and observation. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results： DHF incidence was affected by container supervision 〈 1 time per week （OR （Odd ratio） = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.57 to 3.84; p 〈 0.001）, container drainage 〈 4 times/month （OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.79; p = 0.006）, dweller density 〈 4 （OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.87; p = 0.007）. Conclusion： DHF incidence is affected by container supervision 〈 1 time per week, container drainage 〈 4 times/month, dweller density 〈 4.展开更多
The concept of Burger （citizen） lies at the heart of Kant＇s philosophy of law, where it appears in three contexts. Correspondingly, we can distinguish three different senses of the concept： generic, specific and u...The concept of Burger （citizen） lies at the heart of Kant＇s philosophy of law, where it appears in three contexts. Correspondingly, we can distinguish three different senses of the concept： generic, specific and universal. Re-interpretation of these three senses of the concept enables us to clarify ambiguities and show how this concept has evolved theoretically and how its characteristic features of universality, construction and coercion should be understood. On the basis of Max Weber＇s examination of the concepts of city dweller and citizen, we show the socio-historical origins of the Kantian concept of Biirger. It can be seen that the mechanism for this term＇s evolution from the sense of ＂city dweller＂ to the sense of ＂citizen＂ is the universalization of rights. ＂Citizen＂ represents a mode of existence within the framework of Recht （law or right） that man himself has constructed.展开更多
文摘The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author. The monitor measures the open width of sliding window and record daily and annual changes. The performance of a house and the living style of its dweller were investigated using questions to the dwellers. The investigation gave the following results. Windows were closed not only at night but also in the day time even in mild seasons in most houses. The average open widths were very small in mild and hot seasons in most houses. The daily and annual changes of open widths are very various. The open widths of windows are influenced by many factors;the type of a room, the number of a floor, the living schedule of dwellers, thermal performances of a house and the equipment for heating or cooling and the weather conditions. Therefore these factors have to be reconsidered to design effective windows.
基金Association for Community Development(ACD),Rajshahi,Bangladesh supported this survey.
文摘Some big cities in Bangladesh have been experiencing a massive and rapid influx of rural people due to the impacts of climate change,and therefore the urban administration encounters enormous challenges.This study aims to investigate the drivers of climate-induced migration and the post-displacement status of the migrants living in the urban slum of Rajshahi City.Using a semi-structured questionnaire survey,this study conducted interviews with 50 migrants residing in two slums in Rajshahi City.An interpretive phenomenological analysis(IPA)approach was implemented to evaluate the survey data.This study finds that food insecurity and flood are the two significant climate drivers of migration.Among the non-climate drivers,lack of alternative livelihood is the major reason.It should be noticed that the climate migrants in many cases do not get the opportunity to improve their living standards;they are usually occupied with low-pay professions like maid,van and rickshaw puller,and scrap collector.The study also reveals that migrants,especially females and children,need several basic physiological,economic,social,and health services.Most children have no chance to attend school.Compared to males,females have more opportunities for some support and allowances.Overall,an inadequate level of change has taken place in the lives of migrants,which raises the concern if migration is ever a way to resolve a problem or the beginning of many other problems.Further research may concentrate on the impact of migration on the dynamics of social capital among slum dwellers.
文摘Background： DHF （dengue hemorrhagic fever） is an infectious disease that is caused by dengue virus. To date no specific medicine is available for this disease. Jakarta Province ranks 5th in the incidence of DHF. In 2014, the CI （cumulative incidence） of DHF was 48.7 cases/100,000. In Cipayung sub district （East Jakarta）, there were 136 new cases of DHF （CI = 52.1/100,000） in 2015. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of DHF outbreak in Cipayung, East Jakarta. Subjects and Method： This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in Cipayung, East Jakarta. A sample of 594 households were selected at random for this study. The dependent variable was DHF. The independent variables were dweller density, water container drainage, container supervision. The data were collected using questionnaire and observation. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results： DHF incidence was affected by container supervision 〈 1 time per week （OR （Odd ratio） = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.57 to 3.84; p 〈 0.001）, container drainage 〈 4 times/month （OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.79; p = 0.006）, dweller density 〈 4 （OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.87; p = 0.007）. Conclusion： DHF incidence is affected by container supervision 〈 1 time per week, container drainage 〈 4 times/month, dweller density 〈 4.
文摘The concept of Burger （citizen） lies at the heart of Kant＇s philosophy of law, where it appears in three contexts. Correspondingly, we can distinguish three different senses of the concept： generic, specific and universal. Re-interpretation of these three senses of the concept enables us to clarify ambiguities and show how this concept has evolved theoretically and how its characteristic features of universality, construction and coercion should be understood. On the basis of Max Weber＇s examination of the concepts of city dweller and citizen, we show the socio-historical origins of the Kantian concept of Biirger. It can be seen that the mechanism for this term＇s evolution from the sense of ＂city dweller＂ to the sense of ＂citizen＂ is the universalization of rights. ＂Citizen＂ represents a mode of existence within the framework of Recht （law or right） that man himself has constructed.
