Herein we propose a new equivalent circuit including double heterojunctions in series to simulate the current–voltage characteristic of P–I–N planar structure perovskite solar cells. This new method can theoretical...Herein we propose a new equivalent circuit including double heterojunctions in series to simulate the current–voltage characteristic of P–I–N planar structure perovskite solar cells. This new method can theoretically solve the dilemma of the parameter diode ideal factor being larger than2 from an ideal single heterojunction equivalent circuit,which usually is in the range from 1 to 2. The diode ideal factor reflects PN junction quality, which influences the recombination at electron transport layer/perovskite and perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Based on the double PN junction equivalent circuit, we can also simulate the dark current–voltage curve for analyzing recombination current(Shockley–Read–Hall recombination) and diffusion current(including direct recombination), and thus carrier recombination and transportation characteristics. This new model offers an efficacious and simple method to investigate interfaces condition, film quality of perovskite absorbing layer and performance of transport layer, helping us furtherimprove the device efficiency and analyze the working mechanism.展开更多
The intracellular logistics system,consisting of vesicles,plays a crucial role in cellular transport.However,there is a lack of research on the types and functions of intracellular vesicles,and new technologies are ne...The intracellular logistics system,consisting of vesicles,plays a crucial role in cellular transport.However,there is a lack of research on the types and functions of intracellular vesicles,and new technologies are needed for further investigation.Recently,researchers have discovered a new subcellular structure known as Dark-vacuole bodies.The composition,function,and potential synergy with other organelles of these Dark-vacuole bodies remain unclear.In this study,we utilized the high-resolution label-free Fourier ptychographic microscopy,developed by our research group,along with fluorescence confocal technology,to study and analyze Dark-vacuole bodies.Our findings provide evidence of the influence of Dark-vacuole bodies on the morphology,distribution,movement,and cell cycle of living cells.Specifically,we analyzed the effects of drug induced stimulation of lipid drops and endosomes,promotion of cell endocytosis,and induction of cellular senescence on Dark-vacuole bodies.Our results indicate that Dark-vacuole bodies show little correlation with lipid drops and endocytosis vesicles,but are significantly associated with late endosomes.Furthermore,cellular senescence leads to a significant increase in the number and size of Dark-vacuole bodies.This study serves as a foundation for further confirming the nature of Dark-vacuole bodies as new organelles.展开更多
Direct exposure to intensive visible light can lead to solar retinopathy, including macular injury. The signs and symptoms include central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and decreased vision. However, there have been few st...Direct exposure to intensive visible light can lead to solar retinopathy, including macular injury. The signs and symptoms include central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and decreased vision. However, there have been few studies examining retinal injury due to intensive light stimulation at the cellular level. Neural network arrangements and gene expression patterns in zebrafish photoreceptors are similar to those observed in humans, and photoreceptor injury in zebrafish can induce stem cell-based cellular regeneration. Therefore, the zebrafish retina is considered a useful model for studying photoreceptor injury in humans. In the current study, the central retinal photoreceptors of zebrafish were selectively ablated by stimulation with high-intensity light. Retinal injury, cell proliferation and regeneration of cones and rods were assessed at 1, 3 and 7 days post lesion with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Additionally, a light/dark box test was used to assess zebrafish behavior. The results revealed that photoreceptors were regenerated by 7 days after the light-induced injury. However, the regenerated cells showed a disrupted arrangement at the lesion site. During the injury-regeneration process, the zebrafish exhibited reduced locomotor capacity, weakened phototaxis and increased movement angular velocity. These behaviors matched the morphological changes of retinal injury and regeneration in a number of ways. This study demonstrates that the zebrafish retina has a robust capacity for regeneration. Visual impairment and stress responses following high-intensity light stimulation appear to contribute to the alteration of behaviors.展开更多
The isolation chip method(iChip)provides a novel approach for culturing previously uncultivable microorganisms;this method is currently limited by the user being unable to ensure single-cell loading within individual ...The isolation chip method(iChip)provides a novel approach for culturing previously uncultivable microorganisms;this method is currently limited by the user being unable to ensure single-cell loading within individual wells.To address this limitation,we integrated flow cytometry-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting with a modified iChip(FACS-iChip)to effectively mine microbial dark matter in soils.This method was used for paddy soils with the aim of mining uncultivable microorganisms and making preliminary comparisons between the cultured microorganisms and the bulk soil via 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results showed that the FACS-iChip achieved a culture recovery rate of almost 40%and a culture retrieval rate of 25%.Although nearly 500 strains were cultured from 19 genera with 8 FACS-iChip plates,only six genera could be identified via 16S rRNA gene amplification.This result suggests that the FACS-iChip is capable of detecting strains in the currently dead spaces of PCR-based sequencing technology.We,therefore,conclude that the FACS-iChip system provides a highly efficient and readily available approach for microbial‘dark matter’mining.展开更多
A major limitation associated with fermenta- tive hydrogen production is the low substrate conversion efficiency. This limitation can be overcome by integrating the process with a microbial fuel cell （MFC） which con...A major limitation associated with fermenta- tive hydrogen production is the low substrate conversion efficiency. This limitation can be overcome by integrating the process with a microbial fuel cell （MFC） which converts the residual energy of the substrate to electricity. Studies were carried out to check the feasibility of this integration. Biohydrogen was produced from the fermen- tation of cane molasses in both batch and continuous modes. A maximum yield of about 8.23 mol Hz/kg CODremoved was observed in the batch process compared to 11.6 mol Hz/kg CODremoved in the continuous process. The spent fermentation media was then used as a substrate in an MFC for electricity generation. The MFC parameters such as the initial anolyte pH, the substrate concentration and the effect ofpre-treatment were studied and optimized to maximize coulombic efficiency. Reductions in COD and total carbohydrates were about 85% and 88% respectively. A power output of 3.02 W/m3 was obtained with an anolyte pH of 7.5 using alkali pre-treated spent media. The results show that integrating a MFC with dark fermentation is a promising way to utilize the substrate energy.展开更多
Photovoltaic solar thin films zinc telluride studies on chemically deposited have been carried out to assess its suitability for use in <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "=""&g...Photovoltaic solar thin films zinc telluride studies on chemically deposited have been carried out to assess its suitability for use in <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">conversion of so</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">lar energy to electrical energy. The configuration of fabricated cell is n-ZnTe| NaOH (0.1M) + S (0.1M) + Na<sub>2</sub>S (0.1M)|C<sub>(graphite)</sub>. The study shows that ZnTe thin films are n-type conductivity. The junction ideality factor was found to be 2.87. The flat band potential is found to be </span><span style="white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">0.652 V. The barrier height value was found to be 0.583 eV. The study of </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">power output characteristic shows open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and efficiency were found to be 150 mV, 25.6 μA, 24.86% and 0.49%, respectively. The photovoltaic cell characterization of the thin films is carried out by studying current</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">voltage characteristics in dark, capacitance</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">voltage in dark, barrier height measurements, power output characteristics.</span>展开更多
During early embryonic development,cell fate commitment represents a critical transition or“tipping point”of embryonic differentiation,at which there is a drastic and qualitative shift of the cell populations.In thi...During early embryonic development,cell fate commitment represents a critical transition or“tipping point”of embryonic differentiation,at which there is a drastic and qualitative shift of the cell populations.In this study,we presented a computational approach,scGET,to explore the gene–gene associations based on single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNAseq)data for critical transition prediction.Specifically,by transforming the gene expression data to the local network entropy,the single-cell graph entropy(SGE)value quantitatively characterizes the stability and criticality of gene regulatory networks among cell populations and thus can be employed to detect the critical signal of cell fate or lineage commitment at the single-cell level.Being applied to five scRNA-seq datasets of embryonic differentiation,scGET accurately predicts all the impending cell fate transitions.After identifying the“dark genes”that are non-differentially expressed genes but sensitive to the SGE value,the underlying signaling mechanisms were revealed,suggesting that the synergy of dark genes and their downstream targets may play a key role in various cell development processes.The application in all five datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of scGET in analyzing scRNA-seq data from a network perspective and its potential to track the dynamics of cell differentiation.The source code of scGET is accessible at https://github.com/zhongjiayuna/scGET_Project.展开更多
It has been shown that in the teleost retina the cone signal transmission seems tobe strongly suppressed in the prolonged darkness. Raynauld et al. reported that thedouble opponent ganglion cells of the goldfish retin...It has been shown that in the teleost retina the cone signal transmission seems tobe strongly suppressed in the prolonged darkness. Raynauld et al. reported that thedouble opponent ganglion cells of the goldfish retina lost light responsiveness after2 h of dark adaptation. Yang et al. found that the light responsiveness of thecone-driven horizontal cells was strongly suppressed after the retina was dark-adaptedfor a prolonged period (more than 2 h). However, no information concerningthe effects of prolonged darkness on bipolar cells is available, which mediates展开更多
The dark adaptation behaviors of rod-driven and cone-driven horizontal cells were exam-ined by analyzing their light responses recorded intracellularly in the intact, immobilizedcarp, and compared with that of the ele...The dark adaptation behaviors of rod-driven and cone-driven horizontal cells were exam-ined by analyzing their light responses recorded intracellularly in the intact, immobilizedcarp, and compared with that of the electroretinographic b--wave recorded simultaneously.Like the b--wave, the light responsiveness of rod horizontal cells increased gradually withtime in the dark and attained a steady level at 60 min. On the other hand, cone horizontalcells initially increased in light responsiveness in the first 10 min, but thereafter decreasedsteadily so that the response amplitudes of these cells to bright light flashes were only 3--5 mV.The results suggest that cone horizontal cells are strongly suppressed in prolonged darkness.展开更多
Integrating discrete plasmonic nanoparticles into assemblies can induce plasmonic coupling that produces collective plasmonic properties,which are not available for single nanoparticles.Theoretical analysis revealed t...Integrating discrete plasmonic nanoparticles into assemblies can induce plasmonic coupling that produces collective plasmonic properties,which are not available for single nanoparticles.Theoretical analysis revealed that plasmonic coupling derived from assemblies could produce stronger electromagnetic field enhancement effects.Thus,plasmonic assemblies enable better performance in plasmon-based applications,such as enhanced fluorescence and Raman effects.This makes them hold great potential for trace analyte detection and nanomedicine.Herein,we focus on the recent advances in various plasmonic nanoassembles such as dimers,tetramers,and core-satellite structures,and discuss their applications in biosensing and cell imaging.The fabrication strategies for self-assembled plasmonic nanostructures are described,including top-down strategies,self-assembly methods linked by DNA,ligand,polymer,amino acid,or proteins,and chemical overgrowth methods.Thereafter,their applications in biosensor and cell imaging based on dark-field imaging,surface-enhanced Raman scattering,plasmonic circular dichroism,and fluorescence imaging are discussed.Finally,the remaining challenges and prospects are elucidated.展开更多
To enhance hydrogen production efficiency and energy recovery,a sequential dark fermentation and microbial electrochemical cell(MEC)process was evaluated for hydrogen production from food waste.The hydrogen production...To enhance hydrogen production efficiency and energy recovery,a sequential dark fermentation and microbial electrochemical cell(MEC)process was evaluated for hydrogen production from food waste.The hydrogen production,electrochemical performance and microbial community dynamics were investigated during startup of the MEC that was inoculated with different sludges.Results suggest that biogas production rates and hydrogen proportions were 0.83 L/L d and 92.58%,respectively,using anaerobic digested sludge,which is higher than that of the anaerobic granular sludge(0.55 L/L d and 86.21%).The microbial community were predominated by bacterial genus Acetobacterium,Geobacter,Desulfovibrio,and archaeal genus Methanobrevibacter in electrode biofilms and the community structure was relatively stable both in anode and cathode.The sequential system obtained a 53.8% energy recovery rate and enhanced soluble chemical oxygen demand(sCOD)removal rate of 44.3%.This research demonstrated an important approach to utilize dark fermentation effluent to maximize the conversion of fermentation byproducts into hydrogen.展开更多
基金the 973 Program of China(No.2014CB643506 and 2013CB922104)the China Scholarship Council(No.201506165038)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21673091)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.ZRZ2015000203)Technology Creative Project of Excellent Middle and Young Team of Hubei Province(No.T201511)the Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center(2015KF18)is acknowledged
文摘Herein we propose a new equivalent circuit including double heterojunctions in series to simulate the current–voltage characteristic of P–I–N planar structure perovskite solar cells. This new method can theoretically solve the dilemma of the parameter diode ideal factor being larger than2 from an ideal single heterojunction equivalent circuit,which usually is in the range from 1 to 2. The diode ideal factor reflects PN junction quality, which influences the recombination at electron transport layer/perovskite and perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Based on the double PN junction equivalent circuit, we can also simulate the dark current–voltage curve for analyzing recombination current(Shockley–Read–Hall recombination) and diffusion current(including direct recombination), and thus carrier recombination and transportation characteristics. This new model offers an efficacious and simple method to investigate interfaces condition, film quality of perovskite absorbing layer and performance of transport layer, helping us furtherimprove the device efficiency and analyze the working mechanism.
基金supported by the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.ZDKYYQ20220005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22150003,21727816,and 21721003).
文摘The intracellular logistics system,consisting of vesicles,plays a crucial role in cellular transport.However,there is a lack of research on the types and functions of intracellular vesicles,and new technologies are needed for further investigation.Recently,researchers have discovered a new subcellular structure known as Dark-vacuole bodies.The composition,function,and potential synergy with other organelles of these Dark-vacuole bodies remain unclear.In this study,we utilized the high-resolution label-free Fourier ptychographic microscopy,developed by our research group,along with fluorescence confocal technology,to study and analyze Dark-vacuole bodies.Our findings provide evidence of the influence of Dark-vacuole bodies on the morphology,distribution,movement,and cell cycle of living cells.Specifically,we analyzed the effects of drug induced stimulation of lipid drops and endosomes,promotion of cell endocytosis,and induction of cellular senescence on Dark-vacuole bodies.Our results indicate that Dark-vacuole bodies show little correlation with lipid drops and endocytosis vesicles,but are significantly associated with late endosomes.Furthermore,cellular senescence leads to a significant increase in the number and size of Dark-vacuole bodies.This study serves as a foundation for further confirming the nature of Dark-vacuole bodies as new organelles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81301080,81671179the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China,No.63161215the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin of China,No.15JCYBJC24400,15JCQNJC10900
文摘Direct exposure to intensive visible light can lead to solar retinopathy, including macular injury. The signs and symptoms include central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and decreased vision. However, there have been few studies examining retinal injury due to intensive light stimulation at the cellular level. Neural network arrangements and gene expression patterns in zebrafish photoreceptors are similar to those observed in humans, and photoreceptor injury in zebrafish can induce stem cell-based cellular regeneration. Therefore, the zebrafish retina is considered a useful model for studying photoreceptor injury in humans. In the current study, the central retinal photoreceptors of zebrafish were selectively ablated by stimulation with high-intensity light. Retinal injury, cell proliferation and regeneration of cones and rods were assessed at 1, 3 and 7 days post lesion with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Additionally, a light/dark box test was used to assess zebrafish behavior. The results revealed that photoreceptors were regenerated by 7 days after the light-induced injury. However, the regenerated cells showed a disrupted arrangement at the lesion site. During the injury-regeneration process, the zebrafish exhibited reduced locomotor capacity, weakened phototaxis and increased movement angular velocity. These behaviors matched the morphological changes of retinal injury and regeneration in a number of ways. This study demonstrates that the zebrafish retina has a robust capacity for regeneration. Visual impairment and stress responses following high-intensity light stimulation appear to contribute to the alteration of behaviors.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41991334)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LD19D060001,LQ20C030006)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M652097).
文摘The isolation chip method(iChip)provides a novel approach for culturing previously uncultivable microorganisms;this method is currently limited by the user being unable to ensure single-cell loading within individual wells.To address this limitation,we integrated flow cytometry-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting with a modified iChip(FACS-iChip)to effectively mine microbial dark matter in soils.This method was used for paddy soils with the aim of mining uncultivable microorganisms and making preliminary comparisons between the cultured microorganisms and the bulk soil via 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results showed that the FACS-iChip achieved a culture recovery rate of almost 40%and a culture retrieval rate of 25%.Although nearly 500 strains were cultured from 19 genera with 8 FACS-iChip plates,only six genera could be identified via 16S rRNA gene amplification.This result suggests that the FACS-iChip is capable of detecting strains in the currently dead spaces of PCR-based sequencing technology.We,therefore,conclude that the FACS-iChip system provides a highly efficient and readily available approach for microbial‘dark matter’mining.
文摘A major limitation associated with fermenta- tive hydrogen production is the low substrate conversion efficiency. This limitation can be overcome by integrating the process with a microbial fuel cell （MFC） which converts the residual energy of the substrate to electricity. Studies were carried out to check the feasibility of this integration. Biohydrogen was produced from the fermen- tation of cane molasses in both batch and continuous modes. A maximum yield of about 8.23 mol Hz/kg CODremoved was observed in the batch process compared to 11.6 mol Hz/kg CODremoved in the continuous process. The spent fermentation media was then used as a substrate in an MFC for electricity generation. The MFC parameters such as the initial anolyte pH, the substrate concentration and the effect ofpre-treatment were studied and optimized to maximize coulombic efficiency. Reductions in COD and total carbohydrates were about 85% and 88% respectively. A power output of 3.02 W/m3 was obtained with an anolyte pH of 7.5 using alkali pre-treated spent media. The results show that integrating a MFC with dark fermentation is a promising way to utilize the substrate energy.
文摘Photovoltaic solar thin films zinc telluride studies on chemically deposited have been carried out to assess its suitability for use in <span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">conversion of so</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">lar energy to electrical energy. The configuration of fabricated cell is n-ZnTe| NaOH (0.1M) + S (0.1M) + Na<sub>2</sub>S (0.1M)|C<sub>(graphite)</sub>. The study shows that ZnTe thin films are n-type conductivity. The junction ideality factor was found to be 2.87. The flat band potential is found to be </span><span style="white-space:normal;"><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">0.652 V. The barrier height value was found to be 0.583 eV. The study of </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">the </span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">power output characteristic shows open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and efficiency were found to be 150 mV, 25.6 μA, 24.86% and 0.49%, respectively. The photovoltaic cell characterization of the thin films is carried out by studying current</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">voltage characteristics in dark, capacitance</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">-</span><span style="white-space:normal;font-family:;" "="">voltage in dark, barrier height measurements, power output characteristics.</span>
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11771152,11901203,11971176,and 12026608)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant Nos.2019B151502062 and 2021A1515012317)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2019M662895 and 2020T130212).
文摘During early embryonic development,cell fate commitment represents a critical transition or“tipping point”of embryonic differentiation,at which there is a drastic and qualitative shift of the cell populations.In this study,we presented a computational approach,scGET,to explore the gene–gene associations based on single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNAseq)data for critical transition prediction.Specifically,by transforming the gene expression data to the local network entropy,the single-cell graph entropy(SGE)value quantitatively characterizes the stability and criticality of gene regulatory networks among cell populations and thus can be employed to detect the critical signal of cell fate or lineage commitment at the single-cell level.Being applied to five scRNA-seq datasets of embryonic differentiation,scGET accurately predicts all the impending cell fate transitions.After identifying the“dark genes”that are non-differentially expressed genes but sensitive to the SGE value,the underlying signaling mechanisms were revealed,suggesting that the synergy of dark genes and their downstream targets may play a key role in various cell development processes.The application in all five datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of scGET in analyzing scRNA-seq data from a network perspective and its potential to track the dynamics of cell differentiation.The source code of scGET is accessible at https://github.com/zhongjiayuna/scGET_Project.
基金Project supported by grants from the State Commission of Science and Technology of China, National Institutes of Health of USA (Principal investigator: X. L. Yang, NIH, EY 08338) and the International Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP).
文摘It has been shown that in the teleost retina the cone signal transmission seems tobe strongly suppressed in the prolonged darkness. Raynauld et al. reported that thedouble opponent ganglion cells of the goldfish retina lost light responsiveness after2 h of dark adaptation. Yang et al. found that the light responsiveness of thecone-driven horizontal cells was strongly suppressed after the retina was dark-adaptedfor a prolonged period (more than 2 h). However, no information concerningthe effects of prolonged darkness on bipolar cells is available, which mediates
基金Project supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (3870203) and the National Institute of Health (EY08338), U.S.A.
文摘The dark adaptation behaviors of rod-driven and cone-driven horizontal cells were exam-ined by analyzing their light responses recorded intracellularly in the intact, immobilizedcarp, and compared with that of the electroretinographic b--wave recorded simultaneously.Like the b--wave, the light responsiveness of rod horizontal cells increased gradually withtime in the dark and attained a steady level at 60 min. On the other hand, cone horizontalcells initially increased in light responsiveness in the first 10 min, but thereafter decreasedsteadily so that the response amplitudes of these cells to bright light flashes were only 3--5 mV.The results suggest that cone horizontal cells are strongly suppressed in prolonged darkness.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22022412,22274076,21874155)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2022793)。
文摘Integrating discrete plasmonic nanoparticles into assemblies can induce plasmonic coupling that produces collective plasmonic properties,which are not available for single nanoparticles.Theoretical analysis revealed that plasmonic coupling derived from assemblies could produce stronger electromagnetic field enhancement effects.Thus,plasmonic assemblies enable better performance in plasmon-based applications,such as enhanced fluorescence and Raman effects.This makes them hold great potential for trace analyte detection and nanomedicine.Herein,we focus on the recent advances in various plasmonic nanoassembles such as dimers,tetramers,and core-satellite structures,and discuss their applications in biosensing and cell imaging.The fabrication strategies for self-assembled plasmonic nanostructures are described,including top-down strategies,self-assembly methods linked by DNA,ligand,polymer,amino acid,or proteins,and chemical overgrowth methods.Thereafter,their applications in biosensor and cell imaging based on dark-field imaging,surface-enhanced Raman scattering,plasmonic circular dichroism,and fluorescence imaging are discussed.Finally,the remaining challenges and prospects are elucidated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 21406213 and 51408572).
文摘To enhance hydrogen production efficiency and energy recovery,a sequential dark fermentation and microbial electrochemical cell(MEC)process was evaluated for hydrogen production from food waste.The hydrogen production,electrochemical performance and microbial community dynamics were investigated during startup of the MEC that was inoculated with different sludges.Results suggest that biogas production rates and hydrogen proportions were 0.83 L/L d and 92.58%,respectively,using anaerobic digested sludge,which is higher than that of the anaerobic granular sludge(0.55 L/L d and 86.21%).The microbial community were predominated by bacterial genus Acetobacterium,Geobacter,Desulfovibrio,and archaeal genus Methanobrevibacter in electrode biofilms and the community structure was relatively stable both in anode and cathode.The sequential system obtained a 53.8% energy recovery rate and enhanced soluble chemical oxygen demand(sCOD)removal rate of 44.3%.This research demonstrated an important approach to utilize dark fermentation effluent to maximize the conversion of fermentation byproducts into hydrogen.
