Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arr...Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the >M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed 'Cut and Paste' method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks (M≥5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (~18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area.展开更多
目的验证“尖顶距(TAD)”值与拉力螺钉切出股骨头的关系,并分析其它因素对该并发症的影响。方法2002年1月～2004年12月,对106例接受切开复位,135°动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定且病历资料完整的股骨转子间骨折患者进行回顾性分析。男65例,...目的验证“尖顶距(TAD)”值与拉力螺钉切出股骨头的关系,并分析其它因素对该并发症的影响。方法2002年1月～2004年12月,对106例接受切开复位,135°动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定且病历资料完整的股骨转子间骨折患者进行回顾性分析。男65例,女41例；年龄20～83岁,平均52．4岁。Evans骨折分型：Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型25例,Ⅳ型32例,Ⅴ型29例,R型1例。采用Singh分级评定骨的质量：其中Ⅵ级44例,Ⅴ级34例,Ⅳ级23例,Ⅲ级5例。根据Baumgaertner等提出的预测拉力螺钉切出股骨头的“TAD”预测值25mm分组。A组：“TAD”值＜25 mm 59例,B组：“TAD”值＞25 mm 47例。结果所有患者获得4．5～28．0个月(平均14．45个月)随访。3例患者并发拉力螺钉切出股骨头。其中“TAD”值＞30 mm 15例,拉力螺钉切出1例；“TAD”值＞40mm 7例,拉力螺钉切出2例(P=0．000)。拉力螺钉切出股骨头的3例患者平均年龄为78．7岁(75～83岁),超出骨折顺利愈合的103例患者的平均年龄27．1岁(P=0．000)。拉力螺钉切出股骨头的3例患者,均见于不稳定性股骨转子间骨折,其中EvansⅤ型2例和R型1例。骨折复位质量：优43例,良47例,中9例(拉力螺钉切出股骨头1例),差7例(拉力螺钉切出股骨头2例)。结论拉力螺钉切出股骨头受患者年龄、骨折类型以及骨折复位稳定性等多因素影响,但是“TAD”值越高,拉力螺钉切出股骨头的危险性越大。展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process ...The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process is inhibited by ethylene. Ethylene production and 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and oxidase activities were determined first. After ethylene treatment, ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in petals increased and peaked at the earlier stage (stage 3) in ‘Samantha’, and they were much more dramatically enhanced and peaked at the later stage (stage 4) in ‘Kardinal’ than control during vasing. cDNA fragments of three Rh-ACSs and one Rh- ACO genes were cloned and designated as Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2, Rh-ACS3 and Rh-ACO1 respectively. Northern blotting analysis revealed that, among three genes of ACS, ethylene-in- duced expression patterns of Rh-ACS3 gene corresponded to ACS activity and ethylene production in both cultivars. A more dramatic accumulation of Rh-ACS3 mRNA was induced by ethylene in ‘Kardinal’ than that of ‘Samantha’. As an ethylene action inhibitor, STS at concentration of 0.2 mmol/L generally inhib-ited the expression of Rh-ACSs and Rh-ACO in both cultivars, although it induced the expression of Rh-ACS3 transiently in ‘Kardinal’. Our results suggests that ‘Kardinal’ is more sensitive to ethylene than ‘Samantha’; and the changes of Rh-ACS3 expression caused by ethylene might be related to the acceleration of flower opening in ‘Samantha’ and the inhibition in ‘Kardinal’. Additional results indicated that three Rh-ACSs genes were differentially associated with flower opening and senescence as well as wounding.展开更多
The onset of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is initiated by different cell types in the liver and a number of different factors including: products derived from ethanol-induced inflammation, ethanol metabolites, and th...The onset of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is initiated by different cell types in the liver and a number of different factors including: products derived from ethanol-induced inflammation, ethanol metabolites, and the indirect reactions from those metabolites. Ethanol oxidation results in the production of metabolites that have been shown to bind and form protein adducts, and to increase inflammatory, fibrotic and cirrhotic responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has many deleterious effects and plays a significant role in a number of disease processes by increasing inflammatory cytokine release. In ALD, LPS is thought to be derived from a breakdown in the intestinal wall enabling LPS from resident gut bacterial cell walls to leak into the blood stream. The ability of adducts and LPS to independently stimulate the various cells of the liver provides for a two-hit mechanism by which various biological responses are induced and result in liver injury. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of a two-hit combination of ethanol metabolites and LPS on the cells of the liver to increase inflamma-tion and fi brosis, and play a role in the development and/or progression of ALD.展开更多
Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a ...Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.展开更多
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KZCX3-SW-153, KZCX2-YW-116-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40604004)National Basic Technology R & D Program (GrantNo. 2006BAC01B02-01-02)
文摘Dozens of >M5, hundreds of >M4, and much more >M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the >M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed 'Cut and Paste' method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks (M≥5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (~18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area.
文摘目的验证“尖顶距(TAD)”值与拉力螺钉切出股骨头的关系,并分析其它因素对该并发症的影响。方法2002年1月～2004年12月,对106例接受切开复位,135°动力髋螺钉(DHS)固定且病历资料完整的股骨转子间骨折患者进行回顾性分析。男65例,女41例；年龄20～83岁,平均52．4岁。Evans骨折分型：Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型25例,Ⅳ型32例,Ⅴ型29例,R型1例。采用Singh分级评定骨的质量：其中Ⅵ级44例,Ⅴ级34例,Ⅳ级23例,Ⅲ级5例。根据Baumgaertner等提出的预测拉力螺钉切出股骨头的“TAD”预测值25mm分组。A组：“TAD”值＜25 mm 59例,B组：“TAD”值＞25 mm 47例。结果所有患者获得4．5～28．0个月(平均14．45个月)随访。3例患者并发拉力螺钉切出股骨头。其中“TAD”值＞30 mm 15例,拉力螺钉切出1例；“TAD”值＞40mm 7例,拉力螺钉切出2例(P=0．000)。拉力螺钉切出股骨头的3例患者平均年龄为78．7岁(75～83岁),超出骨折顺利愈合的103例患者的平均年龄27．1岁(P=0．000)。拉力螺钉切出股骨头的3例患者,均见于不稳定性股骨转子间骨折,其中EvansⅤ型2例和R型1例。骨折复位质量：优43例,良47例,中9例(拉力螺钉切出股骨头1例),差7例(拉力螺钉切出股骨头2例)。结论拉力螺钉切出股骨头受患者年龄、骨折类型以及骨折复位稳定性等多因素影响,但是“TAD”值越高,拉力螺钉切出股骨头的危险性越大。
基金This work was supported by the Nat ional Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30471220).
文摘The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process is inhibited by ethylene. Ethylene production and 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and oxidase activities were determined first. After ethylene treatment, ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in petals increased and peaked at the earlier stage (stage 3) in ‘Samantha’, and they were much more dramatically enhanced and peaked at the later stage (stage 4) in ‘Kardinal’ than control during vasing. cDNA fragments of three Rh-ACSs and one Rh- ACO genes were cloned and designated as Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2, Rh-ACS3 and Rh-ACO1 respectively. Northern blotting analysis revealed that, among three genes of ACS, ethylene-in- duced expression patterns of Rh-ACS3 gene corresponded to ACS activity and ethylene production in both cultivars. A more dramatic accumulation of Rh-ACS3 mRNA was induced by ethylene in ‘Kardinal’ than that of ‘Samantha’. As an ethylene action inhibitor, STS at concentration of 0.2 mmol/L generally inhib-ited the expression of Rh-ACSs and Rh-ACO in both cultivars, although it induced the expression of Rh-ACS3 transiently in ‘Kardinal’. Our results suggests that ‘Kardinal’ is more sensitive to ethylene than ‘Samantha’; and the changes of Rh-ACS3 expression caused by ethylene might be related to the acceleration of flower opening in ‘Samantha’ and the inhibition in ‘Kardinal’. Additional results indicated that three Rh-ACSs genes were differentially associated with flower opening and senescence as well as wounding.
文摘The onset of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is initiated by different cell types in the liver and a number of different factors including: products derived from ethanol-induced inflammation, ethanol metabolites, and the indirect reactions from those metabolites. Ethanol oxidation results in the production of metabolites that have been shown to bind and form protein adducts, and to increase inflammatory, fibrotic and cirrhotic responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has many deleterious effects and plays a significant role in a number of disease processes by increasing inflammatory cytokine release. In ALD, LPS is thought to be derived from a breakdown in the intestinal wall enabling LPS from resident gut bacterial cell walls to leak into the blood stream. The ability of adducts and LPS to independently stimulate the various cells of the liver provides for a two-hit mechanism by which various biological responses are induced and result in liver injury. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of a two-hit combination of ethanol metabolites and LPS on the cells of the liver to increase inflamma-tion and fi brosis, and play a role in the development and/or progression of ALD.
基金the support from the projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51374224)for this research
文摘Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.
