多种生态系统服务之间的相互关系研究是生态系统服务研究的热点问题。目前,有关多种生态系统服务权衡与协同的研究多停留在定性描述阶段,缺乏具备空间位置信息的定量研究。综合土地利用、NDVI、土壤类型、气象等多源数据,对汉江上游流域...多种生态系统服务之间的相互关系研究是生态系统服务研究的热点问题。目前,有关多种生态系统服务权衡与协同的研究多停留在定性描述阶段,缺乏具备空间位置信息的定量研究。综合土地利用、NDVI、土壤类型、气象等多源数据,对汉江上游流域2000-2013年的土壤保持服务、产水服务、植被碳固定(NPP)服务进行空间制图,并基于逐像元偏相关的时空统计制图方法,对三种生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)2000-2013年,汉江上游多年平均土壤保持量为434.20 t·hm-2·yr-1,且多年来以16.10 t·hm-2·yr-1速率递增。多年平均产水量为250.34 mm,多年递增速率为3.79 mm·yr-1。NPP多年平均值为854.11 g C·m-2·yr-1,多年递减速率为8.54 g C·m-2·yr-1。(2)汉江上游土壤保持量在空间上呈现出"南北山地高,河谷盆地低"的分布格局;植被NPP在空间上表现为汉江河谷地带低,其余地方高的态势;产水服务在空间上呈现由北向南递增的分布规律。(3)整个汉江上游流域土壤保持与NPP、土壤保持与产水服务均以权衡关系为主,权衡关系区域的面积占比分别达到62.77%和71.60%;NPP与产水服务以协同关系为主,协同关系的面积占比达到62.89%。(4)林地、湿地、耕地、人工表面及裸地中,土壤保持与NPP服务、土壤保持与产水服务在空间上以权衡关系为主,产水与NPP服务在空间上以协同关系为主;而草地表现为三种服务两两之间均以权衡关系为主。定量评估生态系统服务相互关系的时空特征,有利于研究生态系统服务之间相互关系在时间上的非线性变化以及空间上的分布异质性,对区域土地管理与生态系统服务优化具有重要的指导意义。展开更多
Dendroclimatology method was used to study the relationship between ring index of Pinus massoniana and three climate factors in Dinghushan, South China. The ring indices were negatively correlated with the average tem...Dendroclimatology method was used to study the relationship between ring index of Pinus massoniana and three climate factors in Dinghushan, South China. The ring indices were negatively correlated with the average temperature in June, August and September, and positively correlated with the average temperature of March, whereas no statistically significant correlation was found with monthly precipitation, showing that high summer temperature could limit the radial growth of the species. Meanwhile, tree ring indices showed a strong positive correlation with the relative humidity of April, June, August, September, October and November, and also with the average humidity of the whole year, indicating that atmospheric moisture could not fully satisfy the growth of Pinus massoniana despite of abundant rainfall. The possible impact of climate change on the growth of Pinus massoniana was discussed accordingly.展开更多
This paper presents a concise summary of the studies on interdecadal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） from three main perspectives. （1） The EAWM has been significantly affected by global climate...This paper presents a concise summary of the studies on interdecadal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） from three main perspectives. （1） The EAWM has been significantly affected by global climate change. Winter temperature in China has experienced three stages of variations from the beginning of the 1950s： a cold period （from the beginning of the 1950s to the early or mid 1980s）, a warm period （from the early or mid 1980s to the early 2000s）, and a hiatus period in recent 10 years （starting from 1998）. The strength of the EAWM has also varied in three stages： a stronger winter monsoon period （1950 to 1986/87）, a weaker period （1986/87 to 2004/05）, and a strengthening period （from 2005）. （2） Corresponding to the interdecadal variations of the EAWM, the East Asian atmospheric circulation, winter temperature of China, and the occurrence of cold waves over China have all exhibited coherent interdecadal variability. The upper-level zonal circulation was stronger, the mid-tropospheric trough over East Asia was deeper with stronger downdrafts behind the trough, and the Siberian high was stronger during the cold period than during the warm period. （3） The interdecadal variations of the EAWM seem closely related to major modes of variability in the atmospheric circulation and the Pacific sea surface temperature. When the Northern Hemisphere annular mode/Arctic Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation were in negative （positive） phase, the EAWM was stronger （weaker）, leading to colder （warmer） temperatures in China. In addition, the negative （positive） phase of the Atlantic multi decadal oscillation coincided with relatively cold （warm） temperatures and stronger （weaker） EAWMs. It is thus inferred that the interdecadal variations in the ocean may be one of the most important natural factors influencing long-term variability in the EAWM, although global warming may have also played a significant role in weakening the EAWM.展开更多
A generalized, structural, time series modeling framework was developed to analyze the monthly records of absolute surface temperature, one of the most important environmental parameters, using a deterministicstochast...A generalized, structural, time series modeling framework was developed to analyze the monthly records of absolute surface temperature, one of the most important environmental parameters, using a deterministicstochastic combined （DSC） approach. Although the development of the framework was based on the characterization of the variation patterns of a global dataset, the methodology could be applied to any monthly absolute temperature record. Deterministic processes were used to characterize the variation patterns of the global trend and the cyclic oscillations of the temperature signal, involving polynomial functions and the Fourier method, respectively, while stochastic processes were employed to account for any remaining patterns in the temperature signal, involving seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） models. A prediction of the monthly global surface temperature during the second decade of the 21st century using the DSC model shows that the global temperature will likely continue to rise at twice the average rate of the past 150 years. The evaluation of prediction accuracy shows that DSC models perform systematically well against selected models of other authors, suggesting that DSC models, when coupled with other ecoenvironmental models, can be used as a supplemental tool for short-term （10-year） environmental planning and decision making.展开更多
Inland lakes are the major surface water resource in the arid regions of Central Asia. Therefore, the surface area changes in inland lakes have been a sensitive indicator of climate changes and human activ- ities, and...Inland lakes are the major surface water resource in the arid regions of Central Asia. Therefore, the surface area changes in inland lakes have been a sensitive indicator of climate changes and human activ- ities, and have often been the focus of ecological and environmental research. This study aimed to monitor the changes in surface area of nine major lakes over a 32-year period. The water body was extracted from MSS images from the mid-1970s, TM images from the early 1990s, ETM ＋ images in the late 1990s, and TM images in 2007. The results indicated that the total surface area of these nine lakes had decreased over time to 50.38% of the area, from 91402.06km^2 in 1975 to 46049.23 km^2 in 2007. As the surface area of lakes in the western part of Central Asia was larger than that in the eastern part, the shrinking trend of lake area was more significant in the west than in the east. There was a varied reduction of closed lakes in flat regions. The most substantial decrease was in the surface area of closed lakes in flat regions. Most significantly, the area of the Aral Sea was reduced by 75.7% from its original area in 1975. The area of alpine lakes remained relatively stable; the change in surface area was less than 0.7% during the period 1975-2007. The area change in opened lakes with outlets was notably different from the other two types. The area of Zaysan had increased sharply by 5.85%, and that of Bosten had decreased by 9.1%. Sasykkol had hardly any changes in this period. Due to global climate wanning, vapor transfer to the south via westerly winds had been blocked, resulting in a decrease of much-needed precipitation in the western parts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan between 1970 and 2000. The decrease in precipitation and the increase in water consumption for agricultural irrigation resulted in the decrease of fiver runoff. Consequently, thearea of inland lakes in Central Asia shrank over the past 32 years.展开更多
文摘多种生态系统服务之间的相互关系研究是生态系统服务研究的热点问题。目前,有关多种生态系统服务权衡与协同的研究多停留在定性描述阶段,缺乏具备空间位置信息的定量研究。综合土地利用、NDVI、土壤类型、气象等多源数据,对汉江上游流域2000-2013年的土壤保持服务、产水服务、植被碳固定(NPP)服务进行空间制图,并基于逐像元偏相关的时空统计制图方法,对三种生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)2000-2013年,汉江上游多年平均土壤保持量为434.20 t·hm-2·yr-1,且多年来以16.10 t·hm-2·yr-1速率递增。多年平均产水量为250.34 mm,多年递增速率为3.79 mm·yr-1。NPP多年平均值为854.11 g C·m-2·yr-1,多年递减速率为8.54 g C·m-2·yr-1。(2)汉江上游土壤保持量在空间上呈现出"南北山地高,河谷盆地低"的分布格局;植被NPP在空间上表现为汉江河谷地带低,其余地方高的态势;产水服务在空间上呈现由北向南递增的分布规律。(3)整个汉江上游流域土壤保持与NPP、土壤保持与产水服务均以权衡关系为主,权衡关系区域的面积占比分别达到62.77%和71.60%;NPP与产水服务以协同关系为主,协同关系的面积占比达到62.89%。(4)林地、湿地、耕地、人工表面及裸地中,土壤保持与NPP服务、土壤保持与产水服务在空间上以权衡关系为主,产水与NPP服务在空间上以协同关系为主;而草地表现为三种服务两两之间均以权衡关系为主。定量评估生态系统服务相互关系的时空特征,有利于研究生态系统服务之间相互关系在时间上的非线性变化以及空间上的分布异质性,对区域土地管理与生态系统服务优化具有重要的指导意义。
文摘Dendroclimatology method was used to study the relationship between ring index of Pinus massoniana and three climate factors in Dinghushan, South China. The ring indices were negatively correlated with the average temperature in June, August and September, and positively correlated with the average temperature of March, whereas no statistically significant correlation was found with monthly precipitation, showing that high summer temperature could limit the radial growth of the species. Meanwhile, tree ring indices showed a strong positive correlation with the relative humidity of April, June, August, September, October and November, and also with the average humidity of the whole year, indicating that atmospheric moisture could not fully satisfy the growth of Pinus massoniana despite of abundant rainfall. The possible impact of climate change on the growth of Pinus massoniana was discussed accordingly.
基金Supported by the National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2012CB417205 and 2013CB430202)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41130960)+1 种基金China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406001)National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2009BAC51B02)
文摘This paper presents a concise summary of the studies on interdecadal variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） from three main perspectives. （1） The EAWM has been significantly affected by global climate change. Winter temperature in China has experienced three stages of variations from the beginning of the 1950s： a cold period （from the beginning of the 1950s to the early or mid 1980s）, a warm period （from the early or mid 1980s to the early 2000s）, and a hiatus period in recent 10 years （starting from 1998）. The strength of the EAWM has also varied in three stages： a stronger winter monsoon period （1950 to 1986/87）, a weaker period （1986/87 to 2004/05）, and a strengthening period （from 2005）. （2） Corresponding to the interdecadal variations of the EAWM, the East Asian atmospheric circulation, winter temperature of China, and the occurrence of cold waves over China have all exhibited coherent interdecadal variability. The upper-level zonal circulation was stronger, the mid-tropospheric trough over East Asia was deeper with stronger downdrafts behind the trough, and the Siberian high was stronger during the cold period than during the warm period. （3） The interdecadal variations of the EAWM seem closely related to major modes of variability in the atmospheric circulation and the Pacific sea surface temperature. When the Northern Hemisphere annular mode/Arctic Oscillation and the Pacific decadal oscillation were in negative （positive） phase, the EAWM was stronger （weaker）, leading to colder （warmer） temperatures in China. In addition, the negative （positive） phase of the Atlantic multi decadal oscillation coincided with relatively cold （warm） temperatures and stronger （weaker） EAWMs. It is thus inferred that the interdecadal variations in the ocean may be one of the most important natural factors influencing long-term variability in the EAWM, although global warming may have also played a significant role in weakening the EAWM.
基金This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China，National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2010CB951504).The authors acknowledge support from the Flemish Interuniversity Council，the Ghent University Laboratory of Soil Science for the writing of this paper
文摘A generalized, structural, time series modeling framework was developed to analyze the monthly records of absolute surface temperature, one of the most important environmental parameters, using a deterministicstochastic combined （DSC） approach. Although the development of the framework was based on the characterization of the variation patterns of a global dataset, the methodology could be applied to any monthly absolute temperature record. Deterministic processes were used to characterize the variation patterns of the global trend and the cyclic oscillations of the temperature signal, involving polynomial functions and the Fourier method, respectively, while stochastic processes were employed to account for any remaining patterns in the temperature signal, involving seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） models. A prediction of the monthly global surface temperature during the second decade of the 21st century using the DSC model shows that the global temperature will likely continue to rise at twice the average rate of the past 150 years. The evaluation of prediction accuracy shows that DSC models perform systematically well against selected models of other authors, suggesting that DSC models, when coupled with other ecoenvironmental models, can be used as a supplemental tool for short-term （10-year） environmental planning and decision making.
文摘Inland lakes are the major surface water resource in the arid regions of Central Asia. Therefore, the surface area changes in inland lakes have been a sensitive indicator of climate changes and human activ- ities, and have often been the focus of ecological and environmental research. This study aimed to monitor the changes in surface area of nine major lakes over a 32-year period. The water body was extracted from MSS images from the mid-1970s, TM images from the early 1990s, ETM ＋ images in the late 1990s, and TM images in 2007. The results indicated that the total surface area of these nine lakes had decreased over time to 50.38% of the area, from 91402.06km^2 in 1975 to 46049.23 km^2 in 2007. As the surface area of lakes in the western part of Central Asia was larger than that in the eastern part, the shrinking trend of lake area was more significant in the west than in the east. There was a varied reduction of closed lakes in flat regions. The most substantial decrease was in the surface area of closed lakes in flat regions. Most significantly, the area of the Aral Sea was reduced by 75.7% from its original area in 1975. The area of alpine lakes remained relatively stable; the change in surface area was less than 0.7% during the period 1975-2007. The area change in opened lakes with outlets was notably different from the other two types. The area of Zaysan had increased sharply by 5.85%, and that of Bosten had decreased by 9.1%. Sasykkol had hardly any changes in this period. Due to global climate wanning, vapor transfer to the south via westerly winds had been blocked, resulting in a decrease of much-needed precipitation in the western parts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan between 1970 and 2000. The decrease in precipitation and the increase in water consumption for agricultural irrigation resulted in the decrease of fiver runoff. Consequently, thearea of inland lakes in Central Asia shrank over the past 32 years.
