原子间相互作用势是凝聚态物质在原子尺度上进行计算机模拟的基础,特别是用分子动力学和Monte Carlo方法对凝聚态物质的性质和过程进行模拟时,合适的原子间相互作用势是得到有意义的结果的前提和条件．可依据不同类型的相互作用如共价...原子间相互作用势是凝聚态物质在原子尺度上进行计算机模拟的基础,特别是用分子动力学和Monte Carlo方法对凝聚态物质的性质和过程进行模拟时,合适的原子间相互作用势是得到有意义的结果的前提和条件．可依据不同类型的相互作用如共价键、离子键、金属键和Van der Waals力等构建不同类型的原子间相互作用势,而且同一类型的相互作用也因所处理的性质或过程(如体积、表面、团簇、缺陷等)不同所采用的形式也不相同,这样就构建了大量的各种形式的原子间相互作用势．本文对凝聚态的计算机模拟中常用的原子间相互作用势进行分类介绍和简要的评述．展开更多
Supermassive DEOs (SMDEOs) are cosmologically evolved objects made of irreducible incompressible supranuclear dense superfluids: The state we consider to govern the matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars. Th...Supermassive DEOs (SMDEOs) are cosmologically evolved objects made of irreducible incompressible supranuclear dense superfluids: The state we consider to govern the matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars. These cores are practically trapped in false vacua, rendering their detection by outside observers impossible. Based on massive parallel computations and theoretical investigations, we show that SMDEOs at the centres of spiral galaxies that are surrounded by massive rotating torii of normal matter may serve as powerful sources for gravitational waves carrying away roughly 1042 erg/s. Due to the extensive cooling by GWs, the SMDEO-Torus systems undergo glitching, through which both rotational and gravitational energies are abruptly ejected into the ambient media, during which the topologies of the embedding spacetimes change from curved into flatter ones, thereby triggering a burst gravitational energy of order 1059 erg. Also, the effects of glitches found to alter the force balance of objects in the Lagrangian-L1 region between the central SMDEO-Torus system and the bulge, enforcing the enclosed objects to develop violent motions, that may explain the origin of the rotational curve irregularities observed in the innermost part of spiral galaxies. Our study shows that the generated GWs at the centres of galaxies, which traverse billions of objects during their outward propagations throughout the entire galaxy, lose energy due to repeatedly squeezing and stretching the objects. Here, we find that these interactions may serve as damping processes that give rise to the formation of collective forces f∝m(r)/r, that point outward, endowing the objects with the observed flat rotation curves. Our approach predicts a correlation between the baryonic mass and the rotation velocities in galaxies, which is in line with the Tully-Fisher relation. The here-presented self-consistent approach explains nicely the observed rotation curves without invoking dark matter or modifying Newtonian gravitation in the low-field展开更多
In this paper, we show that massive envelopes made of highly compressed normal matter surrounding dark objects (DEOs) can curve the surrounding spacetime and make the systems observationally indistinguishable from the...In this paper, we show that massive envelopes made of highly compressed normal matter surrounding dark objects (DEOs) can curve the surrounding spacetime and make the systems observationally indistinguishable from their massive black hole counterparts. DEOs are new astrophysical objects that are made up of entropy-free incompressible supranuclear dense superfluid (SuSu-matter), embedded in flat spacetimes and invisible to outside observers, practically trapped in false vacua. Based on highly accurate numerical modelling of the internal structures of pulsars and massive neutron stars, and in combination with using a large variety of EOSs, we show that the mass range of DEOs is practically unbounded from above: it spans those of massive neutron stars, stellar and even supermassive black holes: thanks to the universal maximum density of normal matter, , beyond which normal matter converts into SuSu-matter. We apply the scenario to the Crab and Vela pulsars, the massive magnetar PSR J0740 6620, the presumably massive NS formed in GW170817, and the SMBHs in Sgr A* and M87*. Our numerical results also reveal that DEO-Envelope systems not only mimic massive BHs nicely but also indicate that massive DEOs can hide vast amounts of matter capable of turning our universe into a SuSu-matter-dominated one, essentially trapped in false vacua.展开更多
Recently, it was argued that the energy density of the supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars must have reached the , beyond which supranuclear dense matter becomes incompressible entropy-...Recently, it was argued that the energy density of the supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars must have reached the , beyond which supranuclear dense matter becomes incompressible entropy-free gluon-quark superfluid. As this matter is also confined and embedded in flat spacetime, it is Lorentz invariant and could be treated as vacuum. The lower bound of matter in the universe may be derived using the following observational constraints: 1) The average energy density of the observable universe is erg/cc, 2) The observable universe is remarkably flat, and 3) the Hubble constant is a slowly decreasing function of cosmic time. Based thereon, I argue that the energy density in nature should be bounded from below by the average density of our vast and flat parent universe, , which is, in turn, comparable to the vacuum energy density , and amounts to erg/cc. When the total energy density is measured relative to , then both GR and Newtonian field equations may consistently model the gravitational potential of the parent universe without invoking cosmological constants. Relying on the recently proposed unicentric model of the observable universe, UNIMOUN, the big bang must have warped the initially flat spacetime into a curved one, though the expansion of the fireball doomed the excited energy state to diffuse out and return back to the ground energy state that governs the flat spacetime of our vast parent universe.展开更多
It was argued that old and massive neutron stars end up as black objects that are made of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid matter (henceforth SuSu-objects). Based on theoretical investigati...It was argued that old and massive neutron stars end up as black objects that are made of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid matter (henceforth SuSu-objects). Based on theoretical investigations and numerical solving of the field equations with time-dependent spacetime topologies, I argue that a dense cluster of SuSu-objects at the background of flat spacetime that merged smoothly is a reliable candidate for the progenitor of the big bang. Here, we present and use a new time-dependent spacetime metric, which unifies the metrics of Minkowski, Schwarzschild, and Friedmann as well as a modified TOV-equation for modeling dynamical contractions of relativistic objects. Had the progenitor undergone an abrupt decay, a hadronizing front forms at its surface and starts propagating from outside-to-inside, thereby hadronizing its entire content and changing the topology of the embedding spacetime from a flat into a dynamically expanding curved one. For an observer located at the center of the progenitor, H<sub>0</sub>, the universe would be seen as isotropic and homogeneous, implying therefore that the last big bang event must have occurred in our neighborhood. For the curved spacetime re-converges into a flat one, whereas the outward-propagation topological front, which separates the enclosed curved spacetime from the exterior flat one, would appear spatially and temporally accelerating outwards. The here-presented scenario suggests possible solutions to the flatness problem, the origin of acceleration of the universe and the pronounced activities of high redshift QSOs. We anticipate that future observations by the James-Webb-Telescope to support our scenario when active QSOs with z >12 would be detected.展开更多
Recently, a unicentric model of the observable universe (UNIMOUN) was proposed. Accordingly, big bangs are common events in our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous and isotropic parent universe. Their progenitors are ...Recently, a unicentric model of the observable universe (UNIMOUN) was proposed. Accordingly, big bangs are common events in our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous and isotropic parent universe. Their progenitors are clusters of cosmically dead and massive neutron stars that merged after reaching the ultimate lowest quantum energy state, where the matter is in an incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid state and zero-entropy, hence granting the resulting progenitors measurable sizes and immunity to collapsing into black holes. Our big bang happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby enduing the universe, the observed homogeneity and isotropy. As the enclosed mass of the progenitor was finite, the dynamically expanding curved spacetimes embedded the fireball started flattening to finally diffuse into the flat spacetime of the parent universe. By means of general relativistic numerical hydrodynamical calculations, we use the H-metric to follow the time-evolution of the spacetime embedding the progenitor during the hadronization and the immediately following epochs. Based thereon, we find that the kinetic energy of newly created normal matter increases with distance in a self-similar manner, imitating thereby outflows of nearly non-interacting particles. On cosmic time scales, this behaviour yields a Hubble parameter, H(t), which decreases slowly with the distance from the big bang event. Given the sensitivity of the data of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from Planck to the underlying cosmological model, we conclude that UNIMOUN is a viable alternative to ΛCMD-cosmologies.展开更多
In view of the growing difficulties of ΛCDM-cosmologies to compete with recent highly accurate cosmological observations, I propose the alternative model: the Unicentric Model of the Observable UNiverse (UNIMOUN). Th...In view of the growing difficulties of ΛCDM-cosmologies to compete with recent highly accurate cosmological observations, I propose the alternative model: the Unicentric Model of the Observable UNiverse (UNIMOUN). The model relies on employing a new time-dependent -metric for the GR field equations, which enables reversible phase transitions between normal compressible fluids and incompressible quantum superfluids, necessary for studying the cosmic evolution of the observable universe. The main properties of UNIMOUN read: 1) The observable universe was born in a flat spacetime environment, which is a tiny fraction of our infinitely large and flat parent universe, 2) Our big bang (BB) happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby endowing the universe the observed homogeneity and isotropy, 3) The energy density in the universe is upper-bounded by the universal critical density , beyond which matter becomes purely incompressible, rendering formation of physical singulareties, and in particular black holes, impossible, 4) Big bangs are neither singular events nor invoked by external forces, but rather, they are common self-sustaining events in our parent universe, 5) The progenitors of BBs are created through the merger of cosmically dead and inactive neutron stars and/or through “supermassive black holes” that are currently observed at the centres of most massive galaxies, 6) The progenitors are made up of purely incompressible entropy-free superconducting gluon- quark superfluids with (SuSu-matter), which endows these giant objects measurable sizes, 7) Spacetimes embedding SuSu-matter are conformally flat. It is shown that UNIMOUN is capable of dealing with or providing answers to several fundamental open questions in astrophysics and cosmology without invoking inflation, dark matter or dark energy.展开更多
Based on the theory and observations of glitching pulsars, we show that the ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive pulsars should condensate in vacua, as predicated by non-perturbative QCD. T...Based on the theory and observations of glitching pulsars, we show that the ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive pulsars should condensate in vacua, as predicated by non-perturbative QCD. The trapped matter here forms false vacuums embedded in flat spacetimes and completely disconnected from the outside world. Although the vacuum expectation value here vanishes, the masses and sizes of these incompressible superfluid cores are set to grow with cosmic times, in accord with the Onsager-Feynman superfluidity analysis. We apply our scenario to several well-studied pulsars, namely the Crab, Vela, PSR J0740+6620 and find that the trapped mass-contents in their cores read {0.15,0.55,0.64}, implying that their true masses are {1.55,2.35,2.72} , respectively. Based thereon, we conclude that: 1) The true masses of massive pulsars and neutron stars are much higher than detected by direct observations and, therefore, are unbounded from above, 2) The remnant of the merger event in GW170817 should be a massive NS harbouring a core with 1.66 .展开更多
Electronic stopping powers for 0. 05-10 MeV protons in a group of organic materials are systematically calculated. The calculations are based on Ashley＇s dielectric model, and an evaluation approach of optical energy...Electronic stopping powers for 0. 05-10 MeV protons in a group of organic materials are systematically calculated. The calculations are based on Ashley＇s dielectric model, and an evaluation approach of optical energy loss function is incorporated into Ashley＇s model because no experimental optical data are available for most of the organic materials under consideration. The Barkas-effect correction and Bloch correction are included. The proton stopping powers for the considered organic materials except for mylar in the energy range from 0.05 to 10 MeV are presented for the first time. The results may be useful for studies of various radiation effects in these materials and for space research.展开更多
Recently, a unicentric model of our observable universe was proposed. Accordingly, the big bang was neither a singular event nor invoked by external forces, but rather a frequent event in cosmic life cycles that occur...Recently, a unicentric model of our observable universe was proposed. Accordingly, the big bang was neither a singular event nor invoked by external forces, but rather a frequent event in cosmic life cycles that occur sequentially or in parallel at the same and/or in different locations of our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous, and isotropic parent universe. The progenitor of our big bang is predicted to have been of a measurable size and happened to be in our neighbourhood. Based on theoretical arguments and general relativistic numerical calculations, it is argued that: 1) The surface of the progenitor is most appropriate for the hadron flash to run away;2) The structure of the progenitor is immune to self-collapse into a hyper-massive black hole;and 3) The power and acceleration of high-redshift galaxies may be connected to the BB-explosion. We conclude that the currently observed high-redshift galaxies must have been old and inactive in older times, but turned into life through matter and momentum transfer from the fireball and the collision of the locally curved spacetime embedding the galaxy with the expanding one embedding the fireball. With the present scenario, the origin of the monstrous black hole candidates with M<sub>BH</sub> ≥10<sup>9</sup>M<sub>e</sub> , that are believed to have resided at the centre of galaxies when the observable universe was 400 Myr old, could be straightforwardly explained. This implies that QSOs with ever higher redshifts should exist, though their detection becomes increasingly harder.展开更多
文摘原子间相互作用势是凝聚态物质在原子尺度上进行计算机模拟的基础,特别是用分子动力学和Monte Carlo方法对凝聚态物质的性质和过程进行模拟时,合适的原子间相互作用势是得到有意义的结果的前提和条件．可依据不同类型的相互作用如共价键、离子键、金属键和Van der Waals力等构建不同类型的原子间相互作用势,而且同一类型的相互作用也因所处理的性质或过程(如体积、表面、团簇、缺陷等)不同所采用的形式也不相同,这样就构建了大量的各种形式的原子间相互作用势．本文对凝聚态的计算机模拟中常用的原子间相互作用势进行分类介绍和简要的评述．
文摘Supermassive DEOs (SMDEOs) are cosmologically evolved objects made of irreducible incompressible supranuclear dense superfluids: The state we consider to govern the matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars. These cores are practically trapped in false vacua, rendering their detection by outside observers impossible. Based on massive parallel computations and theoretical investigations, we show that SMDEOs at the centres of spiral galaxies that are surrounded by massive rotating torii of normal matter may serve as powerful sources for gravitational waves carrying away roughly 1042 erg/s. Due to the extensive cooling by GWs, the SMDEO-Torus systems undergo glitching, through which both rotational and gravitational energies are abruptly ejected into the ambient media, during which the topologies of the embedding spacetimes change from curved into flatter ones, thereby triggering a burst gravitational energy of order 1059 erg. Also, the effects of glitches found to alter the force balance of objects in the Lagrangian-L1 region between the central SMDEO-Torus system and the bulge, enforcing the enclosed objects to develop violent motions, that may explain the origin of the rotational curve irregularities observed in the innermost part of spiral galaxies. Our study shows that the generated GWs at the centres of galaxies, which traverse billions of objects during their outward propagations throughout the entire galaxy, lose energy due to repeatedly squeezing and stretching the objects. Here, we find that these interactions may serve as damping processes that give rise to the formation of collective forces f∝m(r)/r, that point outward, endowing the objects with the observed flat rotation curves. Our approach predicts a correlation between the baryonic mass and the rotation velocities in galaxies, which is in line with the Tully-Fisher relation. The here-presented self-consistent approach explains nicely the observed rotation curves without invoking dark matter or modifying Newtonian gravitation in the low-field
文摘In this paper, we show that massive envelopes made of highly compressed normal matter surrounding dark objects (DEOs) can curve the surrounding spacetime and make the systems observationally indistinguishable from their massive black hole counterparts. DEOs are new astrophysical objects that are made up of entropy-free incompressible supranuclear dense superfluid (SuSu-matter), embedded in flat spacetimes and invisible to outside observers, practically trapped in false vacua. Based on highly accurate numerical modelling of the internal structures of pulsars and massive neutron stars, and in combination with using a large variety of EOSs, we show that the mass range of DEOs is practically unbounded from above: it spans those of massive neutron stars, stellar and even supermassive black holes: thanks to the universal maximum density of normal matter, , beyond which normal matter converts into SuSu-matter. We apply the scenario to the Crab and Vela pulsars, the massive magnetar PSR J0740 6620, the presumably massive NS formed in GW170817, and the SMBHs in Sgr A* and M87*. Our numerical results also reveal that DEO-Envelope systems not only mimic massive BHs nicely but also indicate that massive DEOs can hide vast amounts of matter capable of turning our universe into a SuSu-matter-dominated one, essentially trapped in false vacua.
文摘Recently, it was argued that the energy density of the supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive neutron stars must have reached the , beyond which supranuclear dense matter becomes incompressible entropy-free gluon-quark superfluid. As this matter is also confined and embedded in flat spacetime, it is Lorentz invariant and could be treated as vacuum. The lower bound of matter in the universe may be derived using the following observational constraints: 1) The average energy density of the observable universe is erg/cc, 2) The observable universe is remarkably flat, and 3) the Hubble constant is a slowly decreasing function of cosmic time. Based thereon, I argue that the energy density in nature should be bounded from below by the average density of our vast and flat parent universe, , which is, in turn, comparable to the vacuum energy density , and amounts to erg/cc. When the total energy density is measured relative to , then both GR and Newtonian field equations may consistently model the gravitational potential of the parent universe without invoking cosmological constants. Relying on the recently proposed unicentric model of the observable universe, UNIMOUN, the big bang must have warped the initially flat spacetime into a curved one, though the expansion of the fireball doomed the excited energy state to diffuse out and return back to the ground energy state that governs the flat spacetime of our vast parent universe.
文摘It was argued that old and massive neutron stars end up as black objects that are made of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid matter (henceforth SuSu-objects). Based on theoretical investigations and numerical solving of the field equations with time-dependent spacetime topologies, I argue that a dense cluster of SuSu-objects at the background of flat spacetime that merged smoothly is a reliable candidate for the progenitor of the big bang. Here, we present and use a new time-dependent spacetime metric, which unifies the metrics of Minkowski, Schwarzschild, and Friedmann as well as a modified TOV-equation for modeling dynamical contractions of relativistic objects. Had the progenitor undergone an abrupt decay, a hadronizing front forms at its surface and starts propagating from outside-to-inside, thereby hadronizing its entire content and changing the topology of the embedding spacetime from a flat into a dynamically expanding curved one. For an observer located at the center of the progenitor, H<sub>0</sub>, the universe would be seen as isotropic and homogeneous, implying therefore that the last big bang event must have occurred in our neighborhood. For the curved spacetime re-converges into a flat one, whereas the outward-propagation topological front, which separates the enclosed curved spacetime from the exterior flat one, would appear spatially and temporally accelerating outwards. The here-presented scenario suggests possible solutions to the flatness problem, the origin of acceleration of the universe and the pronounced activities of high redshift QSOs. We anticipate that future observations by the James-Webb-Telescope to support our scenario when active QSOs with z >12 would be detected.
文摘Recently, a unicentric model of the observable universe (UNIMOUN) was proposed. Accordingly, big bangs are common events in our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous and isotropic parent universe. Their progenitors are clusters of cosmically dead and massive neutron stars that merged after reaching the ultimate lowest quantum energy state, where the matter is in an incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid state and zero-entropy, hence granting the resulting progenitors measurable sizes and immunity to collapsing into black holes. Our big bang happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby enduing the universe, the observed homogeneity and isotropy. As the enclosed mass of the progenitor was finite, the dynamically expanding curved spacetimes embedded the fireball started flattening to finally diffuse into the flat spacetime of the parent universe. By means of general relativistic numerical hydrodynamical calculations, we use the H-metric to follow the time-evolution of the spacetime embedding the progenitor during the hadronization and the immediately following epochs. Based thereon, we find that the kinetic energy of newly created normal matter increases with distance in a self-similar manner, imitating thereby outflows of nearly non-interacting particles. On cosmic time scales, this behaviour yields a Hubble parameter, H(t), which decreases slowly with the distance from the big bang event. Given the sensitivity of the data of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from Planck to the underlying cosmological model, we conclude that UNIMOUN is a viable alternative to ΛCMD-cosmologies.
文摘In view of the growing difficulties of ΛCDM-cosmologies to compete with recent highly accurate cosmological observations, I propose the alternative model: the Unicentric Model of the Observable UNiverse (UNIMOUN). The model relies on employing a new time-dependent -metric for the GR field equations, which enables reversible phase transitions between normal compressible fluids and incompressible quantum superfluids, necessary for studying the cosmic evolution of the observable universe. The main properties of UNIMOUN read: 1) The observable universe was born in a flat spacetime environment, which is a tiny fraction of our infinitely large and flat parent universe, 2) Our big bang (BB) happened to occur in our neighbourhood, thereby endowing the universe the observed homogeneity and isotropy, 3) The energy density in the universe is upper-bounded by the universal critical density , beyond which matter becomes purely incompressible, rendering formation of physical singulareties, and in particular black holes, impossible, 4) Big bangs are neither singular events nor invoked by external forces, but rather, they are common self-sustaining events in our parent universe, 5) The progenitors of BBs are created through the merger of cosmically dead and inactive neutron stars and/or through “supermassive black holes” that are currently observed at the centres of most massive galaxies, 6) The progenitors are made up of purely incompressible entropy-free superconducting gluon- quark superfluids with (SuSu-matter), which endows these giant objects measurable sizes, 7) Spacetimes embedding SuSu-matter are conformally flat. It is shown that UNIMOUN is capable of dealing with or providing answers to several fundamental open questions in astrophysics and cosmology without invoking inflation, dark matter or dark energy.
文摘Based on the theory and observations of glitching pulsars, we show that the ultra-cold supranuclear dense matter inside the cores of massive pulsars should condensate in vacua, as predicated by non-perturbative QCD. The trapped matter here forms false vacuums embedded in flat spacetimes and completely disconnected from the outside world. Although the vacuum expectation value here vanishes, the masses and sizes of these incompressible superfluid cores are set to grow with cosmic times, in accord with the Onsager-Feynman superfluidity analysis. We apply our scenario to several well-studied pulsars, namely the Crab, Vela, PSR J0740+6620 and find that the trapped mass-contents in their cores read {0.15,0.55,0.64}, implying that their true masses are {1.55,2.35,2.72} , respectively. Based thereon, we conclude that: 1) The true masses of massive pulsars and neutron stars are much higher than detected by direct observations and, therefore, are unbounded from above, 2) The remnant of the merger event in GW170817 should be a massive NS harbouring a core with 1.66 .
基金Supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Programme of Higher Education of China under Grant No 20050422038, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No Y2005D02.
文摘Electronic stopping powers for 0. 05-10 MeV protons in a group of organic materials are systematically calculated. The calculations are based on Ashley＇s dielectric model, and an evaluation approach of optical energy loss function is incorporated into Ashley＇s model because no experimental optical data are available for most of the organic materials under consideration. The Barkas-effect correction and Bloch correction are included. The proton stopping powers for the considered organic materials except for mylar in the energy range from 0.05 to 10 MeV are presented for the first time. The results may be useful for studies of various radiation effects in these materials and for space research.
文摘Recently, a unicentric model of our observable universe was proposed. Accordingly, the big bang was neither a singular event nor invoked by external forces, but rather a frequent event in cosmic life cycles that occur sequentially or in parallel at the same and/or in different locations of our infinitely large, flat, homogeneous, and isotropic parent universe. The progenitor of our big bang is predicted to have been of a measurable size and happened to be in our neighbourhood. Based on theoretical arguments and general relativistic numerical calculations, it is argued that: 1) The surface of the progenitor is most appropriate for the hadron flash to run away;2) The structure of the progenitor is immune to self-collapse into a hyper-massive black hole;and 3) The power and acceleration of high-redshift galaxies may be connected to the BB-explosion. We conclude that the currently observed high-redshift galaxies must have been old and inactive in older times, but turned into life through matter and momentum transfer from the fireball and the collision of the locally curved spacetime embedding the galaxy with the expanding one embedding the fireball. With the present scenario, the origin of the monstrous black hole candidates with M<sub>BH</sub> ≥10<sup>9</sup>M<sub>e</sub> , that are believed to have resided at the centre of galaxies when the observable universe was 400 Myr old, could be straightforwardly explained. This implies that QSOs with ever higher redshifts should exist, though their detection becomes increasingly harder.
