The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The...The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The measurements from the 325-m tower represent the SEB characteristics of the cities located in semi-humid warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone.In a typical hot and rainy summer,cold and dry winter,the measured Bowen ratio is minimum in summer and maximum in winter.The Bowen ratio measured at 140 m for spring,summer,autumn,and winter are 2.86,0.82,1.17,and 4.16 respectively.（2） At the height of 140-m（in the constant flux layer）,the noontime albedo is ~0.10 for summer,~0.12 for spring and autumn,and ~0.14 for winter.The ratios of daytime sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and storage heat flux to net radiation are 0.25,0.16,and 0.59 for clear-sky days,and 0.33,0.19,and 0.48 for cloudy days respectively.（3） Under clear-sky days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is almost zero,but the latent heat flux is greater than zero.For cloudy days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is slightly greater than the latent heat flux in winter.The nighttime upward heat flux is presumably due to the anthropogenic release（mainly latent heat for summer,while latent and sensible heat for winter）.展开更多
A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and ...A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.展开更多
The presently applied remote sensing algorithms and approaches to monitor soil surface fluxes are reviewed at the beginning of this paper, and the bottleneck of the estimation of soil sur-face fluxes lies in the depen...The presently applied remote sensing algorithms and approaches to monitor soil surface fluxes are reviewed at the beginning of this paper, and the bottleneck of the estimation of soil sur-face fluxes lies in the dependence on non remotely sensed parameters (NRSP). A soil surface evaporation model based on differential thermal inertia, only using remotely sensed information, has thus been proposed after many experiments. The key of the model is to derive soil moisture availability by differential thermal inertia rather than local soil parameters such as soil properties and type. Bowen ratio is estimated by means of soil moisture availability instead of NRSP, such as temperature and wind velocity. Net radiation flux and apparent thermal inertia have been used for soil heat flux parameterization, therefore, the objective of evaporation (latent heat flux) inversion for bare soil only by remotely sensed information can be realized. Two NOAA-AVHRR five-band images, taken at Shapotou northwest of China when soil surface temperature approximated to the highest and lowest of the region, were applied in combination with the ground surface information measured synchronously. The distribution of soil evaporation in Shapotou could be determined. Model verification has been performed between the measured soil surface evaporation and the corresponding calculated value of the images, and the result has proved model to be feasible. Fi-nally, the possible errors and further modifications when applying model to fulling vegetation can-opy have been discussed.展开更多
Objective To use δ-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) increasingly in treating skin cancers and other diseases in many countries and to explore the efficacy of ALA-PDT for skin cancers in Chi...Objective To use δ-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) increasingly in treating skin cancers and other diseases in many countries and to explore the efficacy of ALA-PDT for skin cancers in China. Methods Eighty-eight patients, including 34 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 32 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), two cases of basal-squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC), one case of verrucuous carcinoma, nine cases of Bowen disease, two cases Paget disease of the nipple and eight cases of extramammary Paget disease, were treated by the δ-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy first in China from 1997 to 2000. Results All BCC, including 11 cases of superficial lesions and 29 solid lesions, achieved complete reaction (CR) by 1-4 times of the ALA-PDT. Except one patient with adenoid SCC (grade Ⅲ), all SCC (grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ) patients achieved complete remission by 3-6 times of ALA-PDT. All Bowen diseases achieved complete reaction by 1-4 times. Although for Paget diseases it could not cure the disease simply by ALA-PDT, it could control the symptoms. The recurrence rates were 11% (4/34) for BCC, and 22% (7/32) for SCC by following up 1-3 years after the therapy. The continuous therapy is still effective. Conclusions ALA-PDT is an effective, non-traumatic treatment for patients with BCC, SCC, Bowen and Paget diseases. It is especially suitable for older and weaker patients or those who are not tolerable to other therapies. It also has a unique advantage for tumors in specific anatomical areas. It is a new alternative modality for skin cancer therapies.展开更多
Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance（EC） are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux（LE） and sensible heat flux（Hs）. The ...Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance（EC） are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux（LE） and sensible heat flux（Hs）. The Bowen ratio（BR） and energy balance residual（ER） approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches（i.e., BR and ER） were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites（i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites） in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio（（LE＋Hs）/（Rn–Gs）; where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux） was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.展开更多
The Bowen ratio(β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwate...The Bowen ratio(β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwaters(TRH), as a sensitive and fragile region, was selected as the study area. The β for 2001–2018 was estimated from the evapotranspiration product(ETMOD16) of MODIS and the net radiation of the land surface through the albedo from GLASS. The ETMOD16 data were evaluated against the observation data(ETOBS) at two alpine grassland flux towers obtained from ChinaFLUX. The interannual trend of the β was analyzed by multiple linear regression(MLR) and structure model(SEM) with the multiple factors of precipitation, temperature, humidity, albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI, MOD09 Q1). The results show that the ETMOD16 values were significantly correlated with ETOBS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.70(P < 0.01) for the two sites. In 2001–2018, the regional mean β was 2.52 ± 0.77 for the whole grassland, and its spatial distribution gradually increased from the eastern to western region. The interannual β showed a downward trend with a slope of-0.025 and a multiple regression coefficient(R^(2)) of 0.21(P = 0.056). Most of the variability(51%) in the interannual β can be explained by the linear regression of the above multiple factors, and the temperature plays a dominant role for the whole region. The SEM analysis further shows that an increasing NDVI results in a decreasing albedo with a path coefficient of-0.57, because the albedo was negatively correlated with NDVI(R^(2) = 0.52, P < 0.01), which indicates a negative and indirect effect on β from vegetation restoration. An obvious warming climate was found to prompt more evapotranspiration, and restoring vegetation makes the land surface receive more radiation, which both resulted in a decreasing trend in the annual β. This study revealed the biogeophysical mechanisms of vegetation restoration under a changing climate,展开更多
Evapotranspiration acts an important role in hydrologic cycle and water resources planning. But the estimation issue still remains until nowadays. This research attempts to make clear this problem by the following way...Evapotranspiration acts an important role in hydrologic cycle and water resources planning. But the estimation issue still remains until nowadays. This research attempts to make clear this problem by the following way. In a humid region, by applying the Bowen ratio concept and optimum procedure on the soil surface, sensible and latent heat fluxes are estimated using net radiation (Rn) and heat flux into the ground (G). The method uses air temperature and humidity at a single height by reciprocally determining the soil surface temperature (Ts) and the relative humidity (rehs). This feature can be remarkably extended to the utilization. The validity of the method is confirmed by comparing of observed and estimated latent (lE) and sensible heat flux (H) using the eddy covariance method. The hourly change of the lE, H, Ts and rehs on the soil surface, yearly change of lE and H and relationship of estimated lE and H versus observed are clarified. Furthermore, monthly evapotranspiration is estimated from the lE. The research was conducted using hourly data of FLUXNET at a site of Japan, three sites of the United States and two sites of Europe in humid regions having over 1000 mm of annual precipitation.展开更多
The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) accuracy obtained by remote sensing algorithms when compared with Bowen ratio measurements performed in the cotton fields. The ...The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) accuracy obtained by remote sensing algorithms when compared with Bowen ratio measurements performed in the cotton fields. The experiment was conducted in a cotton experimental field of EMBRAPA located in Ceará State, Brazil. Seven TM Landsat-5 images acquired in 2005 and 2008 were used to perform SEBAL and SSEB algorithms. The comparison between the estimated values by remoting sensing algorithms and the measured values in situ showed an acceptable accuracy. Besides, SSEB algorithm showed to be an important tool for ET analysis in the semi-arid regions, due to the fact that it does not need the meteorological data to solve the energy balance, but only the average temperature of the “hot” and “cold” pixels. Additionally, SSEB presents simpler processing than SEBAL algorithm that needs to solve an iterative process to obtain the sensible heat flux values.展开更多
Evapotranspiration in forests has been researched for a long time because it serves an important role in water resource issues and biomass production. By applying the reciprocal analysis based on the Bowen ratio conce...Evapotranspiration in forests has been researched for a long time because it serves an important role in water resource issues and biomass production. By applying the reciprocal analysis based on the Bowen ratio concept to the canopy surface, the sum result of sensible and latent heat fluxes, i.e., actual evapotranspiration (ET), is estimated from engineering aspect using the net radiation (Rn) and heat flux into the ground (G). The new method uses air temperature and humidity at a single height by determining the relative humidity (rehs) using the canopy temperature (Ts). The validity of the method is confirmed by the latent heat flux (lE) and sensible heat flux (H) observed by mean of eddy covariance method. The heat imbalance is corrected by multiple regression analysis. The temporal change of lE and H at the canopy surface is clarified using hourly and yearly data. Furthermore, the observed and estimated monthly evapotranspiration of the sites are compared. The research is conducted using hourly data and the validation of the method is conducted using observed covariance at five sites in the world using FLUXNET.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bowen’s disease (BD) is a persistent, progressive intraepidermal carcinoma. BD usually occurs in areas exposed to sunlight. Involvement of the dorsum of the hand is not rare, but that of the palmar aspect ...BACKGROUND Bowen’s disease (BD) is a persistent, progressive intraepidermal carcinoma. BD usually occurs in areas exposed to sunlight. Involvement of the dorsum of the hand is not rare, but that of the palmar aspect is very unusual. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. CASE SUMMARY Here, we report the case of a 48-year-old male patient who presented with a history of persistent local erythema lasting for 2 years on the thenar eminence of the left palm. Initially diagnosed as hand eczema, the condition did not improve with intermittent treatment with anti-allergy medications or topical glucocorticoid ointments, among other approaches. Then, the area of erythema gradually enlarged and was accompanied by mild itching. For a definite diagnosis and treatment, the patient came to our hospital. Dermoscopic examination revealed BD, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. We performed partial resection of the skin lesion followed by photodynamic therapy. No recurrence was observed at the 6-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION For all atypical palmar lesions, early dermoscopy and/or skin biopsy are needed to avoid missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.展开更多
The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geolo...The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geological characterization with geotechnical risk mitigation.The premise of CMRR is that strength properties of mine roof rock are influenced by defects typical of coal measures stratigraphy.The CMRR has been used in longwall pillar design,roof support methods,and evaluation of extended cuts,but is rarely evaluated.Here,the RMR and CMRR are applied to a longwall coal mine.Roof rock mass classifications were undertaken at 67 locations across the mine.Both classifications showed marked spatial variability in terms of roof conditions.Normal and reverse faulting occur across the mine,and while no clear relationships exist between rock mass character and faulting,a central graben zone showed heterogeneous rock mass properties,and divergence between CMRR and RMR.Overall,the CMRR data fell within the broad envelope of results reported for extended cuts at Australian and U.S.coal mines.The corollary is that the CMRR is useful,and should not be used in isolation,but rather as a component of a strata control programme.展开更多
In this paper, we define and study polynomial entropy on an arbitrary subset and local measure theoretic polynomial entropy for any Borel probability measure on a compact metric space,and investigate the relation betw...In this paper, we define and study polynomial entropy on an arbitrary subset and local measure theoretic polynomial entropy for any Borel probability measure on a compact metric space,and investigate the relation between local measure-theoretic polynomial entropy of Borel probability measures and polynomial entropy on an arbitrary subset. Also, we establish a variational principle for polynomial entropy on compact subsets in the context of amenable group actions.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41175015)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. GYHY200906026,GYHY201106050,2008BAC37B04,and 2006BAJ02A01)
文摘The 1-year（2009-2010） measurements are analyzed of the urban surface energy balance（SEB） obtained from the sensors located at three vertical layers of a 325-m tower in downtown Beijing.Results show that：（1） The measurements from the 325-m tower represent the SEB characteristics of the cities located in semi-humid warm-temperate continental monsoon climate zone.In a typical hot and rainy summer,cold and dry winter,the measured Bowen ratio is minimum in summer and maximum in winter.The Bowen ratio measured at 140 m for spring,summer,autumn,and winter are 2.86,0.82,1.17,and 4.16 respectively.（2） At the height of 140-m（in the constant flux layer）,the noontime albedo is ~0.10 for summer,~0.12 for spring and autumn,and ~0.14 for winter.The ratios of daytime sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and storage heat flux to net radiation are 0.25,0.16,and 0.59 for clear-sky days,and 0.33,0.19,and 0.48 for cloudy days respectively.（3） Under clear-sky days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is almost zero,but the latent heat flux is greater than zero.For cloudy days,the nighttime sensible heat flux is slightly greater than the latent heat flux in winter.The nighttime upward heat flux is presumably due to the anthropogenic release（mainly latent heat for summer,while latent and sensible heat for winter）.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.E-D0119-90202014the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences of China under Great No.G1998040902.
文摘A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.
基金This work was supported by theKey Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.49890330)the National Basic Research Project(Grant No.2000077900)the Knowledge Innovation Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.CXIOG-C00-05-02,CXIOG-E01-01,04).
文摘The presently applied remote sensing algorithms and approaches to monitor soil surface fluxes are reviewed at the beginning of this paper, and the bottleneck of the estimation of soil sur-face fluxes lies in the dependence on non remotely sensed parameters (NRSP). A soil surface evaporation model based on differential thermal inertia, only using remotely sensed information, has thus been proposed after many experiments. The key of the model is to derive soil moisture availability by differential thermal inertia rather than local soil parameters such as soil properties and type. Bowen ratio is estimated by means of soil moisture availability instead of NRSP, such as temperature and wind velocity. Net radiation flux and apparent thermal inertia have been used for soil heat flux parameterization, therefore, the objective of evaporation (latent heat flux) inversion for bare soil only by remotely sensed information can be realized. Two NOAA-AVHRR five-band images, taken at Shapotou northwest of China when soil surface temperature approximated to the highest and lowest of the region, were applied in combination with the ground surface information measured synchronously. The distribution of soil evaporation in Shapotou could be determined. Model verification has been performed between the measured soil surface evaporation and the corresponding calculated value of the images, and the result has proved model to be feasible. Fi-nally, the possible errors and further modifications when applying model to fulling vegetation can-opy have been discussed.
文摘Objective To use δ-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) increasingly in treating skin cancers and other diseases in many countries and to explore the efficacy of ALA-PDT for skin cancers in China. Methods Eighty-eight patients, including 34 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 32 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), two cases of basal-squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC), one case of verrucuous carcinoma, nine cases of Bowen disease, two cases Paget disease of the nipple and eight cases of extramammary Paget disease, were treated by the δ-aminolevulinic acid induced photodynamic therapy first in China from 1997 to 2000. Results All BCC, including 11 cases of superficial lesions and 29 solid lesions, achieved complete reaction (CR) by 1-4 times of the ALA-PDT. Except one patient with adenoid SCC (grade Ⅲ), all SCC (grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ) patients achieved complete remission by 3-6 times of ALA-PDT. All Bowen diseases achieved complete reaction by 1-4 times. Although for Paget diseases it could not cure the disease simply by ALA-PDT, it could control the symptoms. The recurrence rates were 11% (4/34) for BCC, and 22% (7/32) for SCC by following up 1-3 years after the therapy. The continuous therapy is still effective. Conclusions ALA-PDT is an effective, non-traumatic treatment for patients with BCC, SCC, Bowen and Paget diseases. It is especially suitable for older and weaker patients or those who are not tolerable to other therapies. It also has a unique advantage for tumors in specific anatomical areas. It is a new alternative modality for skin cancer therapies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41430855, 91125004)
文摘Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance（EC） are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux（LE） and sensible heat flux（Hs）. The Bowen ratio（BR） and energy balance residual（ER） approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches（i.e., BR and ER） were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites（i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites） in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio（（LE＋Hs）/（Rn–Gs）; where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux） was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.
基金The National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2017YFC0503803)The National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971507)+1 种基金Qinghai Province Science and Technology Program (2018-ZJ-T09)CAS-Qinghai Province Joint Program on Three-River Headwaters National Park (YHZX-2020-07)。
文摘The Bowen ratio(β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwaters(TRH), as a sensitive and fragile region, was selected as the study area. The β for 2001–2018 was estimated from the evapotranspiration product(ETMOD16) of MODIS and the net radiation of the land surface through the albedo from GLASS. The ETMOD16 data were evaluated against the observation data(ETOBS) at two alpine grassland flux towers obtained from ChinaFLUX. The interannual trend of the β was analyzed by multiple linear regression(MLR) and structure model(SEM) with the multiple factors of precipitation, temperature, humidity, albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI, MOD09 Q1). The results show that the ETMOD16 values were significantly correlated with ETOBS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.70(P < 0.01) for the two sites. In 2001–2018, the regional mean β was 2.52 ± 0.77 for the whole grassland, and its spatial distribution gradually increased from the eastern to western region. The interannual β showed a downward trend with a slope of-0.025 and a multiple regression coefficient(R^(2)) of 0.21(P = 0.056). Most of the variability(51%) in the interannual β can be explained by the linear regression of the above multiple factors, and the temperature plays a dominant role for the whole region. The SEM analysis further shows that an increasing NDVI results in a decreasing albedo with a path coefficient of-0.57, because the albedo was negatively correlated with NDVI(R^(2) = 0.52, P < 0.01), which indicates a negative and indirect effect on β from vegetation restoration. An obvious warming climate was found to prompt more evapotranspiration, and restoring vegetation makes the land surface receive more radiation, which both resulted in a decreasing trend in the annual β. This study revealed the biogeophysical mechanisms of vegetation restoration under a changing climate,
文摘Evapotranspiration acts an important role in hydrologic cycle and water resources planning. But the estimation issue still remains until nowadays. This research attempts to make clear this problem by the following way. In a humid region, by applying the Bowen ratio concept and optimum procedure on the soil surface, sensible and latent heat fluxes are estimated using net radiation (Rn) and heat flux into the ground (G). The method uses air temperature and humidity at a single height by reciprocally determining the soil surface temperature (Ts) and the relative humidity (rehs). This feature can be remarkably extended to the utilization. The validity of the method is confirmed by comparing of observed and estimated latent (lE) and sensible heat flux (H) using the eddy covariance method. The hourly change of the lE, H, Ts and rehs on the soil surface, yearly change of lE and H and relationship of estimated lE and H versus observed are clarified. Furthermore, monthly evapotranspiration is estimated from the lE. The research was conducted using hourly data of FLUXNET at a site of Japan, three sites of the United States and two sites of Europe in humid regions having over 1000 mm of annual precipitation.
文摘The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) accuracy obtained by remote sensing algorithms when compared with Bowen ratio measurements performed in the cotton fields. The experiment was conducted in a cotton experimental field of EMBRAPA located in Ceará State, Brazil. Seven TM Landsat-5 images acquired in 2005 and 2008 were used to perform SEBAL and SSEB algorithms. The comparison between the estimated values by remoting sensing algorithms and the measured values in situ showed an acceptable accuracy. Besides, SSEB algorithm showed to be an important tool for ET analysis in the semi-arid regions, due to the fact that it does not need the meteorological data to solve the energy balance, but only the average temperature of the “hot” and “cold” pixels. Additionally, SSEB presents simpler processing than SEBAL algorithm that needs to solve an iterative process to obtain the sensible heat flux values.
文摘Evapotranspiration in forests has been researched for a long time because it serves an important role in water resource issues and biomass production. By applying the reciprocal analysis based on the Bowen ratio concept to the canopy surface, the sum result of sensible and latent heat fluxes, i.e., actual evapotranspiration (ET), is estimated from engineering aspect using the net radiation (Rn) and heat flux into the ground (G). The new method uses air temperature and humidity at a single height by determining the relative humidity (rehs) using the canopy temperature (Ts). The validity of the method is confirmed by the latent heat flux (lE) and sensible heat flux (H) observed by mean of eddy covariance method. The heat imbalance is corrected by multiple regression analysis. The temporal change of lE and H at the canopy surface is clarified using hourly and yearly data. Furthermore, the observed and estimated monthly evapotranspiration of the sites are compared. The research is conducted using hourly data and the validation of the method is conducted using observed covariance at five sites in the world using FLUXNET.
文摘BACKGROUND Bowen’s disease (BD) is a persistent, progressive intraepidermal carcinoma. BD usually occurs in areas exposed to sunlight. Involvement of the dorsum of the hand is not rare, but that of the palmar aspect is very unusual. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. CASE SUMMARY Here, we report the case of a 48-year-old male patient who presented with a history of persistent local erythema lasting for 2 years on the thenar eminence of the left palm. Initially diagnosed as hand eczema, the condition did not improve with intermittent treatment with anti-allergy medications or topical glucocorticoid ointments, among other approaches. Then, the area of erythema gradually enlarged and was accompanied by mild itching. For a definite diagnosis and treatment, the patient came to our hospital. Dermoscopic examination revealed BD, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. We performed partial resection of the skin lesion followed by photodynamic therapy. No recurrence was observed at the 6-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION For all atypical palmar lesions, early dermoscopy and/or skin biopsy are needed to avoid missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.
基金Staff at Vale Australia,in particular Lachlan Cunningham and Priscilla Page,are thanked for facilitating underground access to the Carborough Downs Mine.The research was kindly supported by Moultrie Group and Golder Associates.
文摘The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geological characterization with geotechnical risk mitigation.The premise of CMRR is that strength properties of mine roof rock are influenced by defects typical of coal measures stratigraphy.The CMRR has been used in longwall pillar design,roof support methods,and evaluation of extended cuts,but is rarely evaluated.Here,the RMR and CMRR are applied to a longwall coal mine.Roof rock mass classifications were undertaken at 67 locations across the mine.Both classifications showed marked spatial variability in terms of roof conditions.Normal and reverse faulting occur across the mine,and while no clear relationships exist between rock mass character and faulting,a central graben zone showed heterogeneous rock mass properties,and divergence between CMRR and RMR.Overall,the CMRR data fell within the broad envelope of results reported for extended cuts at Australian and U.S.coal mines.The corollary is that the CMRR is useful,and should not be used in isolation,but rather as a component of a strata control programme.
基金supported by Foundation in higher education institutions of He’nan Province,P. R. China(Grant No. 23A110020)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11401363)+4 种基金the Foundation for the Training of Young Key Teachers in Colleges and Universities in He’nan Province,P. R. China (Grant No.2018GGJS134)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Gratn No.11971236)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016M591873)China Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation (Grant No. 2017T100384)funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘In this paper, we define and study polynomial entropy on an arbitrary subset and local measure theoretic polynomial entropy for any Borel probability measure on a compact metric space,and investigate the relation between local measure-theoretic polynomial entropy of Borel probability measures and polynomial entropy on an arbitrary subset. Also, we establish a variational principle for polynomial entropy on compact subsets in the context of amenable group actions.
