Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest spe...Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.展开更多
目的运用行为生态学模式管理手卫生。方法自2016年1月-6月,在某三级综合医院持续采取针对手卫生的多方面干预措施,此前、后各三个月分别为干预前期(2015年10月-2015年12月)和干预后期(2016年7月-2016年9月),本研究应用WHO推荐的"...目的运用行为生态学模式管理手卫生。方法自2016年1月-6月,在某三级综合医院持续采取针对手卫生的多方面干预措施,此前、后各三个月分别为干预前期(2015年10月-2015年12月)和干预后期(2016年7月-2016年9月),本研究应用WHO推荐的"医疗机构手卫生自我评价系统",用于测量手卫生的系统性管理水平,通过记录比较干预前期、干预期和干预后期的数据,并参考其提示的系统性管理缺陷的线索,改善手卫生管理工作;分析手卫生的依从性、医院感染率及多药耐药菌检出率等医院感染管理指标的变化规律。结果 "医疗机构手卫生自我评价系统"平均值为379.5分,其中干预前期为367.5分,属于"尚可";干预期和干预后期的得分均属于"优秀";10名观察人员在2015年10月-2016年9月随机观察706名医务人员的手卫生执行情况,依从率为99.1%;手卫生依从率与医院感染率及6种多药耐药菌检出率间无相关性;按照回归方程中决定系数(coefficient of determination)的大小排序,手卫生依从率决定医院感染率的系数最大(0.55),决定耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)检出率的系数为0.35、耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)为0.29、其余均<0.1。结论教育和培训及多学科合作是改善手卫生管理的重要组成部分,但是陈旧的手卫生设施等客观因素阻碍了手卫生的管理效果。展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2009CB119004)the National Special Fund for the Commonweal Agricultural Research of China (200903032)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, China (Nycytx-35-gw27)
文摘Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.
文摘目的运用行为生态学模式管理手卫生。方法自2016年1月-6月,在某三级综合医院持续采取针对手卫生的多方面干预措施,此前、后各三个月分别为干预前期(2015年10月-2015年12月)和干预后期(2016年7月-2016年9月),本研究应用WHO推荐的"医疗机构手卫生自我评价系统",用于测量手卫生的系统性管理水平,通过记录比较干预前期、干预期和干预后期的数据,并参考其提示的系统性管理缺陷的线索,改善手卫生管理工作;分析手卫生的依从性、医院感染率及多药耐药菌检出率等医院感染管理指标的变化规律。结果 "医疗机构手卫生自我评价系统"平均值为379.5分,其中干预前期为367.5分,属于"尚可";干预期和干预后期的得分均属于"优秀";10名观察人员在2015年10月-2016年9月随机观察706名医务人员的手卫生执行情况,依从率为99.1%;手卫生依从率与医院感染率及6种多药耐药菌检出率间无相关性;按照回归方程中决定系数(coefficient of determination)的大小排序,手卫生依从率决定医院感染率的系数最大(0.55),决定耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)检出率的系数为0.35、耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)为0.29、其余均<0.1。结论教育和培训及多学科合作是改善手卫生管理的重要组成部分,但是陈旧的手卫生设施等客观因素阻碍了手卫生的管理效果。
