The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate that electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenology are two different expressions of the same interaction that we can call “universal interaction”. In order to rea...The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate that electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenology are two different expressions of the same interaction that we can call “universal interaction”. In order to reach the aim, it is therefore necessary to imagine the matter in a slightly different way, as well as equivalent, to what has been done until today by the literature everywhere accepted. Even if differently imagined, this proposed structure of matter cannot and must not escape from reflecting the measurements and phenomenologies widely experimented in laboratories all over the world. In the proposed model the proton radius;the electron mass;the Avogadro constant;the existence and the mass of neutron and the existence of neutrino are theoretically derived. The main consequence is therefore a more general rewriting of Newton’s law of universal gravitation. A definitive value for the universal gravitational constant is proposed.展开更多
The Planck constant h is one of the most significant constants in quantum physics. Recently, the precision measurement of the value of h has been a hot issue due to its important role for the establishment of both a n...The Planck constant h is one of the most significant constants in quantum physics. Recently, the precision measurement of the value of h has been a hot issue due to its important role for the establishment of both a new SI and a revised fundamental physical constant system. Up to date, two approaches, the watt balance and counting atoms, have been employed to determine the Planck constant at a level of several parts in 108. In this paper, the principle and progress on precision measurement of the Planck constant using watt balance and counting atoms at national metrology institutes are reviewed. Further improvement in determining the Planck constant and possible developments of a revised physical constant system in future are discussed.展开更多
To determine the Avogadro constant with a target relative uncertainty of 2 x 10-s, the uncertainty component of the silicon sphere＇s volume introduced by the spherical harmonics method, which is usually used in deter...To determine the Avogadro constant with a target relative uncertainty of 2 x 10-s, the uncertainty component of the silicon sphere＇s volume introduced by the spherical harmonics method, which is usually used in determining the sphere＇s volume, is reevaluated. By means of representing the shape of the silicon sphere by an ellipsoid with Gaussian white noise in its diameters, the uncertainty of the current mapping methods based on the spherical harmonics theory can be estimated theoretically. It is evidenced that the uncertainty component attributed to the current mapping method is underestimated. To eliminate this effect as much as possible, the number of mapping points should be increased to more than before. Moreover, a new mapping method is proposed to accomplish the equal-area mapping with large number points on the silicon sphere.展开更多
The effect of a spherical shape on the measurement result of spectroscopic ellipsometry （SE） is analyzed, and a method to eliminate this effect is proposed. Based on the simulation result of the SE measurement on a ...The effect of a spherical shape on the measurement result of spectroscopic ellipsometry （SE） is analyzed, and a method to eliminate this effect is proposed. Based on the simulation result of the SE measurement on a silicon sphere by ray tracking, we find that the sphere makes the parallel incident beam of the SE be divergent after reflection, and the measurement error of the SE caused by this phenomenon is explained by the mixed polarization theory. By settling an aperture in front of the detector of the SE, we can almost eliminate the error. For the silicon sphere with a diameter of 94 mm used in the Avogadro project, the thickness error of the oxide layer caused by the spherical shape can be reduced from 0.73 nm to 0.04 nm by using the proposed method. The principle of the method and the results of the experimental verification are presented.展开更多
The core objective of a chemical composition measurement is to determine its true value. However, when measuring the composition of a macroscopic sample with a large number of atoms or molecules, realizing the true va...The core objective of a chemical composition measurement is to determine its true value. However, when measuring the composition of a macroscopic sample with a large number of atoms or molecules, realizing the true value of the measurand at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels remains an unsolved theoretical problem. We find that the true value of a sample composition exists in any subsample of a homogeneous molecular population of the sample. Here, we propose the Central Law of Measurement of the Amount of Substance: “The homogeneity of a sample molecular population represents the measurement accuracy of the sample composition in an analytical procedure”. The Central Law is based on a homogeneous molecular population axiom in which the molecular composition of a sample is identical for any homogeneous subsample. Furthermore, we point out that, at the microscopic scale, Avogadro’s law does not hold true.展开更多
文摘The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate that electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenology are two different expressions of the same interaction that we can call “universal interaction”. In order to reach the aim, it is therefore necessary to imagine the matter in a slightly different way, as well as equivalent, to what has been done until today by the literature everywhere accepted. Even if differently imagined, this proposed structure of matter cannot and must not escape from reflecting the measurements and phenomenologies widely experimented in laboratories all over the world. In the proposed model the proton radius;the electron mass;the Avogadro constant;the existence and the mass of neutron and the existence of neutrino are theoretically derived. The main consequence is therefore a more general rewriting of Newton’s law of universal gravitation. A definitive value for the universal gravitational constant is proposed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51477160)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation of China(Grant No.201010010)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Grant No.2006BAF06B01)
文摘The Planck constant h is one of the most significant constants in quantum physics. Recently, the precision measurement of the value of h has been a hot issue due to its important role for the establishment of both a new SI and a revised fundamental physical constant system. Up to date, two approaches, the watt balance and counting atoms, have been employed to determine the Planck constant at a level of several parts in 108. In this paper, the principle and progress on precision measurement of the Planck constant using watt balance and counting atoms at national metrology institutes are reviewed. Further improvement in determining the Planck constant and possible developments of a revised physical constant system in future are discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2006BAF06B06)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program,China (Grant No.2009THZ06057)
文摘To determine the Avogadro constant with a target relative uncertainty of 2 x 10-s, the uncertainty component of the silicon sphere＇s volume introduced by the spherical harmonics method, which is usually used in determining the sphere＇s volume, is reevaluated. By means of representing the shape of the silicon sphere by an ellipsoid with Gaussian white noise in its diameters, the uncertainty of the current mapping methods based on the spherical harmonics theory can be estimated theoretically. It is evidenced that the uncertainty component attributed to the current mapping method is underestimated. To eliminate this effect as much as possible, the number of mapping points should be increased to more than before. Moreover, a new mapping method is proposed to accomplish the equal-area mapping with large number points on the silicon sphere.
基金Project supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2006BAF06B06)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program,China(Grant No.2009THZ06057)
文摘The effect of a spherical shape on the measurement result of spectroscopic ellipsometry （SE） is analyzed, and a method to eliminate this effect is proposed. Based on the simulation result of the SE measurement on a silicon sphere by ray tracking, we find that the sphere makes the parallel incident beam of the SE be divergent after reflection, and the measurement error of the SE caused by this phenomenon is explained by the mixed polarization theory. By settling an aperture in front of the detector of the SE, we can almost eliminate the error. For the silicon sphere with a diameter of 94 mm used in the Avogadro project, the thickness error of the oxide layer caused by the spherical shape can be reduced from 0.73 nm to 0.04 nm by using the proposed method. The principle of the method and the results of the experimental verification are presented.
文摘The core objective of a chemical composition measurement is to determine its true value. However, when measuring the composition of a macroscopic sample with a large number of atoms or molecules, realizing the true value of the measurand at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels remains an unsolved theoretical problem. We find that the true value of a sample composition exists in any subsample of a homogeneous molecular population of the sample. Here, we propose the Central Law of Measurement of the Amount of Substance: “The homogeneity of a sample molecular population represents the measurement accuracy of the sample composition in an analytical procedure”. The Central Law is based on a homogeneous molecular population axiom in which the molecular composition of a sample is identical for any homogeneous subsample. Furthermore, we point out that, at the microscopic scale, Avogadro’s law does not hold true.
