该文针对电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS)理论与工程之间差异的关键细节进行说明和探讨。首先简要阐述了力矩分解法分析低频振荡的基本原理,介绍了与PSS相关的关键概念及其区别。然后通过分析和仿真指出,PSS参数整定是基...该文针对电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS)理论与工程之间差异的关键细节进行说明和探讨。首先简要阐述了力矩分解法分析低频振荡的基本原理,介绍了与PSS相关的关键概念及其区别。然后通过分析和仿真指出,PSS参数整定是基于发电机在功角处开环时的励磁系统相频特性,即理论值,而实测励磁系统相频特性是功角闭环时得到的。两者在系统自然振荡频率附近狭窄的频段内有很大差别,但在其余频段差别很小,因此可以通过"人工平滑"的方式由实测值得到理论值。并进一步论证了PSS参数现场整定方法的合理性。最后提出,由于发电机负荷变化时,励磁系统的理论无补偿相频特性差异很小,工程应用中在发电机负荷较大和较小时均可配置PSS参数。展开更多
We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classi...We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1 403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First,angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged,12 years and least distally in cases aged.16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.展开更多
文摘该文针对电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS)理论与工程之间差异的关键细节进行说明和探讨。首先简要阐述了力矩分解法分析低频振荡的基本原理,介绍了与PSS相关的关键概念及其区别。然后通过分析和仿真指出,PSS参数整定是基于发电机在功角处开环时的励磁系统相频特性,即理论值,而实测励磁系统相频特性是功角闭环时得到的。两者在系统自然振荡频率附近狭窄的频段内有很大差别,但在其余频段差别很小,因此可以通过"人工平滑"的方式由实测值得到理论值。并进一步论证了PSS参数现场整定方法的合理性。最后提出,由于发电机负荷变化时,励磁系统的理论无补偿相频特性差异很小,工程应用中在发电机负荷较大和较小时均可配置PSS参数。
基金supported by the Specific Research Project of Health Pro Bono Sector, Ministry of Health, China (200802056)
文摘We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1 403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First,angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged,12 years and least distally in cases aged.16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.
