This paper examines the effects of board affiliation on the corporate pay gap.Using a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2005 to 2011, we find that boards with a greater presence of directors appointed by block share...This paper examines the effects of board affiliation on the corporate pay gap.Using a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2005 to 2011, we find that boards with a greater presence of directors appointed by block shareholders have lower pay gaps. Furthermore, the governance effects of board affiliation with and without pay are distinguished. The empirical results show that board affiliation without pay is negatively related to the pay gap, while board affiliation with pay is positively related to the pay gap. Overall, the results shed light on how block shareholders affect their companies' pay gaps through board affiliation.展开更多
Biofilm-associated microorganisms play crucial roles in terrestrial and aquatic nutrient cycling and in the biodegradation of environmental pollutants. Biofilm formation was determined for a total of 18 bacterial isol...Biofilm-associated microorganisms play crucial roles in terrestrial and aquatic nutrient cycling and in the biodegradation of environmental pollutants. Biofilm formation was determined for a total of 18 bacterial isolates obtained from the biofilms of wastewater treatment systems and of little carpolite in soil. Among these isolates, seven showed strong biofilm-forming capacity. The phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates showing high biofilm formation capacity was determined through 16S rDNA sequencing and the isolates were grouped into 7 bacterial species including Pseudornonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Aeromonas caviae, Bacillus cereus, Pseudornonas plecoglossicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Comamonas testosteroni. The biofilm-forming capacity was closely related with flagella, exopolysaccharide, and extracellular protein. According to the coefficient of determination, the relative importance of the five biological characteristics to biofilm formation was, in order from greatest to least, exopolysaccharide 〉 flagella 〉 N-acyl-homoserine lactones （AHLs） signaling molecules 〉 extracellular protein 〉 swarming motility.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (71263034, 71002111)the Humanities and Social Science Project of the Ministry of Education of China (10XJC630003)the Program of Higher-level Talents at Inner Mongolia University, China (Z20100103)
文摘This paper examines the effects of board affiliation on the corporate pay gap.Using a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2005 to 2011, we find that boards with a greater presence of directors appointed by block shareholders have lower pay gaps. Furthermore, the governance effects of board affiliation with and without pay are distinguished. The empirical results show that board affiliation without pay is negatively related to the pay gap, while board affiliation with pay is positively related to the pay gap. Overall, the results shed light on how block shareholders affect their companies' pay gaps through board affiliation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30600016)the Environment Protection Department of Jiangsu Province,China (No.2004007)
文摘Biofilm-associated microorganisms play crucial roles in terrestrial and aquatic nutrient cycling and in the biodegradation of environmental pollutants. Biofilm formation was determined for a total of 18 bacterial isolates obtained from the biofilms of wastewater treatment systems and of little carpolite in soil. Among these isolates, seven showed strong biofilm-forming capacity. The phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates showing high biofilm formation capacity was determined through 16S rDNA sequencing and the isolates were grouped into 7 bacterial species including Pseudornonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Aeromonas caviae, Bacillus cereus, Pseudornonas plecoglossicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Comamonas testosteroni. The biofilm-forming capacity was closely related with flagella, exopolysaccharide, and extracellular protein. According to the coefficient of determination, the relative importance of the five biological characteristics to biofilm formation was, in order from greatest to least, exopolysaccharide 〉 flagella 〉 N-acyl-homoserine lactones （AHLs） signaling molecules 〉 extracellular protein 〉 swarming motility.
