This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upst... This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upstream scheme and small dissipation error in the simple second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme and is completely different from most of present positive definite advection schemes which are based on revising the upstream scheme results. The proposed scheme is much less time consuming than present shape-preserving or non-oscillatory advection transport schemes and produces results which are comparable to the results obtained from the present more complicated schemes. Elementary tests are also presented to examine the behavior of the scheme.展开更多
This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preservi... This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preserving positive definite advection scheme in the moisture equation of the LASG-REM (LASG regional E-grid eta-coordinate forecast model). By trial-forecasting six local heavy raincases, the efficiency of the shape-preserving advection scheme in practical application has been examined. The LASG-REM with the shape-preserving advection scheme has a good forecasting ability for local precipitation.展开更多
基于2013年1月9—15日北京地区一次持续雾霾过程,对环流形势、气象要素、物理量场及污染监测情况进行分析。结果表明:高浓度PM2.5和SO2事件持续时间超过100 h,浓度达到严重污染级别。高空为偏西或西南气流且850 h Pa有弱暖平流输送和地...基于2013年1月9—15日北京地区一次持续雾霾过程,对环流形势、气象要素、物理量场及污染监测情况进行分析。结果表明:高浓度PM2.5和SO2事件持续时间超过100 h,浓度达到严重污染级别。高空为偏西或西南气流且850 h Pa有弱暖平流输送和地面倒槽维持少动是有利于雾霾持续的背景条件。持续轻雾或霾对湿层厚度要求不高,在925 h Pa以下即可,且湿层越厚,能见度越低。逆温维持是雾霾持续的主要原因,且轻雾或霾为主时逆温层特点为厚度浅强度弱,逆温高度或强度突然增大可预示轻雾霾向大雾或雪转换;850 h Pa以下涡度平流较弱是轻雾或霾持续的动力结构;总温度平流垂直分布表现为闭合中心强度在500 h Pa明显分界,且相对较弱的平流中心高度一般在850—1000 h Pa之间,当高度达到500 h Pa时可预示雾霾天气消散。展开更多
A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the se...A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost tele-connects with the El Nino event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer展开更多
Using boundary layer data with regard to sea fog observed at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology at Bohe,Guangdong Province,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the...Using boundary layer data with regard to sea fog observed at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology at Bohe,Guangdong Province,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the tops of the fog and the clouds were analyzed.In addition,the effects of advection,radiation,and turbulence during sea fog were also investigated.According to the stability definition of saturated,wet air,the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature equal to zero was defined as the thermal turbulence interface.There is evidence to suggest that two layers of turbulence exist in sea fog.Thermal turbulence produced by long-wave radiation is prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface,whereas mechanical turbulence aroused by wind shear is predominant below the interface.The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between 180 m and 380 m.Three important factors are closely related to the development of the top of the sea fog：（1） the horizontal advection of the water vapor,（2） the long-wave radiation of the fog top,and（3） the movement of the vertical turbulence.Formation,development,and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary-layer structure during the sea fog season.In addition,the thermal turbulence interface is the most significant turbulence interface during the formation and development periods;it is maintained after sea fog rises into the stratus layer.展开更多
A moist thermodynamic advection parameter, defined as an absolute value of the dot product of hori- zontal gradients of three-dimensional potential temperature advection and general potential temperature, is introduce...A moist thermodynamic advection parameter, defined as an absolute value of the dot product of hori- zontal gradients of three-dimensional potential temperature advection and general potential temperature, is introduced to diagnose frontal heavy rainfall events in the north of China. It is shown that the parameter is closely related to observed 6-h accumulative surface rainfall and simulated cloud hydrometeors. Since the parameter is capable of describing the typical vertical structural characteristics of dynamic, thermodynamic and water vapor fields above a strong precipitation region near the front surface, it may serve as a physical tracker to detect precipitable weather systems near to a front. A tendency equation of the parameter was derived in Cartesian coordinates and calculated with the simulation output data of a heavy rainfall event. Results revealed that the advection of the parameter by the three-dimensional velocity vector, the covariance of potential temperature advection by local change of the velocity vector and general potential temperature, and the interaction between potential temperature advection and the source or sink of general potential temperature, accounted for local change in the parameter. This indicated that the parameter was determined by a combination of dynamic processes and cloud microphysical processes.展开更多
为有效降低雾霾天气造成的灾害损失,为雾霾天气预报提供可靠依据。笔者利用高空探测、自动站观测、激光雷达等资料,对2013年12月17—25日发生在陕西关中的持续性雾霾天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次雾霾天气具有明显的阶段性特征,前期...为有效降低雾霾天气造成的灾害损失,为雾霾天气预报提供可靠依据。笔者利用高空探测、自动站观测、激光雷达等资料,对2013年12月17—25日发生在陕西关中的持续性雾霾天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次雾霾天气具有明显的阶段性特征,前期的高低空配置有利于污染物的急剧累积,后期中高空气流较为平直,低层有弱暖平流,地面气压场较弱,有利于雾霾天气的稳定维持;持续性轻雾或霾发生时对湿层厚度要求不高,900 h Pa以下即可,相对湿度在60%~80%之间时,有利于雾霾天气持续;地面风速小,逆温层维持,污染物主要集中在近地层200 m以下,是这次严重雾霾的主要天气特征;涡度平流和总温度平流的垂直分布呈现出有利于雾霾产生和维持的动热力结构:关中地区特殊的地形作用也是雾霾天气易发的一个重要原因。展开更多
Little is known about the surface energy balance problem for a complex underlying surface.Taking data from the Loess Plateau Land-surface Processes Experiment(LOPEX) and investigating the characteristics of the surfac...Little is known about the surface energy balance problem for a complex underlying surface.Taking data from the Loess Plateau Land-surface Processes Experiment(LOPEX) and investigating the characteristics of the surface energy balance over a complex underlying surface,this paper calculates the soil heat storage and vertical sensible heat advection,analyzes their contributions to the surface energy imbalance,and discusses the mechanism by which the vertical velocity and temperature gradient in the surface layer affect the vertical sensible heat advection transfer.We found that the vertical velocity in the surface layer provides the necessary dynamic power for vertical sensible heat advection,and a relatively strong temperature gradient is the energy source generating vertical sensible heat advection.Under an ascending condition,the effect of vertical sensible heat advection on the surface energy budget is more obvious.It is also found that when the soil heat storage term and the vertical sensible heat advection term are added to the energy balance equation,the imbalance significantly improves.The peak of average diurnal residuals decreases from 125.1 to 41.5 W m-2,the daily average absolute value of residuals falls from 59.0 to 26.4 W m-2,and the surface energy balance closure increases from 78.4% to 94.0%.展开更多
A two-dimensional hybrid numerical model, FEM-LES-VOF, for free surface flows is proposed in this study, which is a combination of three-step Taylor-Galerkin finite element method, large eddy simulation with the Smago...A two-dimensional hybrid numerical model, FEM-LES-VOF, for free surface flows is proposed in this study, which is a combination of three-step Taylor-Galerkin finite element method, large eddy simulation with the Smagorinsky sub-grid model and Computational Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection Remap Volume of Fluid （CLEAR-VOF） method. The present FEM-LES-VOF model allows the fluid flows involving violent free surface and turbulence subject to complex boundary configuration to be simulated in a straightforward manner with unstructured grids in the context of finite element method. Numerical simulation of a benchmark problem of dam breaking is conducted to verify the present model. Comparisons with experimental data show that the proposed model works well and is capable of producing reliable predictions for free surface flows. Using the FEM-LES-VOF model, the free surface flow over a semi-circular obstruction is investigated. The simulation results are compared with available experimental and numerical results. Good performance of the FEM-LES-VOF model is demonstrated again. Moreover, the numerical studies show that the turbulence plays an important role in the evolution of free surface when the reflected wave propagates upstream during the fluid flow passing the submerged obstacle.展开更多
Reflection of stratospheric planetary waves and its impact on tropospheric cold weather over Asia during January 2008 were investigated by applying two dimensional Eliassen-Palm （EP） flux and three-dimensional Plumb...Reflection of stratospheric planetary waves and its impact on tropospheric cold weather over Asia during January 2008 were investigated by applying two dimensional Eliassen-Palm （EP） flux and three-dimensional Plumb wave activity fluxes.The planetary wave propagation can clearly be seen in the longitude-height and latitude-height sections of the Plumb wave activity flux and EP flux,respectively,when the stratospheric basic state is partially reflective.Primarily,a wave packet emanating from Baffin Island/coast of Labrador propagated eastward,equatorward and was reflected over Central Eurasia and parts of China,which in turn triggered the advection of cold wind from the northern part of the boreal forest regions and Siberia to the subtropics.The wide region of Central Eurasia and China experienced extreme cold weather during the second ten days of January 2008,whereas the extraordinary persistence of the event might have occurred due to an anomalous blocking high in the Urals-Siberia region.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the Ntional Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘 This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upstream scheme and small dissipation error in the simple second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme and is completely different from most of present positive definite advection schemes which are based on revising the upstream scheme results. The proposed scheme is much less time consuming than present shape-preserving or non-oscillatory advection transport schemes and produces results which are comparable to the results obtained from the present more complicated schemes. Elementary tests are also presented to examine the behavior of the scheme.
文摘 This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preserving positive definite advection scheme in the moisture equation of the LASG-REM (LASG regional E-grid eta-coordinate forecast model). By trial-forecasting six local heavy raincases, the efficiency of the shape-preserving advection scheme in practical application has been examined. The LASG-REM with the shape-preserving advection scheme has a good forecasting ability for local precipitation.
文摘基于2013年1月9—15日北京地区一次持续雾霾过程,对环流形势、气象要素、物理量场及污染监测情况进行分析。结果表明:高浓度PM2.5和SO2事件持续时间超过100 h,浓度达到严重污染级别。高空为偏西或西南气流且850 h Pa有弱暖平流输送和地面倒槽维持少动是有利于雾霾持续的背景条件。持续轻雾或霾对湿层厚度要求不高,在925 h Pa以下即可,且湿层越厚,能见度越低。逆温维持是雾霾持续的主要原因,且轻雾或霾为主时逆温层特点为厚度浅强度弱,逆温高度或强度突然增大可预示轻雾霾向大雾或雪转换;850 h Pa以下涡度平流较弱是轻雾或霾持续的动力结构;总温度平流垂直分布表现为闭合中心强度在500 h Pa明显分界,且相对较弱的平流中心高度一般在850—1000 h Pa之间,当高度达到500 h Pa时可预示雾霾天气消散。
基金This work was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-205)the Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant Nos. G1999043806 and 2001DIA50041) National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant N
文摘A strong warm event happens during spring 1997 to spring 1999 in the South China Sea. Its intensity and duration show that it is the strongest event on the record over the past decades. It also corresponds with the severe flood over the valley of the Yangtze River and a couple of marine environmental events. This note addressed the evolution process by using several data sets, such as sea surface temperature, height and wind stress in addition to subsurface temperature. The onset of the warm event almost tele-connects with the El Nino event in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Summer monsoon is stronger and winter monsoon is weaker in 1997 so that there are persistent westerly anomalies in the South China Sea. During the development phase, the warm advection caused by southerly anomalies is the major factor while the adjustment of the thermocline is not obvious. Subsequently, the southerly anomalies decay and even northerly anomalies appear in the summer of 1998 resulting from the weaker than normal summer
基金sponsored jointly by the Chinese Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest (Grant No. GYHY200906008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40675013)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2008B030303072)the Meteorological Sciences Research Project of the Weather Bu-reau of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 201003)
文摘Using boundary layer data with regard to sea fog observed at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology at Bohe,Guangdong Province,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the tops of the fog and the clouds were analyzed.In addition,the effects of advection,radiation,and turbulence during sea fog were also investigated.According to the stability definition of saturated,wet air,the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature equal to zero was defined as the thermal turbulence interface.There is evidence to suggest that two layers of turbulence exist in sea fog.Thermal turbulence produced by long-wave radiation is prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface,whereas mechanical turbulence aroused by wind shear is predominant below the interface.The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between 180 m and 380 m.Three important factors are closely related to the development of the top of the sea fog：（1） the horizontal advection of the water vapor,（2） the long-wave radiation of the fog top,and（3） the movement of the vertical turbulence.Formation,development,and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary-layer structure during the sea fog season.In addition,the thermal turbulence interface is the most significant turbulence interface during the formation and development periods;it is maintained after sea fog rises into the stratus layer.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421505)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40875032 and 40875002)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Project (GYH200706042)the Knowledge Creative Project of CAS (IAP07201)
文摘A moist thermodynamic advection parameter, defined as an absolute value of the dot product of hori- zontal gradients of three-dimensional potential temperature advection and general potential temperature, is introduced to diagnose frontal heavy rainfall events in the north of China. It is shown that the parameter is closely related to observed 6-h accumulative surface rainfall and simulated cloud hydrometeors. Since the parameter is capable of describing the typical vertical structural characteristics of dynamic, thermodynamic and water vapor fields above a strong precipitation region near the front surface, it may serve as a physical tracker to detect precipitable weather systems near to a front. A tendency equation of the parameter was derived in Cartesian coordinates and calculated with the simulation output data of a heavy rainfall event. Results revealed that the advection of the parameter by the three-dimensional velocity vector, the covariance of potential temperature advection by local change of the velocity vector and general potential temperature, and the interaction between potential temperature advection and the source or sink of general potential temperature, accounted for local change in the parameter. This indicated that the parameter was determined by a combination of dynamic processes and cloud microphysical processes.
文摘为有效降低雾霾天气造成的灾害损失,为雾霾天气预报提供可靠依据。笔者利用高空探测、自动站观测、激光雷达等资料,对2013年12月17—25日发生在陕西关中的持续性雾霾天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次雾霾天气具有明显的阶段性特征,前期的高低空配置有利于污染物的急剧累积,后期中高空气流较为平直,低层有弱暖平流,地面气压场较弱,有利于雾霾天气的稳定维持;持续性轻雾或霾发生时对湿层厚度要求不高,900 h Pa以下即可,相对湿度在60%~80%之间时,有利于雾霾天气持续;地面风速小,逆温层维持,污染物主要集中在近地层200 m以下,是这次严重雾霾的主要天气特征;涡度平流和总温度平流的垂直分布呈现出有利于雾霾产生和维持的动热力结构:关中地区特殊的地形作用也是雾霾天气易发的一个重要原因。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40830597)the Public Welfare Research Project of China (Grant No.GYHY200806021)
文摘Little is known about the surface energy balance problem for a complex underlying surface.Taking data from the Loess Plateau Land-surface Processes Experiment(LOPEX) and investigating the characteristics of the surface energy balance over a complex underlying surface,this paper calculates the soil heat storage and vertical sensible heat advection,analyzes their contributions to the surface energy imbalance,and discusses the mechanism by which the vertical velocity and temperature gradient in the surface layer affect the vertical sensible heat advection transfer.We found that the vertical velocity in the surface layer provides the necessary dynamic power for vertical sensible heat advection,and a relatively strong temperature gradient is the energy source generating vertical sensible heat advection.Under an ascending condition,the effect of vertical sensible heat advection on the surface energy budget is more obvious.It is also found that when the soil heat storage term and the vertical sensible heat advection term are added to the energy balance equation,the imbalance significantly improves.The peak of average diurnal residuals decreases from 125.1 to 41.5 W m-2,the daily average absolute value of residuals falls from 59.0 to 26.4 W m-2,and the surface energy balance closure increases from 78.4% to 94.0%.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50409015)the Program forChangjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team inUniversity (Grant No. IRT0420) the 40th ChinaPostdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘A two-dimensional hybrid numerical model, FEM-LES-VOF, for free surface flows is proposed in this study, which is a combination of three-step Taylor-Galerkin finite element method, large eddy simulation with the Smagorinsky sub-grid model and Computational Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection Remap Volume of Fluid （CLEAR-VOF） method. The present FEM-LES-VOF model allows the fluid flows involving violent free surface and turbulence subject to complex boundary configuration to be simulated in a straightforward manner with unstructured grids in the context of finite element method. Numerical simulation of a benchmark problem of dam breaking is conducted to verify the present model. Comparisons with experimental data show that the proposed model works well and is capable of producing reliable predictions for free surface flows. Using the FEM-LES-VOF model, the free surface flow over a semi-circular obstruction is investigated. The simulation results are compared with available experimental and numerical results. Good performance of the FEM-LES-VOF model is demonstrated again. Moreover, the numerical studies show that the turbulence plays an important role in the evolution of free surface when the reflected wave propagates upstream during the fluid flow passing the submerged obstacle.
基金supported jointly by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB 428603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 41250110073, 41350110331 and 41025017)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences fellowship for young international scientists (Grant No. 2011Y2ZZB05)a China postdoctoral science foundation grant (Grant No. 2013M541010)
文摘Reflection of stratospheric planetary waves and its impact on tropospheric cold weather over Asia during January 2008 were investigated by applying two dimensional Eliassen-Palm （EP） flux and three-dimensional Plumb wave activity fluxes.The planetary wave propagation can clearly be seen in the longitude-height and latitude-height sections of the Plumb wave activity flux and EP flux,respectively,when the stratospheric basic state is partially reflective.Primarily,a wave packet emanating from Baffin Island/coast of Labrador propagated eastward,equatorward and was reflected over Central Eurasia and parts of China,which in turn triggered the advection of cold wind from the northern part of the boreal forest regions and Siberia to the subtropics.The wide region of Central Eurasia and China experienced extreme cold weather during the second ten days of January 2008,whereas the extraordinary persistence of the event might have occurred due to an anomalous blocking high in the Urals-Siberia region.
