INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,...INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.展开更多
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although th...Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practi展开更多
A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by E...A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by European writers that adapted from or modeled themselves after loose translations of folk tales from the East,practiced a kind of mental shapeshifting,blurring the boundaries between East and West.The same kind of cross-cultural identification is visible in many other literary narratives from the same period,indicative of a fluid,universalist politics regarding Europe's relations with the Orient that requires reevaluation.18th-century transcultural fictions suggest a few tactics for mediating between the necessity of establishing grounds of comparison and the need to draw distinctions.In its search for ways of breaking through the stronghold of cultural nationalism,comparative literature in its contemporary incarnation does well to rethink Enlightenment universalism as encoded in the literary landscape of 18th century Europe.展开更多
During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the Eng...During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.展开更多
Hu Jintao’s political report to the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)shows that China,a particular type of party-state different from any kind of Western political system,is undergoing a trem...Hu Jintao’s political report to the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)shows that China,a particular type of party-state different from any kind of Western political system,is undergoing a tremendous and difficult transition.On one hand,the 18thNational Congress of the CPC reinforced the party-state morphology,and,on the other,we notice that the Party’s state-building has actually developed to an unprecedented level.However,it is believed that the CPC is facing fateful challenges in governing the country.It is therefore extremely important to make adjustments in the political ideas,institutional arrangements and practical measures if the CPC wants to ensure a long-term success.In contrast to the overall political arrangements,specific procedures need to be implemented to achieve the goal of good governance of the CPC.展开更多
As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to...As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to explore how Marie Antoinette was painted in the eighteenth century and study the power dynamic within her court life.However,the portrait art can only depicts people on the outside,no matter how vivid the portrait painted.Sofia Coppola,the American film director,made a film which gives us a new impression of Marie Antoinette from the inside out.展开更多
The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens w...The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens were analyzed.展开更多
The 6th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was a very important meeting upon China’s entry into a decisive stage for completing the all-round construction of a moderately prosperous society,opening a n...The 6th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was a very important meeting upon China’s entry into a decisive stage for completing the all-round construction of a moderately prosperous society,opening a new process of展开更多
Over the five years between the 18 th and 19 th National Congress of the CPC, the new generation of Chinese leadership, with Xi Jinping at the core, has proposed a series of ideas, theories, concepts and initiatives, ...Over the five years between the 18 th and 19 th National Congress of the CPC, the new generation of Chinese leadership, with Xi Jinping at the core, has proposed a series of ideas, theories, concepts and initiatives, built a whole set of organizational structures and mechanisms,enriched and improved foreign strategic plans, overcome a host of territorial and sovereign difficulties through the construction and use of the Belt and Road Initiative, breathed new life into head of state diplomacy and other diplomatic forms, and formulated China's international strategic thought and structure for the new era. These developments have positioned China as a great power and led to three major historic achievements, laying an important foundation for China to move from regional big power to global strong power. However, the time-space particularity of China's rise has meant that some structural issues cannot be solved easily, while some new problems are mushrooming. The 19 th National Congress of CPC set higher task objectives for China's international strategy in the new era,and this calls for China's international strategic circle to continue its innovation in both theory and practice.展开更多
文摘INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.
文摘Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practi
文摘A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by European writers that adapted from or modeled themselves after loose translations of folk tales from the East,practiced a kind of mental shapeshifting,blurring the boundaries between East and West.The same kind of cross-cultural identification is visible in many other literary narratives from the same period,indicative of a fluid,universalist politics regarding Europe's relations with the Orient that requires reevaluation.18th-century transcultural fictions suggest a few tactics for mediating between the necessity of establishing grounds of comparison and the need to draw distinctions.In its search for ways of breaking through the stronghold of cultural nationalism,comparative literature in its contemporary incarnation does well to rethink Enlightenment universalism as encoded in the literary landscape of 18th century Europe.
文摘During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.
文摘Hu Jintao’s political report to the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)shows that China,a particular type of party-state different from any kind of Western political system,is undergoing a tremendous and difficult transition.On one hand,the 18thNational Congress of the CPC reinforced the party-state morphology,and,on the other,we notice that the Party’s state-building has actually developed to an unprecedented level.However,it is believed that the CPC is facing fateful challenges in governing the country.It is therefore extremely important to make adjustments in the political ideas,institutional arrangements and practical measures if the CPC wants to ensure a long-term success.In contrast to the overall political arrangements,specific procedures need to be implemented to achieve the goal of good governance of the CPC.
文摘As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to explore how Marie Antoinette was painted in the eighteenth century and study the power dynamic within her court life.However,the portrait art can only depicts people on the outside,no matter how vivid the portrait painted.Sofia Coppola,the American film director,made a film which gives us a new impression of Marie Antoinette from the inside out.
文摘The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens were analyzed.
文摘The 6th Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was a very important meeting upon China’s entry into a decisive stage for completing the all-round construction of a moderately prosperous society,opening a new process of
文摘Over the five years between the 18 th and 19 th National Congress of the CPC, the new generation of Chinese leadership, with Xi Jinping at the core, has proposed a series of ideas, theories, concepts and initiatives, built a whole set of organizational structures and mechanisms,enriched and improved foreign strategic plans, overcome a host of territorial and sovereign difficulties through the construction and use of the Belt and Road Initiative, breathed new life into head of state diplomacy and other diplomatic forms, and formulated China's international strategic thought and structure for the new era. These developments have positioned China as a great power and led to three major historic achievements, laying an important foundation for China to move from regional big power to global strong power. However, the time-space particularity of China's rise has meant that some structural issues cannot be solved easily, while some new problems are mushrooming. The 19 th National Congress of CPC set higher task objectives for China's international strategy in the new era,and this calls for China's international strategic circle to continue its innovation in both theory and practice.
