The Miyun reservoir is an important water supply for Beijing city. The distribution laws of nitrogen in the Miyun reservoir waters and the transportation factors have been systematically analyzed in space and time by ...The Miyun reservoir is an important water supply for Beijing city. The distribution laws of nitrogen in the Miyun reservoir waters and the transportation factors have been systematically analyzed in space and time by using water monitoring data sampled in the high-water and low-flow periods in 2001 and 2002. The nitrogen in east and west reservoir waters is distributed differently in space. It shows the change characteristics in high-water and low-flow periods and is affected by the source of nitrogen, runoff conditions, hydrodynamic conditions, precipitation and the control of bed mud, of which the source of nitrogen controls the change of concentration of nitrogen, the peripheral runoff controls the distribution law of nitrogen, bed mud controls the vertical distribution of nitrogen, and the contents of nitrogen and its change in the surrounding environment directly cause the change of concentration of total nitrogen in the waters. The improvement and protection of the waters in the Miyun reservoir basically rests with the amelioration of the peripheral environment.展开更多
A Speed of Light falling over time inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe leads to an experimentally observed exponential changing of the Red Shift over time. It is necessary to re-define the Angular ...A Speed of Light falling over time inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe leads to an experimentally observed exponential changing of the Red Shift over time. It is necessary to re-define the Angular Impulse Momentum in order to get a consistent expansion of space on all levels. Conservation of Energy and this newly defined Angular Impulse Momentum then leads to the requirement that all clocks slow down in time inversely proportional to the Red Shift, independent of whether the Speed of Light is constant or not. From the Lorentz equation it then follows that Expansion occurs over space-time and not over space alone. A steady state expansion in true time is then transformed into an exponential expansion for an observer with a local clock. A finite lifetime of the Universe is transformed to an infinite lifetime for these observers including elementary particles.展开更多
Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of univer...Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of universe space- time dark energy, a solution of Einstein’s cosmological constant problem, physical interpretation of universe dark energy and Einstein’s cosmological constant Lambda and its value ( = 0.29447 × 10-52 m-2), values of universe dark energy density 1.2622 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 6.8023 GeV, universe critical density 1.8069 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 9.7378 GeV, universe matter density 0.54207 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 2.9213 GeV, and universe radiation density 2.7103 × 10-31 kg/m3 = 1.455 MeV. The interpretation in this paper is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a perfect four- dimensional continuum cosmic fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling time is considered as a mechanical variable along with other variables and treated on an equal footing. In such a modeling, time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Since the momentum associated with the time as a mechanical variable is equal to the negative system total energy, the coupling in the time and its momentum leads to maximum increase in the space-time field with 70.7% of the total energy. Moreover, a null paraboloid is obtained and interpreted as a function of the momentum generated by time. This paper presents also an interpretation of space-time tri-dipoles, gravity field waves, and gravity carriers (the gravitons). This model suggests that the space-time has a polarity and is composed of dipoles which are responsible for forming the orbits and storing the space-time energy-momentum. The tri-di- poles can be unified into a solo space-time dipole with an angle of 45 degrees. Such a result shows that the space-time is not void, on the contrary, it is full of conserved and dynamic energy-momentum structure. Furthermore, the gravi展开更多
The space-time conservation element and solution element(CE/SE)method is proposed for solving a conservative interface-capturing reducedmodel of compressible two-fluid flows.The flow equations are the bulk equations,c...The space-time conservation element and solution element(CE/SE)method is proposed for solving a conservative interface-capturing reducedmodel of compressible two-fluid flows.The flow equations are the bulk equations,combined with mass and energy equations for one of the two fluids.The latter equation contains a source term for accounting the energy exchange.The one and two-dimensional flow models are numerically investigated in this manuscript.The CE/SE method is capable to accurately capture the sharp propagating wavefronts of the fluids without excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillations.In contrast to the existing upwind finite volume schemes,the Riemann solver and reconstruction procedure are not the building block of the suggested method.The method differs from the previous techniques because of global and local flux conservation in a space-time domain without resorting to interpolation or extrapolation.In order to reveal the efficiency and performance of the approach,several numerical test cases are presented.For validation,the results of the current method are compared with other finite volume schemes.展开更多
This paper presents a novel high-order space-time method for hyperbolic conservation laws.Two important concepts,the staggered space-time mesh of the space-time conservation element/solution element(CE/SE)method and t...This paper presents a novel high-order space-time method for hyperbolic conservation laws.Two important concepts,the staggered space-time mesh of the space-time conservation element/solution element(CE/SE)method and the local discontinuous basis functions of the space-time discontinuous Galerkin(DG)finite element method,are the two key ingredients of the new scheme.The staggered spacetime mesh is constructed using the cell-vertex structure of the underlying spatial mesh.The universal definitions of CEs and SEs are independent of the underlying spatial mesh and thus suitable for arbitrarily unstructured meshes.The solution within each physical time step is updated alternately at the cell level and the vertex level.For this solution updating strategy and the DG ingredient,the new scheme here is termed as the discontinuous Galerkin cell-vertex scheme(DG-CVS).The high order of accuracy is achieved by employing high-order Taylor polynomials as the basis functions inside each SE.The present DG-CVS exhibits many advantageous features such as Riemann-solver-free,high-order accuracy,point-implicitness,compactness,and ease of handling boundary conditions.Several numerical tests including the scalar advection equations and compressible Euler equations will demonstrate the performance of the new method.展开更多
文摘The Miyun reservoir is an important water supply for Beijing city. The distribution laws of nitrogen in the Miyun reservoir waters and the transportation factors have been systematically analyzed in space and time by using water monitoring data sampled in the high-water and low-flow periods in 2001 and 2002. The nitrogen in east and west reservoir waters is distributed differently in space. It shows the change characteristics in high-water and low-flow periods and is affected by the source of nitrogen, runoff conditions, hydrodynamic conditions, precipitation and the control of bed mud, of which the source of nitrogen controls the change of concentration of nitrogen, the peripheral runoff controls the distribution law of nitrogen, bed mud controls the vertical distribution of nitrogen, and the contents of nitrogen and its change in the surrounding environment directly cause the change of concentration of total nitrogen in the waters. The improvement and protection of the waters in the Miyun reservoir basically rests with the amelioration of the peripheral environment.
文摘A Speed of Light falling over time inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe leads to an experimentally observed exponential changing of the Red Shift over time. It is necessary to re-define the Angular Impulse Momentum in order to get a consistent expansion of space on all levels. Conservation of Energy and this newly defined Angular Impulse Momentum then leads to the requirement that all clocks slow down in time inversely proportional to the Red Shift, independent of whether the Speed of Light is constant or not. From the Lorentz equation it then follows that Expansion occurs over space-time and not over space alone. A steady state expansion in true time is then transformed into an exponential expansion for an observer with a local clock. A finite lifetime of the Universe is transformed to an infinite lifetime for these observers including elementary particles.
文摘Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of universe space- time dark energy, a solution of Einstein’s cosmological constant problem, physical interpretation of universe dark energy and Einstein’s cosmological constant Lambda and its value ( = 0.29447 × 10-52 m-2), values of universe dark energy density 1.2622 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 6.8023 GeV, universe critical density 1.8069 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 9.7378 GeV, universe matter density 0.54207 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 2.9213 GeV, and universe radiation density 2.7103 × 10-31 kg/m3 = 1.455 MeV. The interpretation in this paper is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a perfect four- dimensional continuum cosmic fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling time is considered as a mechanical variable along with other variables and treated on an equal footing. In such a modeling, time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Since the momentum associated with the time as a mechanical variable is equal to the negative system total energy, the coupling in the time and its momentum leads to maximum increase in the space-time field with 70.7% of the total energy. Moreover, a null paraboloid is obtained and interpreted as a function of the momentum generated by time. This paper presents also an interpretation of space-time tri-dipoles, gravity field waves, and gravity carriers (the gravitons). This model suggests that the space-time has a polarity and is composed of dipoles which are responsible for forming the orbits and storing the space-time energy-momentum. The tri-di- poles can be unified into a solo space-time dipole with an angle of 45 degrees. Such a result shows that the space-time is not void, on the contrary, it is full of conserved and dynamic energy-momentum structure. Furthermore, the gravi
基金supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)of Pakistan through grant No.1375.
文摘The space-time conservation element and solution element(CE/SE)method is proposed for solving a conservative interface-capturing reducedmodel of compressible two-fluid flows.The flow equations are the bulk equations,combined with mass and energy equations for one of the two fluids.The latter equation contains a source term for accounting the energy exchange.The one and two-dimensional flow models are numerically investigated in this manuscript.The CE/SE method is capable to accurately capture the sharp propagating wavefronts of the fluids without excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillations.In contrast to the existing upwind finite volume schemes,the Riemann solver and reconstruction procedure are not the building block of the suggested method.The method differs from the previous techniques because of global and local flux conservation in a space-time domain without resorting to interpolation or extrapolation.In order to reveal the efficiency and performance of the approach,several numerical test cases are presented.For validation,the results of the current method are compared with other finite volume schemes.
基金This work is supported by the U.S.Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR)Computational Mathematics Program under the Award No.FA9550-08-1-0122.
文摘This paper presents a novel high-order space-time method for hyperbolic conservation laws.Two important concepts,the staggered space-time mesh of the space-time conservation element/solution element(CE/SE)method and the local discontinuous basis functions of the space-time discontinuous Galerkin(DG)finite element method,are the two key ingredients of the new scheme.The staggered spacetime mesh is constructed using the cell-vertex structure of the underlying spatial mesh.The universal definitions of CEs and SEs are independent of the underlying spatial mesh and thus suitable for arbitrarily unstructured meshes.The solution within each physical time step is updated alternately at the cell level and the vertex level.For this solution updating strategy and the DG ingredient,the new scheme here is termed as the discontinuous Galerkin cell-vertex scheme(DG-CVS).The high order of accuracy is achieved by employing high-order Taylor polynomials as the basis functions inside each SE.The present DG-CVS exhibits many advantageous features such as Riemann-solver-free,high-order accuracy,point-implicitness,compactness,and ease of handling boundary conditions.Several numerical tests including the scalar advection equations and compressible Euler equations will demonstrate the performance of the new method.
