The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase...The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase forthese products. Furthermore, in the food industry, the catering industry adopts gelatin in its current practice. Pig gelatin dominates the international market. And for some religious practices, pork is forbidden and yet these people consume them without taking notice. The production of gelatin from broiler feet seems economically viable because broiler feet are considered slaughterhouse waste that is sold at very low prices. The poultry industry has seen an increase in broiler farming over the last twenty years. However, the latter has all the characteristics required for the production of gelatin. It will therefore comply with the standards of use described in the international codex oenological for gelatins. Physical and chemical analyses such as, ash content, moisture content, and pH measurements were done for the extracted gelatins. Sensible elements are checked with ED XRF spectroscopy. All the results were good and showed without any doubt that broiler gelatin is edible.展开更多
Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. Enzyme immobilization is an exciting alternative to improve the stability of enzymatic processes. The immobilizati...Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. Enzyme immobilization is an exciting alternative to improve the stability of enzymatic processes. The immobilization of two commercial enzymes is reported here (cellulase and xylanase) using three chemical methods (adsorption, reticulation, and crosslinking-adsorption) and two polymeric supports (alginate-chitin and chitosan-chitin). The optimal pH for binding was 4.5 for cellulase and 5.0 for xylanase, and the optimal enzyme concentrations were 170 μg/mL and 127.5 μg/mL respectively, being the chitosan and the ideal support. In some cases, a low concentration of crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde) improved stability of the immobilization process. Biotechnological characterization showed that the reusability of enzymes was the most striking finding, particularly of immobilized cellulase using glutaraldehyde, which after 19 cycles retained 64% activity. These results confirm the economic and biotechnical advantages of enzyme immobilization for a range of industrial applications.展开更多
Rainwater harvesting?provides an important alternative source of water in household buildings which?increases water security in urban areas. However, high energy cost consumption by the rainwater harvesting systems re...Rainwater harvesting?provides an important alternative source of water in household buildings which?increases water security in urban areas. However, high energy cost consumption by the rainwater harvesting systems results in higher management costs which may derail the investment viability of these systems in households. This prompted this study to establish ways through which the management cost of rainwater harvesting systems can be minimized in household buildings. A survey of 200 households from Greenspan, Komarock, Utawala, Kileleshwa and Runda in Nairobi?County was undertaken as?well?as?data?on?the?type?of?rainwater harvesting?systems, their operation and maintenance cost collected using observation checklists and questionnaires. The findings indicated that rainwater harvesting typologies 1, 2, 4 and 5 had their water pumped from first-level storage to the second-level storage then supplied to usage points by gravity. Whereas, typologies 3 and 6 had their water moved manually and by gravity respectively. On annual operation cost, 100% of households with typology 3 and 6 spent no money whereas, 100%, 75% and 70.6% with typology 4 and 5, 1 and 2 respectively spent Ksh. 1?-?5000. On annual maintenance cost, 100%, 93.7% and 77.8% of households with typology 5 and 6, 3 and 4 respectively spent Ksh. 1?-?5000 while 25% and 22.2% of households with typology 1 and 2 respectively spent Ksh. 5000?-?10,000. Advanced typology 6 with one-level storage point supplies rainwater to all parts of the household by gravity. This eliminates operation costs spent on energy consumption due to pumping of water,?thus minimizing overall management cost spent on rainwater harvesting systems in household buildings.展开更多
文摘The two waves period of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the use of hydro- alcoholic gel and the consumption of capsules containing improved traditional remedies. At one point, there was a stock-out and a price increase forthese products. Furthermore, in the food industry, the catering industry adopts gelatin in its current practice. Pig gelatin dominates the international market. And for some religious practices, pork is forbidden and yet these people consume them without taking notice. The production of gelatin from broiler feet seems economically viable because broiler feet are considered slaughterhouse waste that is sold at very low prices. The poultry industry has seen an increase in broiler farming over the last twenty years. However, the latter has all the characteristics required for the production of gelatin. It will therefore comply with the standards of use described in the international codex oenological for gelatins. Physical and chemical analyses such as, ash content, moisture content, and pH measurements were done for the extracted gelatins. Sensible elements are checked with ED XRF spectroscopy. All the results were good and showed without any doubt that broiler gelatin is edible.
文摘Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. Enzyme immobilization is an exciting alternative to improve the stability of enzymatic processes. The immobilization of two commercial enzymes is reported here (cellulase and xylanase) using three chemical methods (adsorption, reticulation, and crosslinking-adsorption) and two polymeric supports (alginate-chitin and chitosan-chitin). The optimal pH for binding was 4.5 for cellulase and 5.0 for xylanase, and the optimal enzyme concentrations were 170 μg/mL and 127.5 μg/mL respectively, being the chitosan and the ideal support. In some cases, a low concentration of crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde) improved stability of the immobilization process. Biotechnological characterization showed that the reusability of enzymes was the most striking finding, particularly of immobilized cellulase using glutaraldehyde, which after 19 cycles retained 64% activity. These results confirm the economic and biotechnical advantages of enzyme immobilization for a range of industrial applications.
文摘Rainwater harvesting?provides an important alternative source of water in household buildings which?increases water security in urban areas. However, high energy cost consumption by the rainwater harvesting systems results in higher management costs which may derail the investment viability of these systems in households. This prompted this study to establish ways through which the management cost of rainwater harvesting systems can be minimized in household buildings. A survey of 200 households from Greenspan, Komarock, Utawala, Kileleshwa and Runda in Nairobi?County was undertaken as?well?as?data?on?the?type?of?rainwater harvesting?systems, their operation and maintenance cost collected using observation checklists and questionnaires. The findings indicated that rainwater harvesting typologies 1, 2, 4 and 5 had their water pumped from first-level storage to the second-level storage then supplied to usage points by gravity. Whereas, typologies 3 and 6 had their water moved manually and by gravity respectively. On annual operation cost, 100% of households with typology 3 and 6 spent no money whereas, 100%, 75% and 70.6% with typology 4 and 5, 1 and 2 respectively spent Ksh. 1?-?5000. On annual maintenance cost, 100%, 93.7% and 77.8% of households with typology 5 and 6, 3 and 4 respectively spent Ksh. 1?-?5000 while 25% and 22.2% of households with typology 1 and 2 respectively spent Ksh. 5000?-?10,000. Advanced typology 6 with one-level storage point supplies rainwater to all parts of the household by gravity. This eliminates operation costs spent on energy consumption due to pumping of water,?thus minimizing overall management cost spent on rainwater harvesting systems in household buildings.
