The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has ...The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.展开更多
中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS V1.0)由陆面驱动数据融合和陆面模式模拟两部分组成。基于驱动数据,选取Canmunity Land Model 3.5(CLM3.5)作为CLDAS V1.0系统的陆面模式进行模拟试验,并对土壤模拟结果进行评估。利用2013年经过质量...中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS V1.0)由陆面驱动数据融合和陆面模式模拟两部分组成。基于驱动数据,选取Canmunity Land Model 3.5(CLM3.5)作为CLDAS V1.0系统的陆面模式进行模拟试验,并对土壤模拟结果进行评估。利用2013年经过质量控制的中国气象局业务化自动土壤水分观测站实况数据、青藏高原试验观测数据及国际同类产品对模拟结果进行评估,结果表明:从各省以及全国平均结果看,相关系数普遍在0.8以上,偏差基本为-0.04~0.04 mm^3·mm^(-3),平均均方根误差为0.04~0.05 mm^3·mm^(-3),在青藏高原地区与国际同类产品相比,精度也有一定提高。总体而言,模拟结果已达到较高精度,数据集产品对中国区域干旱监测等具有重要意义。展开更多
This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model （BCC_CSM） and its four component models （atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea ice）. Two recent versions ...This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model （BCC_CSM） and its four component models （atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea ice）. Two recent versions are described： BCC_CSMI.1 with coarse resolution （approximately 2.8125°× 2.8125°） and BCC_CSMI.I（m） with moderate resolution （approximately 1.125°×1.125°）. Both versions are fully cou- pled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation. Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed. Simulations using these two versions of the BCC_CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five （CMIP5） in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （1PCC） Fifth Assessment Report （AR5）. These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections. Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMI.1 and BCC_CSMI.I（m） are presented and validated, with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales. Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed. Both BCC_CSMI.1 and BCC_CSMI.I（m） perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models. Preliminary analyses in- dicate that the higher resolution in BCC CSMI.I（m） improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC_CSMI.1, particularly on regional scales.展开更多
利用NCAR公用陆面模式CLM3(Common Land Model 3),以1979—2003年NCEP/DOE再分析资料(Reanalysis-2)作为外界强迫,对在分辨率为0.5°纬度×0.5°经度下中国区域进行独立(off-line)模拟试验,并分析了土壤湿度对全球变暖的响...利用NCAR公用陆面模式CLM3(Common Land Model 3),以1979—2003年NCEP/DOE再分析资料(Reanalysis-2)作为外界强迫,对在分辨率为0.5°纬度×0.5°经度下中国区域进行独立(off-line)模拟试验,并分析了土壤湿度对全球变暖的响应。模拟结果显示:土壤湿度随深度的增加调整(Spin-up)到稳态时间加长,最长可高达20年,这说明模式陆面过程对土壤初始状态的敏感性。模拟结果与台站实测资料及NCEP再分析资料输出的土壤湿度的对比表明,季节与年际变化及其空间分布基本一致。我们的结果还显示,随着近年来气候逐渐变暖,包括中国北方(30°N以北)在内的东亚北部地区夏季土壤湿度有逐渐减少趋势,最多减少15(mm3.mm-3).(100a)-1。展开更多
Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and...Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.展开更多
文摘The IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) land-surface model (IAP94) is described. This model is a comprehensive one with detailed description for the processes of vegetation, snow and soil. Particular attention has been paid to the cases with three water phases in the surface media. On the basis of the mixture theory and the theory of fluid dynamics of porous media, the system of universal conservational equations for water and heat of soil, snow and vegetation canopy has been constructed. On this background, all important factors that may affect the water and heat balance in media can be considered naturally, and each factor and term possess distinct physical meaning. In the computation of water content and temperature, the water phase change and the heat transportation by water flow are taken into account. Moreover, particular attention has been given to the water vapor diffusion in soil for arid or semi-arid cases, and snow compaction. In the treatment of surface turbulent fluxes, the difference between aerodynamic and thermal roughness is taken into account. The aerodynamic roughness of vegetation is calculated as a function of canopy density, height and zero-plane displacement. An extrapolation of log linear and exponential relationship is used when calculating the wind profile within canopy. The model has been validated against field measurements in off-line simulations. The desirable model′s performance leads to the conclusion that the IAP94 is able to reproduce the main physical mechanisms governing the energy and water balances in the global land surface. Part II of the present study will concern the validation in a 3-D experiment coupled with the IAP Two-Level AGCM.
文摘中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS V1.0)由陆面驱动数据融合和陆面模式模拟两部分组成。基于驱动数据,选取Canmunity Land Model 3.5(CLM3.5)作为CLDAS V1.0系统的陆面模式进行模拟试验,并对土壤模拟结果进行评估。利用2013年经过质量控制的中国气象局业务化自动土壤水分观测站实况数据、青藏高原试验观测数据及国际同类产品对模拟结果进行评估,结果表明:从各省以及全国平均结果看,相关系数普遍在0.8以上,偏差基本为-0.04~0.04 mm^3·mm^(-3),平均均方根误差为0.04~0.05 mm^3·mm^(-3),在青藏高原地区与国际同类产品相比,精度也有一定提高。总体而言,模拟结果已达到较高精度,数据集产品对中国区域干旱监测等具有重要意义。
基金Supported by the National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2010CB951902)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201306020)
文摘This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model （BCC_CSM） and its four component models （atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea ice）. Two recent versions are described： BCC_CSMI.1 with coarse resolution （approximately 2.8125°× 2.8125°） and BCC_CSMI.I（m） with moderate resolution （approximately 1.125°×1.125°）. Both versions are fully cou- pled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation. Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed. Simulations using these two versions of the BCC_CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five （CMIP5） in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （1PCC） Fifth Assessment Report （AR5）. These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections. Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMI.1 and BCC_CSMI.I（m） are presented and validated, with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales. Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed. Both BCC_CSMI.1 and BCC_CSMI.I（m） perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models. Preliminary analyses in- dicate that the higher resolution in BCC CSMI.I（m） improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC_CSMI.1, particularly on regional scales.
文摘利用NCAR公用陆面模式CLM3(Common Land Model 3),以1979—2003年NCEP/DOE再分析资料(Reanalysis-2)作为外界强迫,对在分辨率为0.5°纬度×0.5°经度下中国区域进行独立(off-line)模拟试验,并分析了土壤湿度对全球变暖的响应。模拟结果显示:土壤湿度随深度的增加调整(Spin-up)到稳态时间加长,最长可高达20年,这说明模式陆面过程对土壤初始状态的敏感性。模拟结果与台站实测资料及NCEP再分析资料输出的土壤湿度的对比表明,季节与年际变化及其空间分布基本一致。我们的结果还显示,随着近年来气候逐渐变暖,包括中国北方(30°N以北)在内的东亚北部地区夏季土壤湿度有逐渐减少趋势,最多减少15(mm3.mm-3).(100a)-1。
基金The research reported herein was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40145020, 40275023, 49794030, the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences under Grant Nos. G1998040905 and 2001CB309404,
文摘Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.
