To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors...To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.展开更多
Calcium ions （Ca2＋） act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roo...Calcium ions （Ca2＋） act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100-200 pmol/（m2.s） for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCI2 lower than 100 pmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers （verapamil and LaCI3）, calcineurin inhibitor （chlorpromazine, CPZ）, and polar auxin transport inhibitor （N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA）. Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 pmol/L verapamil, 12.500 ~Jmol/L LaCI3, 60 pmol/L CPZ, and 6 pmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 pmol/L CaCI2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCI3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2＋. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.展开更多
To investigate the dynamics of plasma cAMP/cGMP in patients during cardiac surgery, and its relationship to traumatic stress. Methods: Sixteen patients, aged 19.31 years± 10.4 years , who underwent an open heart ...To investigate the dynamics of plasma cAMP/cGMP in patients during cardiac surgery, and its relationship to traumatic stress. Methods: Sixteen patients, aged 19.31 years± 10.4 years , who underwent an open heart operation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and hy pother mia were served as subjects. The arterial plasma concentrations of cyclic adenos ine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured by radioimmunoassay 2 hours before operation, after heparinization, 20 minutes following CPB, at the end of the operation, and 24 and 72 hours postoperatively, respectiv ely. The patients preoperative blood samples were heparinized and the venous b lood samples of 30 healthy blood donors were taken to measure the levels of cAMP and cGMP as heparin and normal controls separately. Results: There were no statistical difference among the heparin control, preoperative level and normal control. The peak values of cAMP and cGM P occurred during CPB and plasma cAMP levels changed synchronously with intensit ies of operative stimulus to human body. However cGMP level was mainly related t o the operative stimulus to the heart and CPB. The cAMP value was positivel y correlated with the cGMP value (r= 0.6313 , P< 0.001 ).Conclusions: Dynamic variation of plasma cyclic ribonucleotide can be considered as a reference parameter for intensity of traumatic stress.展开更多
基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(grant YESS20210018 to J.W.)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32271253 to J.W.)+3 种基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(professorship to J.C.)Max-Planck-Gesellschaft(a Max Planck fellowship to J.C.)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(grant SFB-1403-414786233 to J.C.)Germany's Excellence Strategy CEPLAS(EXC-2048/1,project 390686111 to J.C.).
文摘To counter pathogen invasion,plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors(NLRs).Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years.Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors,and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels.Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified.These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+in triggering plant immune signaling.In this review,we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling.We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31071353) the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization of Huanggang Normal University, China (Grant Nos. 2013000503 and 2011BLKF243)
文摘Calcium ions （Ca2＋） act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100-200 pmol/（m2.s） for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCI2 lower than 100 pmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers （verapamil and LaCI3）, calcineurin inhibitor （chlorpromazine, CPZ）, and polar auxin transport inhibitor （N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA）. Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 pmol/L verapamil, 12.500 ~Jmol/L LaCI3, 60 pmol/L CPZ, and 6 pmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 pmol/L CaCI2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCI3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2＋. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.
文摘To investigate the dynamics of plasma cAMP/cGMP in patients during cardiac surgery, and its relationship to traumatic stress. Methods: Sixteen patients, aged 19.31 years± 10.4 years , who underwent an open heart operation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and hy pother mia were served as subjects. The arterial plasma concentrations of cyclic adenos ine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured by radioimmunoassay 2 hours before operation, after heparinization, 20 minutes following CPB, at the end of the operation, and 24 and 72 hours postoperatively, respectiv ely. The patients preoperative blood samples were heparinized and the venous b lood samples of 30 healthy blood donors were taken to measure the levels of cAMP and cGMP as heparin and normal controls separately. Results: There were no statistical difference among the heparin control, preoperative level and normal control. The peak values of cAMP and cGM P occurred during CPB and plasma cAMP levels changed synchronously with intensit ies of operative stimulus to human body. However cGMP level was mainly related t o the operative stimulus to the heart and CPB. The cAMP value was positivel y correlated with the cGMP value (r= 0.6313 , P< 0.001 ).Conclusions: Dynamic variation of plasma cyclic ribonucleotide can be considered as a reference parameter for intensity of traumatic stress.
