Pupae inside cocoons rarely suffer from disease. It is apparent that some factors in the cocoon exert antimicrobial effects whereby the pupae inside can be protected from microbial infection. In the present study, we ...Pupae inside cocoons rarely suffer from disease. It is apparent that some factors in the cocoon exert antimicrobial effects whereby the pupae inside can be protected from microbial infection. In the present study, we investigated the expression of cocoon protease inhibitors using immunoblotting and activity staining. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cocoon proteins in vitro was performed to characterize their roles in protecting the cocoon from microbial proteases. We found that some protease inhibitors, particularly trypsin inhibitor-like （TIL）-type protease inhibitors, can be secreted into the cocoon layer during the spinning process, thereby providing effective protection to the cocoon and pupa by inhibiting the extracellular proteases that can be secreted by pathogens.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the US and Japan.Therefore,eradication of HCV may reduce the occurrence of HCC in HCV-infected individuals.In 2011,the use ...Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the US and Japan.Therefore,eradication of HCV may reduce the occurrence of HCC in HCV-infected individuals.In 2011,the use of firstgeneration HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors such as telaprevir and boceprevir was initiated for clinical treatment of HCV.Administration of telaprevir and boceprevir plus peginterferon and ribavirin increased rates of sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV genotype 1-infected patients.However,this treatment regimen also led to severe adverse events.Second-generation direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV,such as simeprevir plus peg-interferon and ribavirin also resulted in higher SVR rates,with similar adverse events to other peg-interferon and ribavirin treatments.Higher SVR rates in HCV genotype 1-and 2-infected patients were achieved with 12-16 weeks of sofosbuvir plus other class DAAs with/without ribavirin and 12 weeks of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin,respectively,For "difficult-to-treat"HCV-infected patients,more therapeutic options are needed.Further studies examining the efficacy and adverse effects of such therapies will be required for the development of additional treatments.展开更多
文摘Pupae inside cocoons rarely suffer from disease. It is apparent that some factors in the cocoon exert antimicrobial effects whereby the pupae inside can be protected from microbial infection. In the present study, we investigated the expression of cocoon protease inhibitors using immunoblotting and activity staining. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cocoon proteins in vitro was performed to characterize their roles in protecting the cocoon from microbial proteases. We found that some protease inhibitors, particularly trypsin inhibitor-like （TIL）-type protease inhibitors, can be secreted into the cocoon layer during the spinning process, thereby providing effective protection to the cocoon and pupa by inhibiting the extracellular proteases that can be secreted by pathogens.
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the US and Japan.Therefore,eradication of HCV may reduce the occurrence of HCC in HCV-infected individuals.In 2011,the use of firstgeneration HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors such as telaprevir and boceprevir was initiated for clinical treatment of HCV.Administration of telaprevir and boceprevir plus peginterferon and ribavirin increased rates of sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV genotype 1-infected patients.However,this treatment regimen also led to severe adverse events.Second-generation direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV,such as simeprevir plus peg-interferon and ribavirin also resulted in higher SVR rates,with similar adverse events to other peg-interferon and ribavirin treatments.Higher SVR rates in HCV genotype 1-and 2-infected patients were achieved with 12-16 weeks of sofosbuvir plus other class DAAs with/without ribavirin and 12 weeks of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin,respectively,For "difficult-to-treat"HCV-infected patients,more therapeutic options are needed.Further studies examining the efficacy and adverse effects of such therapies will be required for the development of additional treatments.
