The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains dismal, although many advances in its clinical study have been made. It is important for tumor control to identify the factors that predispose patients to ...The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains dismal, although many advances in its clinical study have been made. It is important for tumor control to identify the factors that predispose patients to death. With new discoveries in cancer biology, the pathological and biological prognostic factors of HCC have been studied quite extensively. Analyzing molecular markers (biomarkers) with prognostic significance is a complementary method. A large number of molecular factors have been shown to associate with the invasiveness of HCC, and have potential prognostic significance. One important aspect is the analysis of molecular markers for the cellular malignancy phenotype. These include alterations in DNA ploidy, cellular proliferation markers (PCNA, Ki-67, Mcm2, MIB1, MIA, and CSE1L/CAS protein), nuclear morphology, the p53 gene and its related molecule MD M2, other cell cycle regulators (cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, cdc2, p27, p73), oncogenes and their receptors (such as ras, c-myc, c-fms, HGF, c-met, and erb-B receptor family members), apoptosis related factors (Fas and FasL), as well as telomerase activity. Another important aspect is the analysis of molecular markers involved in the process of cancer invasion and metastasis. Adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, catenins, serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD44 variants), proteinases involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, uPAR, PAI), as well as other molecules have been regarded as biomarkers for the malignant phenotype of HCC, and are related to prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. Tumor angiogenesis is critical to both the growth and metastasis of cancers including HCC, and has drawn much attention in recent years. Many angiogenesis-related markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), thrombospondin (TSP), angiogenin, pleiotrophin, and endostatin (ES) levels, as well as intratumor microvessel density (M展开更多
背景与目的:三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer)指雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和HER2/neu均无表达的乳腺癌,被认为是一种独立的临床病理类型,以侵袭性强、预后较差为主要特征的乳...背景与目的:三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer)指雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和HER2/neu均无表达的乳腺癌,被认为是一种独立的临床病理类型,以侵袭性强、预后较差为主要特征的乳腺癌。本研究目的在于分析三阴乳腺癌的临床特征和影响预后的因素。方法:收集2000年1月至2004年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的经病理组织学证实、有完整随访资料的1280例可手术乳腺癌患者的临床资料,经病理学检查证实ER、PR和HER2/neu均为阴性的三阴乳腺癌305例(23.8%)。回顾性分析三阴乳腺癌患者的临床特征、复发及生存情况。结果:本组乳腺癌患者中有23.8%(305/1280)是三阴乳腺癌,多见于年轻患者,诊断时肿块较大、局部淋巴结阳性者较多,有乳腺癌家族史的患者较多。截止至2007年6月,三阴乳腺癌组患者中位随访时间为52个月(28～89个月),有234例患者出现复发及转移,94例已死亡。三阴乳腺癌组局部复发率与非三阴乳腺癌患者相比无显著性差异;但三阴乳腺癌患者远处转移发生率显著增高,主要表现肺转移(HR=4.41,P<0.001)和肝转移(HR=2.13,P=0.006)发生率高。生存分析显示,三阴乳腺癌患者的5年无病生存率和总生存率分别为73.7%和88.5%,均显著低于非三阴乳腺癌患者(80.8%和92.8%,P=0.025,P=0.010)。多因素分析显示,肿块大小和淋巴结状况是影响三阴乳腺癌预后的两个主要因素。结论:三阴乳腺癌在乳腺癌中占有约1/4的比例。这些患者往往年轻、有乳腺癌家族史、肿块较大、淋巴结阳性多。三阴乳腺癌容易出现肺转移和肝转移,这可能是导致三阴乳腺癌预后较差的重要原因。展开更多
文摘The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains dismal, although many advances in its clinical study have been made. It is important for tumor control to identify the factors that predispose patients to death. With new discoveries in cancer biology, the pathological and biological prognostic factors of HCC have been studied quite extensively. Analyzing molecular markers (biomarkers) with prognostic significance is a complementary method. A large number of molecular factors have been shown to associate with the invasiveness of HCC, and have potential prognostic significance. One important aspect is the analysis of molecular markers for the cellular malignancy phenotype. These include alterations in DNA ploidy, cellular proliferation markers (PCNA, Ki-67, Mcm2, MIB1, MIA, and CSE1L/CAS protein), nuclear morphology, the p53 gene and its related molecule MD M2, other cell cycle regulators (cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, cdc2, p27, p73), oncogenes and their receptors (such as ras, c-myc, c-fms, HGF, c-met, and erb-B receptor family members), apoptosis related factors (Fas and FasL), as well as telomerase activity. Another important aspect is the analysis of molecular markers involved in the process of cancer invasion and metastasis. Adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, catenins, serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD44 variants), proteinases involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, uPAR, PAI), as well as other molecules have been regarded as biomarkers for the malignant phenotype of HCC, and are related to prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. Tumor angiogenesis is critical to both the growth and metastasis of cancers including HCC, and has drawn much attention in recent years. Many angiogenesis-related markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), thrombospondin (TSP), angiogenin, pleiotrophin, and endostatin (ES) levels, as well as intratumor microvessel density (M
文摘背景与目的:三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer)指雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和HER2/neu均无表达的乳腺癌,被认为是一种独立的临床病理类型,以侵袭性强、预后较差为主要特征的乳腺癌。本研究目的在于分析三阴乳腺癌的临床特征和影响预后的因素。方法:收集2000年1月至2004年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的经病理组织学证实、有完整随访资料的1280例可手术乳腺癌患者的临床资料,经病理学检查证实ER、PR和HER2/neu均为阴性的三阴乳腺癌305例(23.8%)。回顾性分析三阴乳腺癌患者的临床特征、复发及生存情况。结果:本组乳腺癌患者中有23.8%(305/1280)是三阴乳腺癌,多见于年轻患者,诊断时肿块较大、局部淋巴结阳性者较多,有乳腺癌家族史的患者较多。截止至2007年6月,三阴乳腺癌组患者中位随访时间为52个月(28～89个月),有234例患者出现复发及转移,94例已死亡。三阴乳腺癌组局部复发率与非三阴乳腺癌患者相比无显著性差异;但三阴乳腺癌患者远处转移发生率显著增高,主要表现肺转移(HR=4.41,P<0.001)和肝转移(HR=2.13,P=0.006)发生率高。生存分析显示,三阴乳腺癌患者的5年无病生存率和总生存率分别为73.7%和88.5%,均显著低于非三阴乳腺癌患者(80.8%和92.8%,P=0.025,P=0.010)。多因素分析显示,肿块大小和淋巴结状况是影响三阴乳腺癌预后的两个主要因素。结论:三阴乳腺癌在乳腺癌中占有约1/4的比例。这些患者往往年轻、有乳腺癌家族史、肿块较大、淋巴结阳性多。三阴乳腺癌容易出现肺转移和肝转移,这可能是导致三阴乳腺癌预后较差的重要原因。
