Background: Approximately 70% patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presented without ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram. Patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) often pr...Background: Approximately 70% patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presented without ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram. Patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) often presented with atypical symptoms, which may be related to pre-hospital delay and increased risk of mortality. However, up to date few studies reported detailed symptomatology of NSTEMI, particularly among Asian patients. The objective of this study was to describe and compare symptoms and presenting characteristics of NSTEMI vs. STEMI patients. Methods: We enrolled 21,994 patients diagnosed with AMI from China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry between January 2013 and September 2014. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to ST-segment elevation: ST-segment elevation (STEMI) group and NSTEMI group. We extracted data on patients' characteristics and detailed symptomatology and compared these variables between two groups. Results: Compared with patients with STEMI (N=16,315), those with NSTEMI (N=5679) were older, more often females and more often have comorbidities. Patients with NSTEMI were less likely to present with persistent chest pain (54.3% vs.71.4%), diaphoresis (48.6% vs.70.0%), radiation pain (26.4% vs.33.8%), and more likely to have chest distress (42.4% vs.38.3%) than STEMI patients (all P<0.0001). Patients with NSTEMI were also had longer time to hospital. In multivariable analysis, NSTEMI was independent predictor of presentation without chest pain (odds ratio: 1.974, 95% confidence interval:1.849-2.107). Conclusions: Patients with NSTEMI were more likely to present with chest distress and pre-hospital patient delay compared with patients with STEMI. It is necessary for both clinicians and patients to learn more about atypical symptoms of NSTEMI in order to rapidly recognize myocardial infarction.展开更多
Background A growing volume of data suggests that simple manual thrombus aspiration followed by direct stenting improves myocardial reperfusion and clinical outcome compared with conventional primary PCI, but there is...Background A growing volume of data suggests that simple manual thrombus aspiration followed by direct stenting improves myocardial reperfusion and clinical outcome compared with conventional primary PCI, but there is still limited data comparing the in vivo performance among different devices. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and operability of thrombus aspiration by the Diver CE （Invatec, Brescia, Italy） and ZEEK （Zeon Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan） aspiration catheters in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） and their impact on 3-month outcome.Methods From September 2004 to June 2008, 298 consecutive patients with STEMI who received manual thrombus aspiration were involved in a single center retrospective analysis. Of them, 229 and 69 were treated with Diver CE and ZEEK aspiration catheters, respectively. Primary endpoints were myocardial blush grade （MBG）, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction （TIMI） flow grade, ST-segment elevation resolution （STR）, device pushability and trackability as judged by the frequency of usage of dual guide wires and aspiration efficacy as indicated by size distribution of aspirated thrombi. Secondary endpoints were 3-month outcome including left ventricular end diastolic diameter （LVEDD）, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, as well as cardiac death, target lesion revascularization （TLR）, re-infarction and their combination as major adverse cardiac events （MACE）. Results Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups expect for a higher frequency of temporary cardiac pacing in the ZEEK group （ZEEK） than in the Diver CE group （Diver CE） （0.44% vs 5.8%, P=0.002）. Visible retrieved thrombi were achieved in 65.9% of the Diver CE and 68.1% of the ZEEK （P=0.74）. Aspirated thrombi were categorized as small thrombi （〈3.5 mm）, moderate thrombi （3.5-7.0 mm） and large thrombi （〉7.0 mm）. Small thrombi were more frequently seen in the Diver CE （61.6% vs 42.6%）, whereas moder展开更多
目的通过观察ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊血运重建术后ST段回复程度，分析ST段回复不全患者的临床特点。方法根据术后即刻心电图ST段回落率，将198例患者分为ST段回复完全组（ST段回落率≥50%）和ST段回复不全组（ST段回落率＜50%）。...目的通过观察ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊血运重建术后ST段回复程度，分析ST段回复不全患者的临床特点。方法根据术后即刻心电图ST段回落率，将198例患者分为ST段回复完全组（ST段回落率≥50%）和ST段回复不全组（ST段回落率＜50%）。对比观察两组患者临床特点、梗死相关血管特征及手术相关事项；记录住院及随访期间心血管事件（靶血管重建、再发心肌梗死或死亡）。采用SPSS 10.0 软件进行统计分析。结果（1）ST段回复不全组中＞75岁患者明显多于ST段回复完全组（9例，21.4% vs. 14例，9.0%；P〈0.05）；（2）ST段回复不全组总缺血时间长于回复完全组［（5.2±2.2） h vs.（3.0±1.6） h，P〈0.01］，梗死相关动脉为LAD更为常见（27例，64.3% vs. 69例，44.2%；P〈0.05），术后冠脉造影IRA血流达TIMI3级者少于回复完全组（32例，76.2% vs. 140例，90%；P〈0.05）。ST段回复不全患者中GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂应用率较低，应用IABP几率高于回复完全组（P＜0.01）；（3）住院期间及随访心血管事件发生率比较，ST段回复不全组均高于回复完全组；（4）多因素分析：年龄＞75岁（OR=4.452） 、LAD 闭塞（OR=3.317） 、总缺血时间（OR=1.897）是影响术后心电图ST 段恢复的相关因素。结论行急诊血运重建的STEMI患者中高龄、LAD闭塞、缺血时间较长、术前未应用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的患者，易发生ST段回落不良且预后差。 其中，年龄＞75岁、LAD闭塞及总缺血时间长是术后心电图ST 段回落不良的预测因素。展开更多
Background:The mortality of cardiovascular disease is constantly rising,and novel biomarkers help us predict residual risk.This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of serum homocysteine (HCY) levels on progno...Background:The mortality of cardiovascular disease is constantly rising,and novel biomarkers help us predict residual risk.This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of serum homocysteine (HCY) levels on prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods:The 419 consecutive patients with STEMI,treated at one medical center,from March 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively investigated.Peripheral blood samples were obtained within 24 h of admission and HCY concentrations were measured using an enzymatic cycling assay.The patients were divided into high HCY level (H-HCY) and low HCY level (L-HCY) groups.Short- and long-term outcomes were compared,as were age-based subgroups (patients aged 60 years and younger vs.those older than 60 years).Statistical analyses were mainly conducted by Student t-test,Chi-squared test,logistic regression,and Cox proportional-hazards regression.Results:The H-HCY group had more males (84.6% vs.75.4%,P=0.018),and a lower prevalence of diabetes (20.2% vs.35.5%,P<0.001),compared with the L-HCY group.During hospitalization,there were seven mortalities in the L-HCY group and 10 in the H-HCY group (3.3% vs.4.8%,P= 0.440).During the median follow-up period of 35.8 (26.9–46.1) months,33 (16.2%) patients in the L-HCY group and 48 (24.2%) in the H-HCY group experienced major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)(P=0.120).History of hypertension (hazard ratio [HR]:1.881,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.178–3.005,P=0.008) and higher Killip class (HR:1.923,95% CI:1.419–2.607,P<0.001),but not HCY levels (HR:1.007,95% CI:0.987–1.027,P=0.507),were significantly associated with long-term outcomes.However,the subgroup analysis indicated that in older patients,HCY levels were significantly associated with long-term outcomes (HR:1.036,95% CI:1.011–1.062,P=0.005).Conclusion:Serum HCY levels did not independently predict in-hospital or long-term outcomes in patients with STEMI;however,among elderly patients with STEMI,this study reveal展开更多
Background The benefit/risk ratio of stenting in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions merits further study, therefore the subject...Background The benefit/risk ratio of stenting in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions merits further study, therefore the subject of the present study. Methods and results It was a pro- spective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Between April 2012 and July 2015, 399 acute STEMI patients with single vessel disease and intermediate （40%-70%） stenosis of the culprit lesion before or after aspiration thrombectomy and/or intracoronary tirofiban （15 pg/kg） were enrolled and were randomly assigned （h 1） to stenting group （n = 201） and non-stenting group （n = 198）. In stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy plus standard percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） with stent implantation. In non-stenting group, pa- tients received pharmacologic therapy and PCI （thrombectomy）, but without dilatation or stenting. Primary endpoint was 12-month rate of major adverse cardiac and eerebrovascular events （MACCE）, a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction （M1）, repeat re- vascularization and stroke. Secondary endpoints were 12-month rates of all cause death, ischemia driven admission and bleeding complica- tion. Median follow-up time was 12.4 ~ 3.1 months. At 12 months, MACCE occurred in 8.0% of the patients in stenting group, as compared with 15.2% in the non-stenting group （adjusted HR： 0.42, 95% Ch 0.19-0.89, P = 0.02）. The stenting group had lower non-fatal MI rate than non-stenting group, （1.5% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.03）. The two groups shared similar cardiac death, repeat revascularization, stroke, all cause death, ischemia driven readmission and bleeding rates at 12 months. Conclusions Stent implantation had better efficacy and safety in reducing MACCE risks among acute STEMI patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions.展开更多
Objective:To explore the cardiac protective effect of integrative therapy in acute myocardial infarction(AMI) with elevated ST segment after reperfusion.Methods:Sixty-four AMI patients who having received decimalizati...Objective:To explore the cardiac protective effect of integrative therapy in acute myocardial infarction(AMI) with elevated ST segment after reperfusion.Methods:Sixty-four AMI patients who having received decimalization by thrombolysis were assigned to two groups by retrospective analysis,36 patients in the treated group and 28 in the control group.Both were treated by intravenous administering of urokinase for thrombolysis,and to the treated group,intravenous dripping of Xueshuantong Injection(血栓通注射液,XST) ...展开更多
Background： Females with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） have higher in-hospital and short-term mortality rates compared with males in China, suggesting that a sex disparity exists. The age of on...Background： Females with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） have higher in-hospital and short-term mortality rates compared with males in China, suggesting that a sex disparity exists. The age of onset of STEM1 is ahead of time and tends to be younger. However, there are relatively little data on the significance of sex on prognosis for long-term outcomes for adult patients with STEMI alter percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in China. This study sought to analyze the sex differences in 30-day, l-year, and long-term net adverse clinical events （NACEs） in Chinese adult patients with STEMI after PCI. Methods： This study retrospectively analyzed 1920 consecutive STEMI patients （age 〈60 years） treated with PCI fYom January 01, 2006, to December 31,2012. A propensity score analysis between males and females was perfimned to adjust tbr differences in baseline characteristics and comorbidities. The primary endpoint was the incidence of 3-year NACE. Survival curves were constructed with Kaplan- Meier estimates and compared by log-rank tests between the two groups. Multivariate analysis was perforated using a Cox proportional hazards model for 3-year NACE. Results： Compared with males, females had higher risk profiles associated with old age, longer prehospital delay at the onset of STEMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, and a higher Killip class （≥3）, with more multivessel diseases （P 〈 0.05）. The female group had a higher levels of low-density lipoprotein （2.72 [2.27, 3.29] vs. 2.53 [2,12, 3.00], P 〈 （1.001）, high-density lipoprotein （ 1.43 [1.23, 1.71] vs. 1.36 [1.11, 1.63], P - 0.003）, total cholesterol （4.98±1.10 vs. 4.70 ±1.15, t = -3.508, P 〈 0.001）, and estimated glomerular filtration rate （103.12 ± 22.22 vs. 87.55 ±18.03, t = 11.834, P〈 0.001 ） than the male group. In the propensity-matched analysis, being female was associated with a higher risk for 3-year NACE and major adverse cardiac or cerebral e展开更多
The 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a crucial tool in the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Unlike other 11 leads,lead aVR has been long neglected until recent years.However,recent inv...The 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a crucial tool in the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Unlike other 11 leads,lead aVR has been long neglected until recent years.However,recent investigations have shown that an analysis of ST-segment shift in lead aVR provides useful information on the coronary angiographic anatomy and risk stratification in ACS.ST-segment elevation in lead aVR can be caused by(1)transmural ischemia in the basal part of the interventricular septum caused by impaired coronary blood flow of the first major branch originating from the left anterior descending coronary artery;(2)transmural ischemia in the right ventricular outflow tract caused by impaired coronary blood flow of the large conal branch originating from the right coronary artery;and(3)reciprocal changes opposite to ischemic or non-ischemic ST-segment depression in the lateral limb and precordial leads.On the other hand,ST-segment depression in lead aVR can be caused by transmural ischemia in the inferolateral and apical regions.It has been recently shown that an analysis of T wave in lead aVR also provides useful prognostic information in the general population and patients with prior myocardial infarction.Cardiologists should pay more attention to the tracing of lead aVR when interpreting the12-lead ECG in clinical practice.展开更多
文摘Background: Approximately 70% patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presented without ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram. Patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) often presented with atypical symptoms, which may be related to pre-hospital delay and increased risk of mortality. However, up to date few studies reported detailed symptomatology of NSTEMI, particularly among Asian patients. The objective of this study was to describe and compare symptoms and presenting characteristics of NSTEMI vs. STEMI patients. Methods: We enrolled 21,994 patients diagnosed with AMI from China Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry between January 2013 and September 2014. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to ST-segment elevation: ST-segment elevation (STEMI) group and NSTEMI group. We extracted data on patients' characteristics and detailed symptomatology and compared these variables between two groups. Results: Compared with patients with STEMI (N=16,315), those with NSTEMI (N=5679) were older, more often females and more often have comorbidities. Patients with NSTEMI were less likely to present with persistent chest pain (54.3% vs.71.4%), diaphoresis (48.6% vs.70.0%), radiation pain (26.4% vs.33.8%), and more likely to have chest distress (42.4% vs.38.3%) than STEMI patients (all P<0.0001). Patients with NSTEMI were also had longer time to hospital. In multivariable analysis, NSTEMI was independent predictor of presentation without chest pain (odds ratio: 1.974, 95% confidence interval:1.849-2.107). Conclusions: Patients with NSTEMI were more likely to present with chest distress and pre-hospital patient delay compared with patients with STEMI. It is necessary for both clinicians and patients to learn more about atypical symptoms of NSTEMI in order to rapidly recognize myocardial infarction.
基金This study was supported by the grants from Beijing Natural Science Foundation （No.7082030）, Funds for Excellent Talents from Beijing Government （No.20081 D0300600080） and Funds for Clinical-Basic Cooperation of Capital Medical University （No.2007JL42）.
文摘Background A growing volume of data suggests that simple manual thrombus aspiration followed by direct stenting improves myocardial reperfusion and clinical outcome compared with conventional primary PCI, but there is still limited data comparing the in vivo performance among different devices. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and operability of thrombus aspiration by the Diver CE （Invatec, Brescia, Italy） and ZEEK （Zeon Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan） aspiration catheters in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） and their impact on 3-month outcome.Methods From September 2004 to June 2008, 298 consecutive patients with STEMI who received manual thrombus aspiration were involved in a single center retrospective analysis. Of them, 229 and 69 were treated with Diver CE and ZEEK aspiration catheters, respectively. Primary endpoints were myocardial blush grade （MBG）, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction （TIMI） flow grade, ST-segment elevation resolution （STR）, device pushability and trackability as judged by the frequency of usage of dual guide wires and aspiration efficacy as indicated by size distribution of aspirated thrombi. Secondary endpoints were 3-month outcome including left ventricular end diastolic diameter （LVEDD）, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, as well as cardiac death, target lesion revascularization （TLR）, re-infarction and their combination as major adverse cardiac events （MACE）. Results Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups expect for a higher frequency of temporary cardiac pacing in the ZEEK group （ZEEK） than in the Diver CE group （Diver CE） （0.44% vs 5.8%, P=0.002）. Visible retrieved thrombi were achieved in 65.9% of the Diver CE and 68.1% of the ZEEK （P=0.74）. Aspirated thrombi were categorized as small thrombi （〈3.5 mm）, moderate thrombi （3.5-7.0 mm） and large thrombi （〉7.0 mm）. Small thrombi were more frequently seen in the Diver CE （61.6% vs 42.6%）, whereas moder
文摘目的通过观察ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊血运重建术后ST段回复程度，分析ST段回复不全患者的临床特点。方法根据术后即刻心电图ST段回落率，将198例患者分为ST段回复完全组（ST段回落率≥50%）和ST段回复不全组（ST段回落率＜50%）。对比观察两组患者临床特点、梗死相关血管特征及手术相关事项；记录住院及随访期间心血管事件（靶血管重建、再发心肌梗死或死亡）。采用SPSS 10.0 软件进行统计分析。结果（1）ST段回复不全组中＞75岁患者明显多于ST段回复完全组（9例，21.4% vs. 14例，9.0%；P〈0.05）；（2）ST段回复不全组总缺血时间长于回复完全组［（5.2±2.2） h vs.（3.0±1.6） h，P〈0.01］，梗死相关动脉为LAD更为常见（27例，64.3% vs. 69例，44.2%；P〈0.05），术后冠脉造影IRA血流达TIMI3级者少于回复完全组（32例，76.2% vs. 140例，90%；P〈0.05）。ST段回复不全患者中GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂应用率较低，应用IABP几率高于回复完全组（P＜0.01）；（3）住院期间及随访心血管事件发生率比较，ST段回复不全组均高于回复完全组；（4）多因素分析：年龄＞75岁（OR=4.452） 、LAD 闭塞（OR=3.317） 、总缺血时间（OR=1.897）是影响术后心电图ST 段恢复的相关因素。结论行急诊血运重建的STEMI患者中高龄、LAD闭塞、缺血时间较长、术前未应用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的患者，易发生ST段回落不良且预后差。 其中，年龄＞75岁、LAD闭塞及总缺血时间长是术后心电图ST 段回落不良的预测因素。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81470491)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7192078)Open Foundation from Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research(No.2017GXY-KFKT-04).
文摘Background:The mortality of cardiovascular disease is constantly rising,and novel biomarkers help us predict residual risk.This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of serum homocysteine (HCY) levels on prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods:The 419 consecutive patients with STEMI,treated at one medical center,from March 2010 to December 2015 were retrospectively investigated.Peripheral blood samples were obtained within 24 h of admission and HCY concentrations were measured using an enzymatic cycling assay.The patients were divided into high HCY level (H-HCY) and low HCY level (L-HCY) groups.Short- and long-term outcomes were compared,as were age-based subgroups (patients aged 60 years and younger vs.those older than 60 years).Statistical analyses were mainly conducted by Student t-test,Chi-squared test,logistic regression,and Cox proportional-hazards regression.Results:The H-HCY group had more males (84.6% vs.75.4%,P=0.018),and a lower prevalence of diabetes (20.2% vs.35.5%,P<0.001),compared with the L-HCY group.During hospitalization,there were seven mortalities in the L-HCY group and 10 in the H-HCY group (3.3% vs.4.8%,P= 0.440).During the median follow-up period of 35.8 (26.9–46.1) months,33 (16.2%) patients in the L-HCY group and 48 (24.2%) in the H-HCY group experienced major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)(P=0.120).History of hypertension (hazard ratio [HR]:1.881,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.178–3.005,P=0.008) and higher Killip class (HR:1.923,95% CI:1.419–2.607,P<0.001),but not HCY levels (HR:1.007,95% CI:0.987–1.027,P=0.507),were significantly associated with long-term outcomes.However,the subgroup analysis indicated that in older patients,HCY levels were significantly associated with long-term outcomes (HR:1.036,95% CI:1.011–1.062,P=0.005).Conclusion:Serum HCY levels did not independently predict in-hospital or long-term outcomes in patients with STEMI;however,among elderly patients with STEMI,this study reveal
文摘Background The benefit/risk ratio of stenting in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions merits further study, therefore the subject of the present study. Methods and results It was a pro- spective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Between April 2012 and July 2015, 399 acute STEMI patients with single vessel disease and intermediate （40%-70%） stenosis of the culprit lesion before or after aspiration thrombectomy and/or intracoronary tirofiban （15 pg/kg） were enrolled and were randomly assigned （h 1） to stenting group （n = 201） and non-stenting group （n = 198）. In stenting group, patients received pharmacologic therapy plus standard percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） with stent implantation. In non-stenting group, pa- tients received pharmacologic therapy and PCI （thrombectomy）, but without dilatation or stenting. Primary endpoint was 12-month rate of major adverse cardiac and eerebrovascular events （MACCE）, a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction （M1）, repeat re- vascularization and stroke. Secondary endpoints were 12-month rates of all cause death, ischemia driven admission and bleeding complica- tion. Median follow-up time was 12.4 ~ 3.1 months. At 12 months, MACCE occurred in 8.0% of the patients in stenting group, as compared with 15.2% in the non-stenting group （adjusted HR： 0.42, 95% Ch 0.19-0.89, P = 0.02）. The stenting group had lower non-fatal MI rate than non-stenting group, （1.5% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.03）. The two groups shared similar cardiac death, repeat revascularization, stroke, all cause death, ischemia driven readmission and bleeding rates at 12 months. Conclusions Stent implantation had better efficacy and safety in reducing MACCE risks among acute STEMI patients with single vessel intermediate stenosis culprit lesions.
文摘Objective:To explore the cardiac protective effect of integrative therapy in acute myocardial infarction(AMI) with elevated ST segment after reperfusion.Methods:Sixty-four AMI patients who having received decimalization by thrombolysis were assigned to two groups by retrospective analysis,36 patients in the treated group and 28 in the control group.Both were treated by intravenous administering of urokinase for thrombolysis,and to the treated group,intravenous dripping of Xueshuantong Injection(血栓通注射液,XST) ...
文摘Background： Females with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） have higher in-hospital and short-term mortality rates compared with males in China, suggesting that a sex disparity exists. The age of onset of STEM1 is ahead of time and tends to be younger. However, there are relatively little data on the significance of sex on prognosis for long-term outcomes for adult patients with STEMI alter percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in China. This study sought to analyze the sex differences in 30-day, l-year, and long-term net adverse clinical events （NACEs） in Chinese adult patients with STEMI after PCI. Methods： This study retrospectively analyzed 1920 consecutive STEMI patients （age 〈60 years） treated with PCI fYom January 01, 2006, to December 31,2012. A propensity score analysis between males and females was perfimned to adjust tbr differences in baseline characteristics and comorbidities. The primary endpoint was the incidence of 3-year NACE. Survival curves were constructed with Kaplan- Meier estimates and compared by log-rank tests between the two groups. Multivariate analysis was perforated using a Cox proportional hazards model for 3-year NACE. Results： Compared with males, females had higher risk profiles associated with old age, longer prehospital delay at the onset of STEMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, and a higher Killip class （≥3）, with more multivessel diseases （P 〈 0.05）. The female group had a higher levels of low-density lipoprotein （2.72 [2.27, 3.29] vs. 2.53 [2,12, 3.00], P 〈 （1.001）, high-density lipoprotein （ 1.43 [1.23, 1.71] vs. 1.36 [1.11, 1.63], P - 0.003）, total cholesterol （4.98±1.10 vs. 4.70 ±1.15, t = -3.508, P 〈 0.001）, and estimated glomerular filtration rate （103.12 ± 22.22 vs. 87.55 ±18.03, t = 11.834, P〈 0.001 ） than the male group. In the propensity-matched analysis, being female was associated with a higher risk for 3-year NACE and major adverse cardiac or cerebral e
文摘The 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a crucial tool in the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Unlike other 11 leads,lead aVR has been long neglected until recent years.However,recent investigations have shown that an analysis of ST-segment shift in lead aVR provides useful information on the coronary angiographic anatomy and risk stratification in ACS.ST-segment elevation in lead aVR can be caused by(1)transmural ischemia in the basal part of the interventricular septum caused by impaired coronary blood flow of the first major branch originating from the left anterior descending coronary artery;(2)transmural ischemia in the right ventricular outflow tract caused by impaired coronary blood flow of the large conal branch originating from the right coronary artery;and(3)reciprocal changes opposite to ischemic or non-ischemic ST-segment depression in the lateral limb and precordial leads.On the other hand,ST-segment depression in lead aVR can be caused by transmural ischemia in the inferolateral and apical regions.It has been recently shown that an analysis of T wave in lead aVR also provides useful prognostic information in the general population and patients with prior myocardial infarction.Cardiologists should pay more attention to the tracing of lead aVR when interpreting the12-lead ECG in clinical practice.
