To address the worldwide energy challenges,advanced energy storage and conversion systems with high comprehensive performances,as the promising technologies,are inevitably required on a timely basis.The performance of...To address the worldwide energy challenges,advanced energy storage and conversion systems with high comprehensive performances,as the promising technologies,are inevitably required on a timely basis.The performance of these energy systems is intimately dependent on the properties of their electrodes.In addition to the electrode materials selection and their compositional optimization,materials fabrication with the designed nanostructure also provides significant benefits for their performances.In the past decade,considerable efforts have been made to promote the search for multidimensional nanostructures containing both onedimensional(1D)and two-dimensional(2D)nanostructures in synergy,namely,1D-2D synergized nanostructures.By developing the freestanding electrodes with such unique nanoarchitectures,the structural features and electroactivities of each component can be manifested,where the synergistic properties among them can be simultaneously obtained for further enhanced properties,such as the increased number of active sites,fast electronic/ionic transport,and so forth.This review overviews the state-of-the-art on the 1D-2D synergized nanostructures,which can be broadly divided into three groups,namely,core/shell,cactus-like,and sandwich-like nanostructures.For each category,we introduce them from the aspects of structural features,fabrication methodologies to their successful applications in different types of energy storage/conversion devices,including rechargeable batteries,supercapacitors,water splitting,and so forth.Finally,the main challenges faced by and perspectives on the 1D-2D synergized nanostructures are discussed.展开更多
TiO_(2)is a promising photocatalyst with limited use in practical applications owing to its wide bandgap,narrow light response range,and rapid recombination of photoexcited carriers.To address these limitations,a nove...TiO_(2)is a promising photocatalyst with limited use in practical applications owing to its wide bandgap,narrow light response range,and rapid recombination of photoexcited carriers.To address these limitations,a novel 1D/2D TiO_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)heterostructure was designed according to the principles of the S-scheme heterojunction.The TiO_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(TZISx)hybrids prepared via a hydrothermal method afforded significant improvement in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution(PHE)in comparison to pristine TiO_(2)and ZnIn_(2)S_(4).In particular,the optimal TZIS2 sample(mass ratio of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)to TiO_(2)was 0.4)exhibited the highest PHE activity(6.03 mmol/h/g),which was approximately 3.7 and 2.0 times higher than those of pristine TiO_(2)and ZnIn_(2)S_(4),respectively.This improvement in the PHE of the TZIS2 sample could be attributed to the formation of an intimate heterojunction interface,high-efficiency separation of charge carriers,abundant reactive sites,and enhanced light absorption capacity.Notably,theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the S-scheme mechanism of interfacial electron transfer in the TZISx composites facilitated the transfer and separation of photoexcited charge carriers,resulting in more isolated photoexcited electrons for the PHE reaction.展开更多
目的:观察淫羊藿苷(ICA)对脂蛋白多糖诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞M1/M2炎症表型转化作用。方法:采用M1/M2经典刺激方法后,Real-time PCR法检测M1型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-6、TNF-α和M2型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-10、Arg等的m RNA表达情况。并...目的:观察淫羊藿苷(ICA)对脂蛋白多糖诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞M1/M2炎症表型转化作用。方法:采用M1/M2经典刺激方法后,Real-time PCR法检测M1型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-6、TNF-α和M2型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-10、Arg等的m RNA表达情况。并观察ICA不同浓度(50μg/m L、100μg/m L)以及以不同时间(6h、12h、24h)分别干预巨噬细胞M1及M2相关基因的表达变化情况。在将巨噬细胞诱导M1型后,通过Real-time PCR法检测ICA在最适浓度和最适时间干预下,M1及M2标志基因表达变化,并分析ICA对M1型巨噬细胞向M2亚型转化的诱导作用。结果:M1/M2经典方法刺激后,M1型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-6、TNF-αm RNA与M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05)。且ICA浓度为100μg/m L时,M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05),诱导巨噬细胞向M2方向分化。100μg/m L ICA干预12h后,对M1/M2不同标志分子m RNA表达变化产生明显影响(P<0.05)。100μg/m L ICA作用于LPS+IFN-γ诱导的M1巨噬细胞后,M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05),M1型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-6 m RNA表达下降(P<0.05)。结论:ICA可以诱导体外培养巨噬细胞RAW264.7向抗炎亚型M型方向分化,并可以诱导已经分化的促炎亚型M1巨噬细胞向抗炎亚型M2方向转化。展开更多
After spinal cord injury(SCI),astrocytes gradually migrate to and surround the lesion,depositing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix and forming astrocytic scar,which limits the spread of inflam...After spinal cord injury(SCI),astrocytes gradually migrate to and surround the lesion,depositing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix and forming astrocytic scar,which limits the spread of inflammation but hinders axon regeneration.Meanwhile,microglia gradually accumulate at the lesion border to form microglial scar and can polarize to generate a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.However,the effect of microglia polarization on astrocytes is unclear.Here,we found that both microglia(CX3 CR1^(+))and astrocytes(GFAP^(+))gathered at the lesion border at 14 days post-injury(dpi).The microglia accumulated along the inner border of and in direct contact with the astrocytes.M1-type microglia(i NOS^(+)CX3 CR1^(+))were primarily observed at 3 and 7 dpi,while M2-type microglia(Arg1^(+)CX3 CR1^(+))were present at larger numbers at 7 and 14 dpi.Transforming growth factor-β1(TGFβ1)was highly expressed in M1 microglia in vitro,consistent with strong expression of TGFβ1 by microglia in vivo at 3 and 7 dpi,when they primarily exhibited an M1 phenotype.Furthermore,conditioned media from M1-type microglia induced astrocytes to secrete chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in vitro.This effect was eliminated by knocking down sex-determining region Y-box 9(SOX9)in astrocytes and could not be reversed by treatment with TGFβ1.Taken together,our results suggest that microglia undergo M1 polarization and express high levels of TGFβ1 at 3 and 7 dpi,and that M1-type microglia induce astrocytes to deposit chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan via the TGFβ1/SOX9 pathway.The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Anhui Medical University,China(approval No.LLSC20160052)on March 1,2016.展开更多
基金National University of Singapore,Grant/Award Number:MOE2016-T2-2-138the Centre for Advanced 2D Materials。
文摘To address the worldwide energy challenges,advanced energy storage and conversion systems with high comprehensive performances,as the promising technologies,are inevitably required on a timely basis.The performance of these energy systems is intimately dependent on the properties of their electrodes.In addition to the electrode materials selection and their compositional optimization,materials fabrication with the designed nanostructure also provides significant benefits for their performances.In the past decade,considerable efforts have been made to promote the search for multidimensional nanostructures containing both onedimensional(1D)and two-dimensional(2D)nanostructures in synergy,namely,1D-2D synergized nanostructures.By developing the freestanding electrodes with such unique nanoarchitectures,the structural features and electroactivities of each component can be manifested,where the synergistic properties among them can be simultaneously obtained for further enhanced properties,such as the increased number of active sites,fast electronic/ionic transport,and so forth.This review overviews the state-of-the-art on the 1D-2D synergized nanostructures,which can be broadly divided into three groups,namely,core/shell,cactus-like,and sandwich-like nanostructures.For each category,we introduce them from the aspects of structural features,fabrication methodologies to their successful applications in different types of energy storage/conversion devices,including rechargeable batteries,supercapacitors,water splitting,and so forth.Finally,the main challenges faced by and perspectives on the 1D-2D synergized nanostructures are discussed.
文摘TiO_(2)is a promising photocatalyst with limited use in practical applications owing to its wide bandgap,narrow light response range,and rapid recombination of photoexcited carriers.To address these limitations,a novel 1D/2D TiO_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)heterostructure was designed according to the principles of the S-scheme heterojunction.The TiO_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)(TZISx)hybrids prepared via a hydrothermal method afforded significant improvement in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution(PHE)in comparison to pristine TiO_(2)and ZnIn_(2)S_(4).In particular,the optimal TZIS2 sample(mass ratio of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)to TiO_(2)was 0.4)exhibited the highest PHE activity(6.03 mmol/h/g),which was approximately 3.7 and 2.0 times higher than those of pristine TiO_(2)and ZnIn_(2)S_(4),respectively.This improvement in the PHE of the TZIS2 sample could be attributed to the formation of an intimate heterojunction interface,high-efficiency separation of charge carriers,abundant reactive sites,and enhanced light absorption capacity.Notably,theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the S-scheme mechanism of interfacial electron transfer in the TZISx composites facilitated the transfer and separation of photoexcited charge carriers,resulting in more isolated photoexcited electrons for the PHE reaction.
文摘目的:观察淫羊藿苷(ICA)对脂蛋白多糖诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞M1/M2炎症表型转化作用。方法:采用M1/M2经典刺激方法后,Real-time PCR法检测M1型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-6、TNF-α和M2型巨噬细胞标志基因IL-10、Arg等的m RNA表达情况。并观察ICA不同浓度(50μg/m L、100μg/m L)以及以不同时间(6h、12h、24h)分别干预巨噬细胞M1及M2相关基因的表达变化情况。在将巨噬细胞诱导M1型后,通过Real-time PCR法检测ICA在最适浓度和最适时间干预下,M1及M2标志基因表达变化,并分析ICA对M1型巨噬细胞向M2亚型转化的诱导作用。结果:M1/M2经典方法刺激后,M1型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-6、TNF-αm RNA与M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05)。且ICA浓度为100μg/m L时,M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05),诱导巨噬细胞向M2方向分化。100μg/m L ICA干预12h后,对M1/M2不同标志分子m RNA表达变化产生明显影响(P<0.05)。100μg/m L ICA作用于LPS+IFN-γ诱导的M1巨噬细胞后,M2型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-10、Arg m RNA表达明显升高(P<0.05),M1型巨噬细胞标志分子IL-6 m RNA表达下降(P<0.05)。结论:ICA可以诱导体外培养巨噬细胞RAW264.7向抗炎亚型M型方向分化,并可以诱导已经分化的促炎亚型M1巨噬细胞向抗炎亚型M2方向转化。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81801220(to MGZ),81671204(to JHJ)Key Research and Development Projects of Anhui Province of China,No.202004j07020042(to JHJ)。
文摘After spinal cord injury(SCI),astrocytes gradually migrate to and surround the lesion,depositing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix and forming astrocytic scar,which limits the spread of inflammation but hinders axon regeneration.Meanwhile,microglia gradually accumulate at the lesion border to form microglial scar and can polarize to generate a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.However,the effect of microglia polarization on astrocytes is unclear.Here,we found that both microglia(CX3 CR1^(+))and astrocytes(GFAP^(+))gathered at the lesion border at 14 days post-injury(dpi).The microglia accumulated along the inner border of and in direct contact with the astrocytes.M1-type microglia(i NOS^(+)CX3 CR1^(+))were primarily observed at 3 and 7 dpi,while M2-type microglia(Arg1^(+)CX3 CR1^(+))were present at larger numbers at 7 and 14 dpi.Transforming growth factor-β1(TGFβ1)was highly expressed in M1 microglia in vitro,consistent with strong expression of TGFβ1 by microglia in vivo at 3 and 7 dpi,when they primarily exhibited an M1 phenotype.Furthermore,conditioned media from M1-type microglia induced astrocytes to secrete chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in vitro.This effect was eliminated by knocking down sex-determining region Y-box 9(SOX9)in astrocytes and could not be reversed by treatment with TGFβ1.Taken together,our results suggest that microglia undergo M1 polarization and express high levels of TGFβ1 at 3 and 7 dpi,and that M1-type microglia induce astrocytes to deposit chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan via the TGFβ1/SOX9 pathway.The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Anhui Medical University,China(approval No.LLSC20160052)on March 1,2016.
