Compilation of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (known as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010) has been completed by the Ninth Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission,which has been officially distributed in J...Compilation of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (known as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010) has been completed by the Ninth Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission,which has been officially distributed in January 2010 and implemented展开更多
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,considerable progress has been made in the control and elimination of the country's initial set of 11 neglected tropical diseases.Indeed,elimination...Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,considerable progress has been made in the control and elimination of the country's initial set of 11 neglected tropical diseases.Indeed,elimination as a public health problem has been declared for lymphatic filariasis in 2007 and for trachoma in 2015.The remaining numbers of people affected by soil-transmitted helminth infection,clonorchiasis,taeniasis,and echinococcosis in 2015 were 29.1 million,6.0 million,366200,and 166100,respectively.In 2017,after more than 60 years of uninterrupted,multifaceted schistosomiasis control,has seen the number of cases dwindling from more than 10 million to 37600.Meanwhile,about 6000 dengue cases are reported,while the incidence of leishmaniasis,leprosy,and rabies are down at 600 or fewer per year.Sustained social and economic development,going hand-in-hand with improvement of water,sanitation,and hygiene provide the foundation for continued progress,while rigorous surveillance and specific public health responses will consolidate achievements and shape the elimination agenda.Targets for poverty elimination and strategic plans and intervention packages post-2020 are important opportunities for further control and elimination,when remaining challenges call for sustainable efforts.展开更多
The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a ...The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a thematic series on surveillance-response systems for elimination of tropical diseases.Overall,22 contributions covering a broad array of diseases are featured–i.e.clonorchiasis,dengue,hepatitis,human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS),H7N9 avian influenza,lymphatic filariasis,malaria,Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS),rabies,schistosomiasis and tuberculosis(TB).There are five scoping reviews,a commentary,a letter to the editor,an opinion piece and an editorial pertaining to the theme“Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response”.The remaining 13 articles are original contributions mainly covering(i)drug resistance;(ii)innovation and validation in the field of mathematical modelling;(iii)elimination of infectious diseases;and(iv)social media reports on disease outbreak notifications released by national health authorities.Analysis of the authors’affiliations reveals that scientists from the People’s Republic of China(P.R.China)are prominently represented.Possible explanations include the fact that the 2012 and 2014 international conferences pertaining to surveillance-response mechanisms were both hosted by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD)in Shanghai,coupled with P.R.China’s growing importance with regard to the control of infectious diseases.Within 4 to 22 months of publication,three of the 22 contributions were viewed more than 10000 times each.With sustained efforts focusing on relevant and strategic information towards control and elimination of infectious diseases,Infectious Diseases of Poverty has become a leading journal in the field of surveillance and response systems in infectious diseases and beyond.展开更多
我国法律英译有个老毛病,即“shall”之滥用——当“shall”固"shall”,不当“shall”亦“shall”。这后一种“shall”,即“shall”滥用症的病毒,由于法律英译工作的开展,由报刊至出版社的单行本,由出版单位的单行本而发展到由立...我国法律英译有个老毛病,即“shall”之滥用——当“shall”固"shall”,不当“shall”亦“shall”。这后一种“shall”,即“shall”滥用症的病毒,由于法律英译工作的开展,由报刊至出版社的单行本,由出版单位的单行本而发展到由立法机关主其事的英译法律汇编,如The Laws of the People’s Republic of China(1979—1982及1987)(以下简称两卷本),蔓延更广,侵害我国法律英译文的机体,损害我国法律的国际形象,再也不能等闲视之了。 执笔至此,自责之感油然而生——笔者自身原来正是开国以来国内最早培养并传播“shall”病毒的先锋队的一名积极分子哩——深感责任重大,深省今是而昨非。展开更多
To evaluate vital signs and body indices in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive and negative persons. A total of 22 centres entered the study. They were spread over the whole country, corresponding well to the ge...To evaluate vital signs and body indices in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive and negative persons. A total of 22 centres entered the study. They were spread over the whole country, corresponding well to the geographical distribution of the Czech population. A total of 1818 subjects (aged 5-98 years) took part in the study, randomly selected out of 38147 subjects. H. pylori infection was investigated by means of a 13C-urea breath test. Data on height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were collected at the clinics of general practitioners. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 30.4% (402/1321) in adults (≥ 18 year-old) and 5.2% (26/497) in children and adolescents (≤ 17 year-old). Once adjusted for age and gender, only a difference in body mass index remained statistically significant with H. pylori positive adults showing an increase of 0.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in body mass index. Once adjusted for age and gender, we found a difference in height between H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative children and adolescents. On further adjustment for place of residence, this difference became statistically significant, with H. pylori positive children and adolescents being on average 3.5 cm shorter. H. pylori positive adults were significantly older compared to H. pylori negative subjects. Once adjusted for age and gender, H. pylori infection had no impact on body weight, body mass index and vital signs either in adults or children and adolescents. Chronic H. pylori infection appeared to be associated with short stature in children. H. pylori infection did not influence blood pressure, body weight and body mass index either in adults or children and adolescents.展开更多
Over the past seven decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,China's industrial structure has experienced transformations in various stages,which is consistent with the general patt...Over the past seven decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,China's industrial structure has experienced transformations in various stages,which is consistent with the general pattern of industrialization and China's domestic and international situations.These changes also have to do with China's reforms in building the socialist market economic system.China's seven-decade industrial structural transformation offers valuable experiences:In promoting its industrial development,China has persistently carried out economic reforms,kept pace with changing factor and demand structures,invested in technology importation and innovation,leveraged global resources and markets,and formulated development policies in line with specific industrial development stages.Despite industrial structural problems,China has set the stage for innovation-driven development,further opening up,and balanced regional development.China's industrial structure will keep evolving amid its transition toward a competitive industrial nation.展开更多
Detailed rock magnetic investigations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out on loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial at Znojmo section in Czech Republic. The results indicate that pedogenesi...Detailed rock magnetic investigations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out on loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial at Znojmo section in Czech Republic. The results indicate that pedogenesis causes susceptibility enhancement in the paleosols, which is similar to that observed in the Chinese Loess Plateau. κ-T curves, IRM, and XRD show that magnetite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the loess-paleosol sequences at the Znojmo section, while maghemite, hematite, and pyrite/pyrrhotite are minor minerals. Measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) indicate that the magnetic lineation is smaller than the foliation. The susceptibility ellipsoids are oblate and the directions of the maximum principal axes (κmax) are distributed randomly, and cannot be used to determine the paleo-wind direction.展开更多
AIM:To study possible decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection in the Czech Republic within a 10-year period.METHODS:A total of 22 centres entered the study.The catchment areas of these centre...AIM:To study possible decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection in the Czech Republic within a 10-year period.METHODS:A total of 22 centres entered the study.The catchment areas of these centres covered cities and towns with more than 20 000 inhabitants,smaller towns(≤ 20 000 inhabitants) with surrounding villages and rural areas,and were spread over the whole country,corresponding well to the geographical distribution of the Czech population.A total of 1 837 subjects(aged 5-98 years) took part in the study,randomly selected out of 38 147 people from the general population.H.pylori infection was investigated by means of a 13 C-urea breath test.Breath samples in duplicates were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.The cut-off point was 3.5.Social and demographic characteristics were based on data from self-completed questionnaires.RESULTS:The overall prevalence of H.pylori infection was 23.5%(430/1826),and 4.8%(20/420) in children aged 15 or less.There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between males(24.3%;208/857) and females(22.9%,222/969,P = 0.494).H.pylori infection was strongly associated with higher age,among subjects aged 55+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was 39.8%(252/633,P < 0.001).The highest prevalence of H.pylori infection was found among persons aged 55-64 years(43.9%,97/221) and 75+ years(37.9%,58/153).Among study subjects aged 15+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was significantly increased in those with lowest education(odds risk 3.19,95% CI 1.87-5.47).Compared to never married(14.1%),the prevalence of H.pylori infection was statistically significantly higher among married(35.4%,246/694,P < 0.001),divorced(36.8%,49/133,P < 0.001) and widowed study subjects(40.2%,45/112,P < 0.001),both in minimally and fully adjusted analysis.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of H.pylori infection between married and widowed subjects(35.4%,246/694 vs 40.2%,45/112,P = 0.389).There was little variation in smoking prevalence a展开更多
Background:Parasite infections often result in a switch of the human body’s predominant immune reaction from T-helper 1(Th1)-type to Th2-type.Hence,parasite infections are widely expected to accelerate the progressio...Background:Parasite infections often result in a switch of the human body’s predominant immune reaction from T-helper 1(Th1)-type to Th2-type.Hence,parasite infections are widely expected to accelerate the progression of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infections to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS).In the People’s Republic of China,both parasitic diseases and AIDS are epidemic in certain rural areas,and co-infections are relatively common.However,no population-based studies have yet investigated the frequency of HIV and parasite co-infections,and its effects on immune responses.We studied(1)the immune status of an HIV-infected population,and(2)the effect of co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites on selected parameters of the human immune system.Methods:A total of 309 HIV-infected individuals were recruited and compared to an age-matched and sex-matched control group of 315 local HIV-negative individuals.Questionnaires were administered to all participants to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics,sanitation habits,family income,and recent clinical manifestations.Two consecutive stool samples and 10 ml samples of venous blood were also collected from each individual for the diagnosis of parasite infections and quantitative measurements of selected cytokines and CD4+T-lymphocytes,respectively.Results:During the study period,79 HIV-infected individuals were not under highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)and were thus included in our analysis;the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections was 6.3%and that of protozoa was 22.8%.The most common protozoan infections were Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis)(13.9%)and Cryptosporidium spp.(10.1%).The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.in HIV-infected individuals was significantly higher than that in HIV negative individuals(P<0.05).Compared to the non-co-infected population,no significant difference was found for any of the measured immunological indicators(P>0.05).However,the following trends were observed:IFN-γlevels were lower,but 展开更多
文摘Compilation of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (known as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010) has been completed by the Ninth Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission,which has been officially distributed in January 2010 and implemented
基金This study was supported by the UBS Optimus Foundation(grant no.9051)joint World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical DiseasesA/Vestern Pacific Region small grants scheme for implementation research in infectious diseases of poverty(grant no.2016/664127-0)M-BQ and X-NZ were financially supported by the Fourth Round of the Three-Year Public Health Aaion Plan(2015-2017)in Shanghai,Peopled Republic of China(grant no.GWTD2015S06).
文摘Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,considerable progress has been made in the control and elimination of the country's initial set of 11 neglected tropical diseases.Indeed,elimination as a public health problem has been declared for lymphatic filariasis in 2007 and for trachoma in 2015.The remaining numbers of people affected by soil-transmitted helminth infection,clonorchiasis,taeniasis,and echinococcosis in 2015 were 29.1 million,6.0 million,366200,and 166100,respectively.In 2017,after more than 60 years of uninterrupted,multifaceted schistosomiasis control,has seen the number of cases dwindling from more than 10 million to 37600.Meanwhile,about 6000 dengue cases are reported,while the incidence of leishmaniasis,leprosy,and rabies are down at 600 or fewer per year.Sustained social and economic development,going hand-in-hand with improvement of water,sanitation,and hygiene provide the foundation for continued progress,while rigorous surveillance and specific public health responses will consolidate achievements and shape the elimination agenda.Targets for poverty elimination and strategic plans and intervention packages post-2020 are important opportunities for further control and elimination,when remaining challenges call for sustainable efforts.
基金supported by the National S&T Major Program(grant no.2012ZX10004220)the fourth round of Three-year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai(2015-2017,No.GWIV-29).
文摘The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a thematic series on surveillance-response systems for elimination of tropical diseases.Overall,22 contributions covering a broad array of diseases are featured–i.e.clonorchiasis,dengue,hepatitis,human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS),H7N9 avian influenza,lymphatic filariasis,malaria,Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS),rabies,schistosomiasis and tuberculosis(TB).There are five scoping reviews,a commentary,a letter to the editor,an opinion piece and an editorial pertaining to the theme“Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response”.The remaining 13 articles are original contributions mainly covering(i)drug resistance;(ii)innovation and validation in the field of mathematical modelling;(iii)elimination of infectious diseases;and(iv)social media reports on disease outbreak notifications released by national health authorities.Analysis of the authors’affiliations reveals that scientists from the People’s Republic of China(P.R.China)are prominently represented.Possible explanations include the fact that the 2012 and 2014 international conferences pertaining to surveillance-response mechanisms were both hosted by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD)in Shanghai,coupled with P.R.China’s growing importance with regard to the control of infectious diseases.Within 4 to 22 months of publication,three of the 22 contributions were viewed more than 10000 times each.With sustained efforts focusing on relevant and strategic information towards control and elimination of infectious diseases,Infectious Diseases of Poverty has become a leading journal in the field of surveillance and response systems in infectious diseases and beyond.
文摘我国法律英译有个老毛病,即“shall”之滥用——当“shall”固"shall”,不当“shall”亦“shall”。这后一种“shall”,即“shall”滥用症的病毒,由于法律英译工作的开展,由报刊至出版社的单行本,由出版单位的单行本而发展到由立法机关主其事的英译法律汇编,如The Laws of the People’s Republic of China(1979—1982及1987)(以下简称两卷本),蔓延更广,侵害我国法律英译文的机体,损害我国法律的国际形象,再也不能等闲视之了。 执笔至此,自责之感油然而生——笔者自身原来正是开国以来国内最早培养并传播“shall”病毒的先锋队的一名积极分子哩——深感责任重大,深省今是而昨非。
基金Supported by Research project PRVOUK P37-08(from Charles University in Praha,Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Kralove,Czech Republic)
文摘To evaluate vital signs and body indices in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive and negative persons. A total of 22 centres entered the study. They were spread over the whole country, corresponding well to the geographical distribution of the Czech population. A total of 1818 subjects (aged 5-98 years) took part in the study, randomly selected out of 38147 subjects. H. pylori infection was investigated by means of a 13C-urea breath test. Data on height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were collected at the clinics of general practitioners. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 30.4% (402/1321) in adults (≥ 18 year-old) and 5.2% (26/497) in children and adolescents (≤ 17 year-old). Once adjusted for age and gender, only a difference in body mass index remained statistically significant with H. pylori positive adults showing an increase of 0.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in body mass index. Once adjusted for age and gender, we found a difference in height between H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative children and adolescents. On further adjustment for place of residence, this difference became statistically significant, with H. pylori positive children and adolescents being on average 3.5 cm shorter. H. pylori positive adults were significantly older compared to H. pylori negative subjects. Once adjusted for age and gender, H. pylori infection had no impact on body weight, body mass index and vital signs either in adults or children and adolescents. Chronic H. pylori infection appeared to be associated with short stature in children. H. pylori infection did not influence blood pressure, body weight and body mass index either in adults or children and adolescents.
文摘Over the past seven decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,China's industrial structure has experienced transformations in various stages,which is consistent with the general pattern of industrialization and China's domestic and international situations.These changes also have to do with China's reforms in building the socialist market economic system.China's seven-decade industrial structural transformation offers valuable experiences:In promoting its industrial development,China has persistently carried out economic reforms,kept pace with changing factor and demand structures,invested in technology importation and innovation,leveraged global resources and markets,and formulated development policies in line with specific industrial development stages.Despite industrial structural problems,China has set the stage for innovation-driven development,further opening up,and balanced regional development.China's industrial structure will keep evolving amid its transition toward a competitive industrial nation.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49425405).
文摘Detailed rock magnetic investigations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out on loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial at Znojmo section in Czech Republic. The results indicate that pedogenesis causes susceptibility enhancement in the paleosols, which is similar to that observed in the Chinese Loess Plateau. κ-T curves, IRM, and XRD show that magnetite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the loess-paleosol sequences at the Znojmo section, while maghemite, hematite, and pyrite/pyrrhotite are minor minerals. Measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) indicate that the magnetic lineation is smaller than the foliation. The susceptibility ellipsoids are oblate and the directions of the maximum principal axes (κmax) are distributed randomly, and cannot be used to determine the paleo-wind direction.
基金Supported by Research Project PRVOUK P37-08 from Faculty of Medicine at Hradec Králové,Charles University in Praha,Czech Republic
文摘AIM:To study possible decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection in the Czech Republic within a 10-year period.METHODS:A total of 22 centres entered the study.The catchment areas of these centres covered cities and towns with more than 20 000 inhabitants,smaller towns(≤ 20 000 inhabitants) with surrounding villages and rural areas,and were spread over the whole country,corresponding well to the geographical distribution of the Czech population.A total of 1 837 subjects(aged 5-98 years) took part in the study,randomly selected out of 38 147 people from the general population.H.pylori infection was investigated by means of a 13 C-urea breath test.Breath samples in duplicates were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.The cut-off point was 3.5.Social and demographic characteristics were based on data from self-completed questionnaires.RESULTS:The overall prevalence of H.pylori infection was 23.5%(430/1826),and 4.8%(20/420) in children aged 15 or less.There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between males(24.3%;208/857) and females(22.9%,222/969,P = 0.494).H.pylori infection was strongly associated with higher age,among subjects aged 55+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was 39.8%(252/633,P < 0.001).The highest prevalence of H.pylori infection was found among persons aged 55-64 years(43.9%,97/221) and 75+ years(37.9%,58/153).Among study subjects aged 15+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was significantly increased in those with lowest education(odds risk 3.19,95% CI 1.87-5.47).Compared to never married(14.1%),the prevalence of H.pylori infection was statistically significantly higher among married(35.4%,246/694,P < 0.001),divorced(36.8%,49/133,P < 0.001) and widowed study subjects(40.2%,45/112,P < 0.001),both in minimally and fully adjusted analysis.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of H.pylori infection between married and widowed subjects(35.4%,246/694 vs 40.2%,45/112,P = 0.389).There was little variation in smoking prevalence a
基金This work was supported by the National S&T Major Program(Grant No.2012ZX10004-220 and 2008ZX10004-011)the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2008BAI56B03)the Health Research in the Public Interest(Grant No.201202019)).
文摘Background:Parasite infections often result in a switch of the human body’s predominant immune reaction from T-helper 1(Th1)-type to Th2-type.Hence,parasite infections are widely expected to accelerate the progression of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infections to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS).In the People’s Republic of China,both parasitic diseases and AIDS are epidemic in certain rural areas,and co-infections are relatively common.However,no population-based studies have yet investigated the frequency of HIV and parasite co-infections,and its effects on immune responses.We studied(1)the immune status of an HIV-infected population,and(2)the effect of co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites on selected parameters of the human immune system.Methods:A total of 309 HIV-infected individuals were recruited and compared to an age-matched and sex-matched control group of 315 local HIV-negative individuals.Questionnaires were administered to all participants to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics,sanitation habits,family income,and recent clinical manifestations.Two consecutive stool samples and 10 ml samples of venous blood were also collected from each individual for the diagnosis of parasite infections and quantitative measurements of selected cytokines and CD4+T-lymphocytes,respectively.Results:During the study period,79 HIV-infected individuals were not under highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)and were thus included in our analysis;the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections was 6.3%and that of protozoa was 22.8%.The most common protozoan infections were Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis)(13.9%)and Cryptosporidium spp.(10.1%).The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.in HIV-infected individuals was significantly higher than that in HIV negative individuals(P<0.05).Compared to the non-co-infected population,no significant difference was found for any of the measured immunological indicators(P>0.05).However,the following trends were observed:IFN-γlevels were lower,but
