To detect and respond to emerging diseases more effectively,an integrated surveillance strategy needs to be applied to both human and animal health.Current programs in Asian countries operate separately for the two se...To detect and respond to emerging diseases more effectively,an integrated surveillance strategy needs to be applied to both human and animal health.Current programs in Asian countries operate separately for the two sectors and are principally concerned with detection of events that represent a short-term disease threat.It is not realistic to either invest only in efforts to detect emerging diseases,or to rely solely on event-based surveillance.A comprehensive strategy is needed,concurrently investigating and managing endemic zoonoses,studying evolving diseases which change their character and importance due to influences such as demographic and climatic change,and enhancing understanding of factors which are likely to influence the emergence of new pathogens.This requires utilisation of additional investigation tools that have become available in recent years but are not yet being used to full effect.As yet there is no fully formed blueprint that can be applied in Asian countries.Hence a three-step pathway is proposed to move towards the goal of comprehensive One Health disease surveillance and response.展开更多
Background:Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally and poses a significant economic and clinical burden in the world in...Background:Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally and poses a significant economic and clinical burden in the world in 2022.Of particular concern is the emergence of drug-resistant TB,accounting for 15%-20%of TB deaths.It is imperative to delve into the global trends of incidence and death rate for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDRTB)and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB),drawing upon the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 drug-resistant tuberculosis dataset.Methods:From the GBD 2021,data on incidence,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and death of MDR-TB and XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were collected.We calculated the estimated annual percentage changes in age standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized death rate(ASDR),segmented by age,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI).The impacts of various risk factors on MDR-TB and XDR-TB were also analyzed.Results:In 2021,there were an estimated 443,680(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:259,196-766,545)incident cases of MDR-TB,and an estimated 106,818(95%UI:41,612-211,854)death cases of MDR-TB,while there were an estimated 24,036(95%UI:17,144-34,587)incident cases of XDR-TB and 7,946(95%UI:3,326-14,859)death cases of XDR-TB.The incidence and death cases of MDR-TB were lowest in high SDI regions,whereas the incidence rates of XDR-TB in high-middle SDI regions were higher than those in middle SDI and high SDI regions.Conclusion:This study reported the disease burden of drug-resistant TB from 1990 to 2021.Until 2021,drugresistant TB is still a serious problem in low SDI countries,especially for high-risk age populations with highrisk factors.Controlling drug-resistant TB requires effective control strategies and healthcare systems.展开更多
Background:In the 21st century,as globalization accelerates and global public health crises occur,the One Health approach,guided by the holistic thinking of human-animal-environment and emphasizing interdisciplinary c...Background:In the 21st century,as globalization accelerates and global public health crises occur,the One Health approach,guided by the holistic thinking of human-animal-environment and emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration to address global health issues,has been strongly advocated by the international community.An immediate requirement exists for the creation of an assessment tool to foster One Health initiatives on both global and national scales.Methods:Built upon extensive expert consultations and dialogues,this follow-up study enhances the 2022 global One Health index(GOHI)indicator system.The GOHI framework is enriched by covering three indices,e.g.external drivers index(EDI),intrinsic drivers index(IDI),and core drivers index(CDI).The comprehensive indicator system incorporates 13 key indicators,50 indicators,and 170 sub I-indicators,utilizing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to ascertain the weight for each indicator.Weighted and summed,the EDI,IDI,and CDI scores contribute to the computation of the overall GOHI 2022 score.By comparing the ranking and the overall scores among the seven regions and across 160 countries/territories,we have not only derived an overall profile of the GOHI 2022 scores,but also assessed the GOHI framework.We also compared rankings of indicators and sub Iindicators to provide greater clarity on the strengths and weaknesses of each region within the One Health domains.Results:The GOHI 2022 performance reveals significant disparities between countries/territories ranged from 39.03 to 70.61.The global average score of the GOHI 2022 is 54.82.The average score for EDI,IDI,and CDI are 46.57,58.01,and 57.25,respectively.In terms of global rankings,countries from North America,Europe and Central Asia,East Asia and Pacific present higher scores.In terms of One Health domains of CDI,the lowest scores are observed in antimicrobial resistance(median:43.09),followed by food security(median:53.78),governance(median:54.77),climate change(median:64.12)and zoonotic diseases(median:69.23展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is a rapidly evolving field that can impel research in communicable diseases with respect to climate projections,ecological indicators and environmental impact,at the same time revealing new...Artificial intelligence(AI)is a rapidly evolving field that can impel research in communicable diseases with respect to climate projections,ecological indicators and environmental impact,at the same time revealing new,previously overlooked events.A number of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases already show signs of expanding their northern geographical ranges and appropriate risk assessment and decision support are urgently needed.The deployment of AI-enabled monitoring systems tracking animal populations and environmental changes is of immense potential in the study of transmission under different climate scenarios.In addition,AI's capability to identify new treatments should not only accelerate drug and vaccine discovery but also help predicting their effectiveness,while its contribution to genetic pathogen speciation would assist the evaluation of spillover risks with regard to viral infections from animals to human.Close collaboration between AI experts,epidemiologists and other stakeholders is not only crucial for responding to challenges interconnected with a variety of variables effectively,but also necessary to warrant responsible AI use.Despite its wider successful implementation in many fields,AI should be seen as a complement to,rather than a replacement of,traditional public health measures.展开更多
Background:Zoonotic diseases originating in animals pose a significant threat to global public health.Recent outbreaks,such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),have caused widespread illness,death,and socioeconomic ...Background:Zoonotic diseases originating in animals pose a significant threat to global public health.Recent outbreaks,such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),have caused widespread illness,death,and socioeconomic disruptions worldwide.To cope with these diseases effectively,it is crucial to strengthen surveillance capabilities and establish rapid response systems.Aim:The aim of this review is to examine the modern technologies and solutions that have the potential to enhance zoonotic disease surveillance and outbreak responses and provide valuable insights into how cuttingedge innovations could be leveraged to prevent,detect,and control emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks.Herein,we discuss advanced tools including big data analytics,artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things,geographic information systems,remote sensing,molecular diagnostics,point-of-care testing,telemedicine,digital contact tracing,and early warning systems.Results:These technologies enable real-time monitoring,the prediction of outbreak risks,early anomaly detection,rapid diagnosis,and targeted interventions during outbreaks.When integrated through collaborative partnerships,these strategies can significantly improve the speed and effectiveness of zoonotic disease control.However,several challenges persist,particularly in resource-limited settings,such as infrastructure limitations,costs,data integration and training requirements,and ethical implementation.Conclusion:With strategic planning and coordinated efforts,modern technologies and solutions offer immense potential to bolster surveillance and outbreak responses,and serve as a critical resource against emerging zoonotic disease threats worldwide.展开更多
Background:Camels,known as the enduring“ships of the desert,”host a complex gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in their survival in extreme environments.However,amidst the fascinating discoveries about the cam...Background:Camels,known as the enduring“ships of the desert,”host a complex gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in their survival in extreme environments.However,amidst the fascinating discoveries about the camel gut microbiota,concerns about antibiotic resistance have emerged as a significant global challenge affecting both human and animal populations.Indeed,the continued use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,which has worsened through gene transfer.Methods:This study offers a deeper examination of this pressing issue by harnessing the potent tools of metagenomics to explore the intricate interplay between the camel(Camelus ferus)gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance.Results:Samples from wild camels yielded varying amounts of raw and clean data,generating scaftigs and open reading frames.The camel fecal microbiome was dominated by bacteria(mainly Bacillota and Bacteriodota),followed by viruses,archaea,and eukaryota.The most abundant genera were the Bacteroides,Ruminococcus,and Clostridium.Functional annotation revealed enriched pathways in metabolism,genetic information processing,and cellular processes,with key pathways involving carbohydrate transport and metabolism,replication,and amino acid transport.CAZy database analysis showed high abundances of glycoside hydrolases and glycosyl transferases.Antibiotic resistance gene(ARG)analysis identified Bacillota and Bacteroidota as the main reservoirs,with vancomycin resistance genes being the most prevalent.This study identified three major resistance mechanisms:antibiotic target alteration,antibiotic target protection,and antibiotic efflux.Conclusion:These findings contribute to a broader understanding of antibiotic resistance within animal microbiomes and provide a foundation for further investigations of strategies to manage and mitigate antibiotic resistance.展开更多
In sub-Saharan Africa,limited studies have investigated zoonotic pathogens that may be harboured by ticks infesting reptiles such as tortoises.Here,we report the presence of pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks(Amblyomma ma...In sub-Saharan Africa,limited studies have investigated zoonotic pathogens that may be harboured by ticks infesting reptiles such as tortoises.Here,we report the presence of pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks(Amblyomma marmoreum)collected from the leopard tortoise(Geochelone pardalis)in rural Zambia.Using polymerase chain reaction,56%(49/87)of ticks were positive for the Rickettsia outer membrane protein(ompB)gene.Multi-locus sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on the ompB,ompA,and citrate synthase(gltA)genes showed that the ticks carried R.africae,and other Rickettsia spp.closely related to R.raoultii,R.massiliae,R.tamurae and R.monacensis.Given the proximity between humans,livestock,and wildlife in these habitats,there exists a considerable risk of transmission of zoonotic Rickettsia to human populations in this rural setting.These results call for heightened awareness and further research into the dynamics of tick-borne diseases in regions where humans and animals coexist,particularly in the context of tortoise-associated ticks as vectors.Understanding and addressing these potential disease vectors is crucial for effective public health measures and the prevention of Rickettsia zoonoses.展开更多
Background:Understanding the global burden of enteric infections is crucial for prioritizing control strategies for foodborne and waterborne diseases.This study aimed to assess the global burden of enteric infections ...Background:Understanding the global burden of enteric infections is crucial for prioritizing control strategies for foodborne and waterborne diseases.This study aimed to assess the global burden of enteric infections in 2021 and identify risk factors from One Health aspects.Methods:Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,the incidence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and deaths of enteric infections and the subtypes were estimated,including diarrheal diseases,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella(iNTS)infections,and other intestinal infectious diseases.The estimates were quantified by absolute number,age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)and age-standardized DALY rate with 95%uncertainty intervals(UIs).Thirteen pathogens and three risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases were analyzed.Results:In 2021,the global age-standardized DALY rate of enteric infections was 1020.15 per 100,000 popultion(95%UI:822.70-1259.39 per 100,000 population)with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-4.11%(95%confidence interval:-4.31%to-3.90%)in 1990-2021.A larger burden was observed in regions with lower socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.Diarrheal disease was the most serious subtype with Western Sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting the highest age-standardized DALY rate(2769.81 per 100,000 population,95%UI:1976.80-3674.41 per 100,000 population).Children under 5 and adults over 65 years suffered more from diarrheal diseases with the former experiencing the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(9382.46 per 100,000 population,95%UI:6771.76-13,075.12 per 100,000 population).Rotavirus remained the leading cause of diarrheal diseases despite a cross-year decline in the observed age-standardized DALY rate.Unsafe water,sanitation,and handwashing contributed most to the disease burden.Conclusion:The reduced burden of enteric infections suggested the effectiveness of previous control strategies;however,more efforts should be made in vulnerable r展开更多
Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a global public health threat that requires actions through One Health intervention.This study aims to trace the historical development of One Health research on AMR to provi...Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a global public health threat that requires actions through One Health intervention.This study aims to trace the historical development of One Health research on AMR to provide evidence supporting future research and actions.Methods:A bibliometric analysis is conducted with One Health articles in the field of antimicrobial resistance(AMR-OH articles)retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC).AMR-OH articles refer to articles in the field of AMR that simultaneously involve elements from human health and at least one other domain,including animals,environment,or plants.Three research periods were identified based on the development of global actions in combating AMR.Descriptive analysis of publications,keyword cluster analysis,annual trending topic analysis,and co-authorship analysis were conducted using R software,VOSViewer,and Pajek.Results:The results indicated that the percentage of AMR-OH articles among all AMR articles increased from 5.21%in 1990 to 20.01%in 2023.Key topics in the current AMR-OH articles included the mechanism of AMR,AMR epidemiology,and public health control strategies.Epidemiological research initially focused on human and animal health and then shifted to environmental factors in the third period.Research at the molecular level focused on the mechanisms of AMR transmission in various domains,along with the dynamics and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).The co-authorship analysis suggested a significant increase in cooperation among low-and middle-income countries in the third period.Conclusion:The scope of epidemiological research on AMR has expanded by including human,animal,and environmental areas.Moreover,genetic and molecular level research represents the forefront of this field,offering innovative tools to combat AMR in the future.This study suggests further research to translate existing findings into practical implementation of the One Health strategy,and to support globally consistent action in combating AMR.展开更多
Background:The present comprehensive protocol is focused on the detection of pathogenic enteric RNA viruses,explicitly focusing on norovirus genogroup II(GII),astrovirus,rotavirus,Aichi virus,sapovirus,hepatitis A and...Background:The present comprehensive protocol is focused on the detection of pathogenic enteric RNA viruses,explicitly focusing on norovirus genogroup II(GII),astrovirus,rotavirus,Aichi virus,sapovirus,hepatitis A and E viruses in wastewater treatment plants through droplet digital PCR(ddPCR).Enteric viruses are of significant public health concern,as they are the leading cause of diseases like gastroenteritis.Regular monitoring of environmental samples,particularly from wastewater treatment plants,is crucial for early detection and control of these viruses.This research aims to improve the understanding of the prevalence and dynamics of enteric viruses in urban India and will serve as a model for similar studies in other regions.Our protocol's objective is to establish a novel ddPCRbased methodology for the detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses present in wastewater samples sourced from Bhopal,India.Our assay is capable of accurately quantifying virus concentrations without standard curves,minimizing extensive optimization,and enhancing sensitivity and precision,especially for low-abundance targets.Methods:The study involves fortnightly collecting and analyzing samples from nine wastewater treatment plants over two years,ensuring comprehensive coverage and consistent data.Our study innovatively applies ddPCR to simultaneously detect and quantify enteric viruses in wastewater,a more advanced technique.Additionally,we will employ next-generation sequencing for detailed viral genome identification in samples tested positive for pathogenic viruses.Conclusion:This study will aid in understanding these viruses’genetic diversity and mutation rates,which is crucial for developing tailored intervention strategies.The findings will be instrumental in shaping public health responses and improving epidemiological surveillance,especially in localities heaving sewage networks.展开更多
Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)in livestock and the environment likely contribute to the prevalence of AMR in humans with potential detrimental effects on human health.As such,annual mandatory monitoring of A...Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)in livestock and the environment likely contribute to the prevalence of AMR in humans with potential detrimental effects on human health.As such,annual mandatory monitoring of AMR in livestock occurs within the European Union(EU),according to harmonised methods.Extended-spectrum cephalosporins-resistant(ESC-resistant)Escherichia coli,including extended-spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBL),AmpCβ-lactamases(AmpC)and carbapenemase producing E.coli,are considered of particular importance and are therefore included in the monitoring program.Methods:Using results from the annual monitoring of ESC-resistant E.coli from 2014-2022,trends in prevalence per animal sector were determined over the complete time period,as well as potential seasonal effects.Results:During these nine years,significant changes were observed in the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli,in broilers,dairy cattle and veal calves,while no changes in prevalence were seen in slaughter pigs.Furthermore,the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli is positively correlated with warmer seasons(summer and autumn)for both dairy cattle and veal calves,while no associations were found for broilers and slaughter pigs.While temperature itself may play a role in the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli,other factors affecting the selective landscape,such as antibiotic usage,will also play a role.Conclusion:A combined analysis of antimicrobial usage and prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli through the year,both in livestock and human samples,would be an interesting follow-up of this study.展开更多
Background:Upper respiratory infections(URIs)are common infectious diseases worldwide.Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and con...Background:Upper respiratory infections(URIs)are common infectious diseases worldwide.Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies,and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently.Methods:For URIs in Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR),age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR),disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and case numbers for incidence,prevalence,deaths,and DALYs across the globe,five socio-demographic index(SDI)regions,21 geographical regions,and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed.Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in global ASIR(APCC=-289.86,95%confidence interval[CI]:-298.59 to-281.12),ASPR(AAPC=-4.04,95%CI:-4.16 to-3.92),ASMR(AAPC=-0.02,95%CI:-0.02 to-0.03)and age-standardized DALY rate(AAPC=-0.75,95%CI:-0.76 to-0.74).The ASIR,ASPR,ASMR,and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females,and both genders.Similarly,the number of incident cases,prevalence cases,deaths,and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years.The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021.The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050,while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline.Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs.展开更多
Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effect...Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies.Methods:The data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe,21 geographical region,and 204 countries and territories,stratified by age group,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change(AAPC),and a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age.The AAPC for incidence(-4092.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:-4224.60 to-3959.76),prevalence(-70.98,95%CI:-72.67 to-69.28),mortality(-6.89,95%CI:-6.95 to-6.83),and DALYs rate(-621.79,95%CI:-627.20 to-616.38)of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend.Diarrheal incidence(r=-0.782,P<0.001),prevalence(r=-0.777,P<0.001),mortality(r=-0.908,P<0.001),and DALYs rate(r=-0.904,P<0.001)were negatively correlated with the SDI.Between 2022 and 2035,the global incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining.The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting,underweight,and non-exclusive breastfeeding.Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate.Conclusion:Although the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined,it remains a significant health threat.Rotavirus is the leading pathogen,highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination.Additionally,impr展开更多
Background:The One Health approach involves collaboration across several sectors,including public health,veterinary and environmental sectors in an integrated manner.These sectors may be disparate and unrelated,howeve...Background:The One Health approach involves collaboration across several sectors,including public health,veterinary and environmental sectors in an integrated manner.These sectors may be disparate and unrelated,however to succeed,all stakeholders need to understand what the other stakeholders are communicating.Likewise,it is important that there is public acceptance and support of One Health approaches,which requires effective communication between professional and institutional organisations and the public.To help aid and facilitate such communication,written materials need to be readable by all stakeholders,in order to communicate effectively.There has been an exponential increase in the publication of papers involving One Health,with<5 per year,in the 2000s,to nearly 500 published in 2023.To date,readability of One Health information has not been scrutinised,nor has it been considered as an integral intervention of One Health policy communication.The aim of this study was therefore to examine readability of public-facing One Health information prepared by 24 global organisations.Methods:Readability was calculated using Readable software,to obtain four readability scores[(i)Flesch Reading Ease(FRE),(ii)Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level(FKGL),(iii)Gunning Fog Index and(iv)SMOG Index]and two text metrics[words/sentence,syllables/word]for 100 sources of One Health information,from four categories[One Health public information;PubMed abstracts;Science in One Health(SOH)abstracts(articles);SOH abstracts(reviews)].Results:Readability of One Health information for the public is poor,not reaching readability reference standards.No information was found that had a readability of less than 9th grade(around 14 years old).Mean values for the FRE and FKGL were(19.4±1.4)(target>60)and(15.6±0.3)(target<8),respectively,with mean words per sentence and syllables per word of 20.5 and 2.0,respectively.Abstracts with“One Health”in the title were more difficult to read than those without“One Health”in the title(FRE:P=0.0337;FKGL展开更多
The World Health Organization established International Health Regulations(IHRs)to give nations a legal framework for preventing,identifying,and responding to public health threats of international concern.On the othe...The World Health Organization established International Health Regulations(IHRs)to give nations a legal framework for preventing,identifying,and responding to public health threats of international concern.On the other hand,One Health advocates for integrated approaches to health risks,acknowledging the interdependence of human,animal,and ecosystem health.By integrating these frameworks,stakeholders can leverage their respective strengths to enhance surveillance,early detection,and response mechanisms,as well as promote sustainable development and resilience against emerging health threats.This article explores the shared objectives,interconnectedness of health systems,collaborative mechanisms,and capacity-building initiatives that indicate the synergistic effects of IHRs and One Health in safeguarding global health security.展开更多
Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practic...Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practices poses an increasingly significant risk to the development of colistin resistance and its detrimental effects on public health.Colistin is still widely used in animals for treatment,metaphylaxis,prophylaxis,and growth promotion despite being designated a critically important antimicrobial for human medicine by the World Health Organization(WHO)[1].In this correspondence,our objective is to examine the repercussions stemming from the illicit use of colistin in livestock and poultry in Nepal.展开更多
Improper disposal of solid waste,predominantly illegal dumping,can lead to severe air and water pollution,land degradation,climate change,and health hazards due to the persistence of hazardous materials.As a result,it...Improper disposal of solid waste,predominantly illegal dumping,can lead to severe air and water pollution,land degradation,climate change,and health hazards due to the persistence of hazardous materials.As a result,it is threatening public and animal health,environmental sustainability,and economic development.The One Health approach,which acknowledges the interconnectedness of human,animal,and environmental health,offers a comprehensive solution.This systematic review examines the impact of improper municipal solid waste on fostering One Health approaches at the national level of Ethiopia by identifying key challenges and opportunities.Publications were retrieved from peer-reviewed,indexed journal publications,government documents(policies,proclamations,regulations,and guidelines),and credible non-governmental organization publications from selected electronic databases(Google scholar,PubMed,EMBASE,Global Health,Web of Science,etc.),and governmental offices.Despite efforts to advance the One Health approach in Ethiopia through the formation of the National One Health Steering Committee and technical working groups,implementation is hindered by challenges such as poor sectoral integration,insufficient advocacy,financial constraints,and limited research.These challenges contribute to worsening zoonotic and infectious diseases and environmental issues due to inadequate solid waste management.Nonetheless,opportunities exist through One Health integration via holistic programs,interdisciplinary collaboration,community engagement,policy enhancement,institutional capacity building,and public-private partnerships.Therefore,enhancing sectoral integration and increasing advocacy efforts and securing financial support is necessary to back waste management initiatives and related research.Further research is crucial to understand the impact of solid waste management and the potential benefits of the One Health approach in Ethiopia.展开更多
One Health is an integrative approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human,animal,and environmental health,advocating for collaborative,multidisciplinary efforts to address health challenges,particularly am...One Health is an integrative approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human,animal,and environmental health,advocating for collaborative,multidisciplinary efforts to address health challenges,particularly amid globalization and emerging threats.This paper examines the integration of One Health principles into global health education,highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative pedagogical approaches.It evaluates various teaching methods,including problem-based learning(PBL),team-based learning(TBL),simulation-based education(SBE),case-based learning(CBL),interdisciplinary workshops and seminars(IWS),and service-learning(SL),analyzing their strengths and weaknesses in fostering interdisciplinary understanding and practical application of One Health concepts.While these methods enhance learning by promoting critical thinking,collaboration,and real-world application,they also face challenges such as resource constraints,variability in group dynamics,and the complexity of assessing long-term learning outcomes.The paper also discusses the role of global partnerships,such as the Global One Health Research Partnership(GOHRP),in advancing One Health education through collaborative research and educational initiatives.Addressing challenges in curriculum integration and interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial for the effective implementation of One Health education,ensuring that future health professionals are equipped to tackle complex global health challenges.展开更多
One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores th...One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores the theoretical foundations,practical applications,and ethical considerations of the One Health governance architecture.At the theoretical level,One Health governance invites systems thinking and involves collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders,applying across multi-layered scenarios and requires public-private partnership(PPP).This governance architecture transcends traditional anthropocentrism and shifts towards ecocentrism,highlighting the integrity of ecosystems and the deep prevention of diseases.Selected case studies illustrate the implementation of One Health initiatives,such as shared water resources,disease surveillance programmes,and sustainable environmental health interventions,demonstrating the added value of a collaborative efforts across sectors and regions.Ethical considerations are integral to decision-making and actions of One Health governance,with a focus on equity,inclusivity and accountability,providing moral guidelines to prioritize the health of vulnerable populations and ecosystems.Through these efforts,One Health governance is expected to improve public health globally,promote sustainable development,and achieve a harmonious coexistence of human,animal,and environmental health.展开更多
Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a significant and growing threat to human health.A recent United Nations General Assembly declaration highlights that those in need must have sustained access to effective treatments.In...Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a significant and growing threat to human health.A recent United Nations General Assembly declaration highlights that those in need must have sustained access to effective treatments.In the absence of a reliable supply of new drugs,pressure on existing drugs can be reduced by minimising demand.Routes to reducing demand include:promotion of WASH(access to clean water,sanitation and hygiene)and Universal Health Coverage(UHC);improved infection control in health care settings;and continued efforts to curtail drug use in agriculture.This is a One Health strategy,requiring coordinated action across the human,livestock and environmental sectors.展开更多
文摘To detect and respond to emerging diseases more effectively,an integrated surveillance strategy needs to be applied to both human and animal health.Current programs in Asian countries operate separately for the two sectors and are principally concerned with detection of events that represent a short-term disease threat.It is not realistic to either invest only in efforts to detect emerging diseases,or to rely solely on event-based surveillance.A comprehensive strategy is needed,concurrently investigating and managing endemic zoonoses,studying evolving diseases which change their character and importance due to influences such as demographic and climatic change,and enhancing understanding of factors which are likely to influence the emergence of new pathogens.This requires utilisation of additional investigation tools that have become available in recent years but are not yet being used to full effect.As yet there is no fully formed blueprint that can be applied in Asian countries.Hence a three-step pathway is proposed to move towards the goal of comprehensive One Health disease surveillance and response.
基金supported by International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion(grant number 21410750200)from Shanghai Municipality Government.
文摘Background:Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally and poses a significant economic and clinical burden in the world in 2022.Of particular concern is the emergence of drug-resistant TB,accounting for 15%-20%of TB deaths.It is imperative to delve into the global trends of incidence and death rate for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDRTB)and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB),drawing upon the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 drug-resistant tuberculosis dataset.Methods:From the GBD 2021,data on incidence,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and death of MDR-TB and XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were collected.We calculated the estimated annual percentage changes in age standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized death rate(ASDR),segmented by age,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI).The impacts of various risk factors on MDR-TB and XDR-TB were also analyzed.Results:In 2021,there were an estimated 443,680(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:259,196-766,545)incident cases of MDR-TB,and an estimated 106,818(95%UI:41,612-211,854)death cases of MDR-TB,while there were an estimated 24,036(95%UI:17,144-34,587)incident cases of XDR-TB and 7,946(95%UI:3,326-14,859)death cases of XDR-TB.The incidence and death cases of MDR-TB were lowest in high SDI regions,whereas the incidence rates of XDR-TB in high-middle SDI regions were higher than those in middle SDI and high SDI regions.Conclusion:This study reported the disease burden of drug-resistant TB from 1990 to 2021.Until 2021,drugresistant TB is still a serious problem in low SDI countries,especially for high-risk age populations with highrisk factors.Controlling drug-resistant TB requires effective control strategies and healthcare systems.
基金supported by China Medical Board[No.20–365]Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation[No.INV-046218]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.72204160].
文摘Background:In the 21st century,as globalization accelerates and global public health crises occur,the One Health approach,guided by the holistic thinking of human-animal-environment and emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration to address global health issues,has been strongly advocated by the international community.An immediate requirement exists for the creation of an assessment tool to foster One Health initiatives on both global and national scales.Methods:Built upon extensive expert consultations and dialogues,this follow-up study enhances the 2022 global One Health index(GOHI)indicator system.The GOHI framework is enriched by covering three indices,e.g.external drivers index(EDI),intrinsic drivers index(IDI),and core drivers index(CDI).The comprehensive indicator system incorporates 13 key indicators,50 indicators,and 170 sub I-indicators,utilizing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to ascertain the weight for each indicator.Weighted and summed,the EDI,IDI,and CDI scores contribute to the computation of the overall GOHI 2022 score.By comparing the ranking and the overall scores among the seven regions and across 160 countries/territories,we have not only derived an overall profile of the GOHI 2022 scores,but also assessed the GOHI framework.We also compared rankings of indicators and sub Iindicators to provide greater clarity on the strengths and weaknesses of each region within the One Health domains.Results:The GOHI 2022 performance reveals significant disparities between countries/territories ranged from 39.03 to 70.61.The global average score of the GOHI 2022 is 54.82.The average score for EDI,IDI,and CDI are 46.57,58.01,and 57.25,respectively.In terms of global rankings,countries from North America,Europe and Central Asia,East Asia and Pacific present higher scores.In terms of One Health domains of CDI,the lowest scores are observed in antimicrobial resistance(median:43.09),followed by food security(median:53.78),governance(median:54.77),climate change(median:64.12)and zoonotic diseases(median:69.23
基金National Key Research and Development Program of People's Republic of China(grant no.2021YFC2300800 and 2021YFC2300804)the International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion(no.21410750200)from Shanghai Municipality Government。
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is a rapidly evolving field that can impel research in communicable diseases with respect to climate projections,ecological indicators and environmental impact,at the same time revealing new,previously overlooked events.A number of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases already show signs of expanding their northern geographical ranges and appropriate risk assessment and decision support are urgently needed.The deployment of AI-enabled monitoring systems tracking animal populations and environmental changes is of immense potential in the study of transmission under different climate scenarios.In addition,AI's capability to identify new treatments should not only accelerate drug and vaccine discovery but also help predicting their effectiveness,while its contribution to genetic pathogen speciation would assist the evaluation of spillover risks with regard to viral infections from animals to human.Close collaboration between AI experts,epidemiologists and other stakeholders is not only crucial for responding to challenges interconnected with a variety of variables effectively,but also necessary to warrant responsible AI use.Despite its wider successful implementation in many fields,AI should be seen as a complement to,rather than a replacement of,traditional public health measures.
文摘Background:Zoonotic diseases originating in animals pose a significant threat to global public health.Recent outbreaks,such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),have caused widespread illness,death,and socioeconomic disruptions worldwide.To cope with these diseases effectively,it is crucial to strengthen surveillance capabilities and establish rapid response systems.Aim:The aim of this review is to examine the modern technologies and solutions that have the potential to enhance zoonotic disease surveillance and outbreak responses and provide valuable insights into how cuttingedge innovations could be leveraged to prevent,detect,and control emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks.Herein,we discuss advanced tools including big data analytics,artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things,geographic information systems,remote sensing,molecular diagnostics,point-of-care testing,telemedicine,digital contact tracing,and early warning systems.Results:These technologies enable real-time monitoring,the prediction of outbreak risks,early anomaly detection,rapid diagnosis,and targeted interventions during outbreaks.When integrated through collaborative partnerships,these strategies can significantly improve the speed and effectiveness of zoonotic disease control.However,several challenges persist,particularly in resource-limited settings,such as infrastructure limitations,costs,data integration and training requirements,and ethical implementation.Conclusion:With strategic planning and coordinated efforts,modern technologies and solutions offer immense potential to bolster surveillance and outbreak responses,and serve as a critical resource against emerging zoonotic disease threats worldwide.
基金supported by the Project of Fund for Stable Support to Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation of XAAS(grant number:xjnkywdzc-2023005-6)Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of the Pamir Plateau,Xinjiang(grant number:XJDX1714-2021-01)+1 种基金The Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(grant number:2022A02005-4-2)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Rural Revitalization Industry Development Science and Technology Action Project(grant number:2022NC073).
文摘Background:Camels,known as the enduring“ships of the desert,”host a complex gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in their survival in extreme environments.However,amidst the fascinating discoveries about the camel gut microbiota,concerns about antibiotic resistance have emerged as a significant global challenge affecting both human and animal populations.Indeed,the continued use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,which has worsened through gene transfer.Methods:This study offers a deeper examination of this pressing issue by harnessing the potent tools of metagenomics to explore the intricate interplay between the camel(Camelus ferus)gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance.Results:Samples from wild camels yielded varying amounts of raw and clean data,generating scaftigs and open reading frames.The camel fecal microbiome was dominated by bacteria(mainly Bacillota and Bacteriodota),followed by viruses,archaea,and eukaryota.The most abundant genera were the Bacteroides,Ruminococcus,and Clostridium.Functional annotation revealed enriched pathways in metabolism,genetic information processing,and cellular processes,with key pathways involving carbohydrate transport and metabolism,replication,and amino acid transport.CAZy database analysis showed high abundances of glycoside hydrolases and glycosyl transferases.Antibiotic resistance gene(ARG)analysis identified Bacillota and Bacteroidota as the main reservoirs,with vancomycin resistance genes being the most prevalent.This study identified three major resistance mechanisms:antibiotic target alteration,antibiotic target protection,and antibiotic efflux.Conclusion:These findings contribute to a broader understanding of antibiotic resistance within animal microbiomes and provide a foundation for further investigations of strategies to manage and mitigate antibiotic resistance.
文摘In sub-Saharan Africa,limited studies have investigated zoonotic pathogens that may be harboured by ticks infesting reptiles such as tortoises.Here,we report the presence of pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks(Amblyomma marmoreum)collected from the leopard tortoise(Geochelone pardalis)in rural Zambia.Using polymerase chain reaction,56%(49/87)of ticks were positive for the Rickettsia outer membrane protein(ompB)gene.Multi-locus sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on the ompB,ompA,and citrate synthase(gltA)genes showed that the ticks carried R.africae,and other Rickettsia spp.closely related to R.raoultii,R.massiliae,R.tamurae and R.monacensis.Given the proximity between humans,livestock,and wildlife in these habitats,there exists a considerable risk of transmission of zoonotic Rickettsia to human populations in this rural setting.These results call for heightened awareness and further research into the dynamics of tick-borne diseases in regions where humans and animals coexist,particularly in the context of tortoise-associated ticks as vectors.Understanding and addressing these potential disease vectors is crucial for effective public health measures and the prevention of Rickettsia zoonoses.
基金supported by Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation[grant number OPP1152504]International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion[grant number 21410750200]+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 82304102]Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai[grant number 23ZR1436200]Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation[grant number 22YF1421100]Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation[grant number 23YF1421200].
文摘Background:Understanding the global burden of enteric infections is crucial for prioritizing control strategies for foodborne and waterborne diseases.This study aimed to assess the global burden of enteric infections in 2021 and identify risk factors from One Health aspects.Methods:Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,the incidence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and deaths of enteric infections and the subtypes were estimated,including diarrheal diseases,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella(iNTS)infections,and other intestinal infectious diseases.The estimates were quantified by absolute number,age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)and age-standardized DALY rate with 95%uncertainty intervals(UIs).Thirteen pathogens and three risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases were analyzed.Results:In 2021,the global age-standardized DALY rate of enteric infections was 1020.15 per 100,000 popultion(95%UI:822.70-1259.39 per 100,000 population)with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-4.11%(95%confidence interval:-4.31%to-3.90%)in 1990-2021.A larger burden was observed in regions with lower socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.Diarrheal disease was the most serious subtype with Western Sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting the highest age-standardized DALY rate(2769.81 per 100,000 population,95%UI:1976.80-3674.41 per 100,000 population).Children under 5 and adults over 65 years suffered more from diarrheal diseases with the former experiencing the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(9382.46 per 100,000 population,95%UI:6771.76-13,075.12 per 100,000 population).Rotavirus remained the leading cause of diarrheal diseases despite a cross-year decline in the observed age-standardized DALY rate.Unsafe water,sanitation,and handwashing contributed most to the disease burden.Conclusion:The reduced burden of enteric infections suggested the effectiveness of previous control strategies;however,more efforts should be made in vulnerable r
文摘Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a global public health threat that requires actions through One Health intervention.This study aims to trace the historical development of One Health research on AMR to provide evidence supporting future research and actions.Methods:A bibliometric analysis is conducted with One Health articles in the field of antimicrobial resistance(AMR-OH articles)retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC).AMR-OH articles refer to articles in the field of AMR that simultaneously involve elements from human health and at least one other domain,including animals,environment,or plants.Three research periods were identified based on the development of global actions in combating AMR.Descriptive analysis of publications,keyword cluster analysis,annual trending topic analysis,and co-authorship analysis were conducted using R software,VOSViewer,and Pajek.Results:The results indicated that the percentage of AMR-OH articles among all AMR articles increased from 5.21%in 1990 to 20.01%in 2023.Key topics in the current AMR-OH articles included the mechanism of AMR,AMR epidemiology,and public health control strategies.Epidemiological research initially focused on human and animal health and then shifted to environmental factors in the third period.Research at the molecular level focused on the mechanisms of AMR transmission in various domains,along with the dynamics and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).The co-authorship analysis suggested a significant increase in cooperation among low-and middle-income countries in the third period.Conclusion:The scope of epidemiological research on AMR has expanded by including human,animal,and environmental areas.Moreover,genetic and molecular level research represents the forefront of this field,offering innovative tools to combat AMR in the future.This study suggests further research to translate existing findings into practical implementation of the One Health strategy,and to support globally consistent action in combating AMR.
文摘Background:The present comprehensive protocol is focused on the detection of pathogenic enteric RNA viruses,explicitly focusing on norovirus genogroup II(GII),astrovirus,rotavirus,Aichi virus,sapovirus,hepatitis A and E viruses in wastewater treatment plants through droplet digital PCR(ddPCR).Enteric viruses are of significant public health concern,as they are the leading cause of diseases like gastroenteritis.Regular monitoring of environmental samples,particularly from wastewater treatment plants,is crucial for early detection and control of these viruses.This research aims to improve the understanding of the prevalence and dynamics of enteric viruses in urban India and will serve as a model for similar studies in other regions.Our protocol's objective is to establish a novel ddPCRbased methodology for the detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses present in wastewater samples sourced from Bhopal,India.Our assay is capable of accurately quantifying virus concentrations without standard curves,minimizing extensive optimization,and enhancing sensitivity and precision,especially for low-abundance targets.Methods:The study involves fortnightly collecting and analyzing samples from nine wastewater treatment plants over two years,ensuring comprehensive coverage and consistent data.Our study innovatively applies ddPCR to simultaneously detect and quantify enteric viruses in wastewater,a more advanced technique.Additionally,we will employ next-generation sequencing for detailed viral genome identification in samples tested positive for pathogenic viruses.Conclusion:This study will aid in understanding these viruses’genetic diversity and mutation rates,which is crucial for developing tailored intervention strategies.The findings will be instrumental in shaping public health responses and improving epidemiological surveillance,especially in localities heaving sewage networks.
基金m the Ministry of Agriculture,Nature and Food Quality in the Netherlands(grant number WOT-01-002-03.02)the Medical Research Council(MRC),Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BBSRC),and Natural Environmental Research Council(NERC),which are all councils of UK Research and Innovation(grant number MR/W030578/1)from ZonMw(grant number 10570132110004)under the umbrella of the JPIAMR(Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance)project STRESST.
文摘Background:Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)in livestock and the environment likely contribute to the prevalence of AMR in humans with potential detrimental effects on human health.As such,annual mandatory monitoring of AMR in livestock occurs within the European Union(EU),according to harmonised methods.Extended-spectrum cephalosporins-resistant(ESC-resistant)Escherichia coli,including extended-spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBL),AmpCβ-lactamases(AmpC)and carbapenemase producing E.coli,are considered of particular importance and are therefore included in the monitoring program.Methods:Using results from the annual monitoring of ESC-resistant E.coli from 2014-2022,trends in prevalence per animal sector were determined over the complete time period,as well as potential seasonal effects.Results:During these nine years,significant changes were observed in the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli,in broilers,dairy cattle and veal calves,while no changes in prevalence were seen in slaughter pigs.Furthermore,the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli is positively correlated with warmer seasons(summer and autumn)for both dairy cattle and veal calves,while no associations were found for broilers and slaughter pigs.While temperature itself may play a role in the prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli,other factors affecting the selective landscape,such as antibiotic usage,will also play a role.Conclusion:A combined analysis of antimicrobial usage and prevalence of ESC-resistant E.coli through the year,both in livestock and human samples,would be an interesting follow-up of this study.
基金supported by the fund of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(grant number 23ZR1464000)the Talent Fund of Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(grant number LH001.007).
文摘Background:Upper respiratory infections(URIs)are common infectious diseases worldwide.Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies,and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently.Methods:For URIs in Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR),age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR),disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and case numbers for incidence,prevalence,deaths,and DALYs across the globe,five socio-demographic index(SDI)regions,21 geographical regions,and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed.Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in global ASIR(APCC=-289.86,95%confidence interval[CI]:-298.59 to-281.12),ASPR(AAPC=-4.04,95%CI:-4.16 to-3.92),ASMR(AAPC=-0.02,95%CI:-0.02 to-0.03)and age-standardized DALY rate(AAPC=-0.75,95%CI:-0.76 to-0.74).The ASIR,ASPR,ASMR,and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females,and both genders.Similarly,the number of incident cases,prevalence cases,deaths,and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years.The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021.The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050,while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline.Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs.
基金supported by the fund of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(grant number 23ZR1464000)the Talent Fund of Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(grant number LH001.007)the Science and Technology Support Project of Taizhou city(SSF20210070).
文摘Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies.Methods:The data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe,21 geographical region,and 204 countries and territories,stratified by age group,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change(AAPC),and a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age.The AAPC for incidence(-4092.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:-4224.60 to-3959.76),prevalence(-70.98,95%CI:-72.67 to-69.28),mortality(-6.89,95%CI:-6.95 to-6.83),and DALYs rate(-621.79,95%CI:-627.20 to-616.38)of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend.Diarrheal incidence(r=-0.782,P<0.001),prevalence(r=-0.777,P<0.001),mortality(r=-0.908,P<0.001),and DALYs rate(r=-0.904,P<0.001)were negatively correlated with the SDI.Between 2022 and 2035,the global incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining.The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting,underweight,and non-exclusive breastfeeding.Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate.Conclusion:Although the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined,it remains a significant health threat.Rotavirus is the leading pathogen,highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination.Additionally,impr
文摘Background:The One Health approach involves collaboration across several sectors,including public health,veterinary and environmental sectors in an integrated manner.These sectors may be disparate and unrelated,however to succeed,all stakeholders need to understand what the other stakeholders are communicating.Likewise,it is important that there is public acceptance and support of One Health approaches,which requires effective communication between professional and institutional organisations and the public.To help aid and facilitate such communication,written materials need to be readable by all stakeholders,in order to communicate effectively.There has been an exponential increase in the publication of papers involving One Health,with<5 per year,in the 2000s,to nearly 500 published in 2023.To date,readability of One Health information has not been scrutinised,nor has it been considered as an integral intervention of One Health policy communication.The aim of this study was therefore to examine readability of public-facing One Health information prepared by 24 global organisations.Methods:Readability was calculated using Readable software,to obtain four readability scores[(i)Flesch Reading Ease(FRE),(ii)Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level(FKGL),(iii)Gunning Fog Index and(iv)SMOG Index]and two text metrics[words/sentence,syllables/word]for 100 sources of One Health information,from four categories[One Health public information;PubMed abstracts;Science in One Health(SOH)abstracts(articles);SOH abstracts(reviews)].Results:Readability of One Health information for the public is poor,not reaching readability reference standards.No information was found that had a readability of less than 9th grade(around 14 years old).Mean values for the FRE and FKGL were(19.4±1.4)(target>60)and(15.6±0.3)(target<8),respectively,with mean words per sentence and syllables per word of 20.5 and 2.0,respectively.Abstracts with“One Health”in the title were more difficult to read than those without“One Health”in the title(FRE:P=0.0337;FKGL
文摘The World Health Organization established International Health Regulations(IHRs)to give nations a legal framework for preventing,identifying,and responding to public health threats of international concern.On the other hand,One Health advocates for integrated approaches to health risks,acknowledging the interdependence of human,animal,and ecosystem health.By integrating these frameworks,stakeholders can leverage their respective strengths to enhance surveillance,early detection,and response mechanisms,as well as promote sustainable development and resilience against emerging health threats.This article explores the shared objectives,interconnectedness of health systems,collaborative mechanisms,and capacity-building initiatives that indicate the synergistic effects of IHRs and One Health in safeguarding global health security.
文摘Colistin sulfate is an antibiotic in the polymyxin family that is utilized as a last-resort therapy for septicemia in humans caused by multidrugresistant infections.However,its indiscriminate use in veterinary practices poses an increasingly significant risk to the development of colistin resistance and its detrimental effects on public health.Colistin is still widely used in animals for treatment,metaphylaxis,prophylaxis,and growth promotion despite being designated a critically important antimicrobial for human medicine by the World Health Organization(WHO)[1].In this correspondence,our objective is to examine the repercussions stemming from the illicit use of colistin in livestock and poultry in Nepal.
文摘Improper disposal of solid waste,predominantly illegal dumping,can lead to severe air and water pollution,land degradation,climate change,and health hazards due to the persistence of hazardous materials.As a result,it is threatening public and animal health,environmental sustainability,and economic development.The One Health approach,which acknowledges the interconnectedness of human,animal,and environmental health,offers a comprehensive solution.This systematic review examines the impact of improper municipal solid waste on fostering One Health approaches at the national level of Ethiopia by identifying key challenges and opportunities.Publications were retrieved from peer-reviewed,indexed journal publications,government documents(policies,proclamations,regulations,and guidelines),and credible non-governmental organization publications from selected electronic databases(Google scholar,PubMed,EMBASE,Global Health,Web of Science,etc.),and governmental offices.Despite efforts to advance the One Health approach in Ethiopia through the formation of the National One Health Steering Committee and technical working groups,implementation is hindered by challenges such as poor sectoral integration,insufficient advocacy,financial constraints,and limited research.These challenges contribute to worsening zoonotic and infectious diseases and environmental issues due to inadequate solid waste management.Nonetheless,opportunities exist through One Health integration via holistic programs,interdisciplinary collaboration,community engagement,policy enhancement,institutional capacity building,and public-private partnerships.Therefore,enhancing sectoral integration and increasing advocacy efforts and securing financial support is necessary to back waste management initiatives and related research.Further research is crucial to understand the impact of solid waste management and the potential benefits of the One Health approach in Ethiopia.
文摘One Health is an integrative approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human,animal,and environmental health,advocating for collaborative,multidisciplinary efforts to address health challenges,particularly amid globalization and emerging threats.This paper examines the integration of One Health principles into global health education,highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative pedagogical approaches.It evaluates various teaching methods,including problem-based learning(PBL),team-based learning(TBL),simulation-based education(SBE),case-based learning(CBL),interdisciplinary workshops and seminars(IWS),and service-learning(SL),analyzing their strengths and weaknesses in fostering interdisciplinary understanding and practical application of One Health concepts.While these methods enhance learning by promoting critical thinking,collaboration,and real-world application,they also face challenges such as resource constraints,variability in group dynamics,and the complexity of assessing long-term learning outcomes.The paper also discusses the role of global partnerships,such as the Global One Health Research Partnership(GOHRP),in advancing One Health education through collaborative research and educational initiatives.Addressing challenges in curriculum integration and interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial for the effective implementation of One Health education,ensuring that future health professionals are equipped to tackle complex global health challenges.
基金supported by the Major projects of the National Social Science Fund of China[grant number 20&ZD201].
文摘One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores the theoretical foundations,practical applications,and ethical considerations of the One Health governance architecture.At the theoretical level,One Health governance invites systems thinking and involves collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders,applying across multi-layered scenarios and requires public-private partnership(PPP).This governance architecture transcends traditional anthropocentrism and shifts towards ecocentrism,highlighting the integrity of ecosystems and the deep prevention of diseases.Selected case studies illustrate the implementation of One Health initiatives,such as shared water resources,disease surveillance programmes,and sustainable environmental health interventions,demonstrating the added value of a collaborative efforts across sectors and regions.Ethical considerations are integral to decision-making and actions of One Health governance,with a focus on equity,inclusivity and accountability,providing moral guidelines to prioritize the health of vulnerable populations and ecosystems.Through these efforts,One Health governance is expected to improve public health globally,promote sustainable development,and achieve a harmonious coexistence of human,animal,and environmental health.
基金supported by grants from the Novo Nordisk Foundation(grant number NNF16OC0021856:Global Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance)the European Commission(grant number 874735:VEO).
文摘Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a significant and growing threat to human health.A recent United Nations General Assembly declaration highlights that those in need must have sustained access to effective treatments.In the absence of a reliable supply of new drugs,pressure on existing drugs can be reduced by minimising demand.Routes to reducing demand include:promotion of WASH(access to clean water,sanitation and hygiene)and Universal Health Coverage(UHC);improved infection control in health care settings;and continued efforts to curtail drug use in agriculture.This is a One Health strategy,requiring coordinated action across the human,livestock and environmental sectors.
