On the backdrop of dwindling conventional reserves,unconventional reservoirs have emerged as a pivotal chapter in resource extraction.Despite their challenges,such as low permeability,complex fluid storage,and flow me...On the backdrop of dwindling conventional reserves,unconventional reservoirs have emerged as a pivotal chapter in resource extraction.Despite their challenges,such as low permeability,complex fluid storage,and flow mechanisms,hydraulic fracturing technology has underpinned the development of unconventional reservoirs.Consequently,this has brought about a shift in the sequence of flow regimes,e.g.,the transient radial flow regime has been largely shortened by the lengthy transient linear flow regime due to the low permeability of unconventional reservoirs.Moreover,straight-line analysis(SLA),the simplest technique in rate transient analysis(RTA),is a fundamental and potent tool for swiftly extracting reservoir and hydraulic fracture information,estimating oil and gas reserves,and furnishing crucial initial data for subsequent historical matching processes.However,there is currently a dearth of review papers pertaining to a necessary guide of applying SLA in various transient linear flow(TLF)regimes and different unconventional reservoirs.Hence,this paper commences by elucidating the classification of TLF regimes,commonly used methods for recognizing flow regimes,and the diverse SLA methods used for different TLF regimes.Subsequently,it delves into a discussion of different modification techniques for variable rate/flowing pressure,gas phase,complex reservoir characteristics in unconventional reservoirs,and dynamic drainage area concepts etc.Furthermore,the application of SLA in specific domains,namely core analysis and the flowback period,is described.It culminates by surveying the advancements through an integration of novel technologies to enhance estimation accuracy.The paper also highlights certain drawbacks of current SLA technology and proposes new research directions.Ultimately,this paper would serve as an indispensable resource,offering foundational knowledge for the application of SLA in TLF to promote the production of global unconventional resources in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable fa展开更多
Offshore wind energy,as a form of renewable power,has seen rapid development in recent years.While fixedbottom wind turbines are typically used in water depths less than 50 m,the utilization of floating offshore wind ...Offshore wind energy,as a form of renewable power,has seen rapid development in recent years.While fixedbottom wind turbines are typically used in water depths less than 50 m,the utilization of floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)becomes essential for deeper waters.Secure and effective mooring systems play a crucial role in making FOWTs commercially viable.The concept of a shared mooring system offers an innovative solution for deploying floating wind farms in clusters or arrays,which can reduce overall construction costs for large-scale floating wind farms.It is imperative to optimize the shared mooring arrangement for maximum cost-effectiveness and wind farm stability.However,implementing a shared mooring system introduces complexity to the dynamics of FOWTs,requiring the development of advanced simulation tools to meet modelling requirements.Under the shared mooring arrangement,mooring lines and anchors face more significant challenges,such as chain-seabed interactions,soil cyclic weakening,and anchor out-of-plane loading,which underscore the need for innovative,reliable,and efficient shared anchor designs.This article offers an overview of the current research status on shared mooring systems for floating wind farms,which might serve as a valuable reference for the construction of large-scale floating wind farms worldwide.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)represent one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their exceptional attributes such as high voltages,potent power capabilities,and cost-effectiveness...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)represent one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their exceptional attributes such as high voltages,potent power capabilities,and cost-effectiveness.Nonetheless,challenges arise from the sluggish kinetics and significant volume expansion observed during the insertion/extraction of large-radii potassium ions,leading to subpar rate performance and considerable capacity degradation in potassium-ion batteries.Consequently,it becomes imperative to explore advanced anode materials exhibiting high electrochemical activity and robust structural stability.In this regard,the present review focuses on recent progress in metal-organic compounds(MOCs)as anode materials for potassium-ion batteries,systematically discussing their outstanding merits from the perspective of metal speciation.Additionally,the principal mechanism of K ion storage within relevant MOCs is presented.Furthermore,a comprehensive summary of existing drawbacks that hinder the broader application of MOCs-based materials is provided,along with proposed guidelines and strategies for addressing the inferior performance characteristics.This review serves to illuminate the development of MOCs-based anode materials for potassium-ion batteries and offers a valuable reference for future research endeavors.展开更多
Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells(MS-SOFCs)own advantages of high performance,fast start-up,thermal cycle stability,easy sealing,and reduced material cost.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the...Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells(MS-SOFCs)own advantages of high performance,fast start-up,thermal cycle stability,easy sealing,and reduced material cost.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the development of MS-SOFCs,particularly with respect to improved electrochemical performance,long-term stability,and industrial production.Previous studies have mainly focused on stainless steel-based MS-SOFCs,with an emphasis on the development of low-temperature preparation processes,antioxidant coatings,stable electrodes,and the direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuels.Notably,Ceres Power and GE have successfully commercialized MS-SOFCs and have constant cooperated with several institutions and companies,such as Jülich Research Center,Weichai and Cummins,to promote the performance and expand the market of MS-SOFC.Looking ahead,this review paper provides an outlook on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.展开更多
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell,as a novel energy device,exhibits a wide array of potential applications.This paper offers a comprehensive review and discussion of modeling and control strategies for fuel cell ...The proton exchange membrane fuel cell,as a novel energy device,exhibits a wide array of potential applications.This paper offers a comprehensive review and discussion of modeling and control strategies for fuel cell systems.It commences with a concise introduction to the structure and principles of fuel cells.Subsequently,it outlines modeling approaches for various fuel cell subsystems,encompassing the fuel cell stack,air supply system,hydrogen supply system,thermal management system,and water management system.Following this,it conducts a comparative analysis and discussion of prevalent control strategies for the aforementioned subsystems.Lastly,the paper outlines future research trends and directions in the modeling and control strategies of fuel cells.The aim of this paper is to provide ideas and inspirations for the design and management of membrane fuel cell systems from control aspects.展开更多
Decisive steps in innovation and competitiveness are needed to meet global greenhouse gas emissions and climate goals.As an effective method for reducing carbon emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2))storage and utilization ...Decisive steps in innovation and competitiveness are needed to meet global greenhouse gas emissions and climate goals.As an effective method for reducing carbon emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2))storage and utilization on the seabed enable the transport of captured CO_(2)via pipelines or ships to permanent storage sites,such as saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs in subsea sediments,or by injecting CO_(2)for the replacement and displacement of subsea resources(oil,gas,gas hydrates,etc.).Subsea CO_(2)utilization and storage(SCUS)involves several research hotspots worldwide,including international and local laws and regulations,security,economics,environmental impact,and public acceptance.Its current research and engineering progress are also of great interest.In addition,the vigorous implementation of the energy transition and the rapid development of renewable energy sources globally have resulted in significant advancements in SCUS.This paper provides an overview of carbon dioxide storage and utilization mechanism in the seabed,analyzes key technical and economic issues,and summarizes existing research on safety risks,monitoring technologies,and investment and operating cost control to identify remaining knowledge gaps.This is followed by an overview of global engineering practice to update on current progress.Finally,combined with the actualities of China,the potential and trend of China's seabed carbon storage and utilization are summarized.This review demonstrates the enormous development prospects for seabed carbon storage and utilization,although some risks remain including leakage and contamination,with which innovation in monitoring technologies and the self-sealing effect of gas hydrate,safe subsea utilization and storage of CO_(2)can be achieved.Additionally,considering the development of renewable energy and the demand for large-scale energy storage,hydrogen,ammonia,or other energy carriers and carbon dioxide storage and utilization can be coupled into an industrial chain to form an econom展开更多
Climate change and energy shortage crisis promptly necessitate achievement of sustainable development goals.However,there is no straightforward pathways for low-carbon transformation on building sectors,and energy/car...Climate change and energy shortage crisis promptly necessitate achievement of sustainable development goals.However,there is no straightforward pathways for low-carbon transformation on building sectors,and energy/carbon trading and reverse promotion on decarbonization strategies are not clear.In this study,a literature enumeration method with dialectical analysis was adopted for state-of-the-art literature review and comparison.Low-carbon transformation pathways in buildings were holistically reviewed,with a series of integrated techniques,such as energy saving,clean energy supply,flexible demand response for high self-consumption,and even smart electric vehicle(EV)integration.Afterwards,energy/carbon flows and trading in building-related systems were provided,such as peer-to-peer energy trading,building and thermal/power grids,building and energyintegrated EVs,and carbon trading in buildings.Last but not the least,worldwide decarbonization roadmaps across regions and countries are analysed,to identify the most critical aspects and immediate actions on decarbonization.Results indicate that tradeoff strategies are required to compromise the confliction between insufficient feed-in tariff(FiT)incentives(low renewable penetration in the market)and great economic pressures(high investment in renewable systems).Low-carbon building pathway is further enhanced with first priority given to passive/active energy-saving strategies,onsite clean energy supply and then flexible demand response.Energy/carbon trading will significantly affect renewable energy utilization,and acceptance from end-users to actively install renewable systems or participate in EV interactions.Worldwide decarbonization pathways mainly focus on industries,transportation,buildings,renewable sources,carbon sink and carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS).This study can contribute to technical roadmaps and strategies on carbon neutrality transition in both academia and industry,together with advanced policies in grid feed-in tariff,energy/carbon tr展开更多
Designing low-cost,high-performing electrocatalysts is key to green energy development,yet relying solely on the"synthesis-characterization"catalyst screening model is time-consuming and costly.There are two...Designing low-cost,high-performing electrocatalysts is key to green energy development,yet relying solely on the"synthesis-characterization"catalyst screening model is time-consuming and costly.There are two main applications for Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations in electrochemical reactions:explaining mechanisms and predicting performance,which play important roles in fabricating robust electrocatalysts.MD simulations of electrocatalysis include the adsorption and desorption of reactants,intermediates,and products in this review.The structural changes in active centers under various electric field states,the effects of alkali metal cations,common anions,and pH effects in the electrolyte on the electrocatalytic process are also discussed to reveal the reaction mechanism.Then the prediction of the catalysts performance in specific reaction using MD simulations are introduced.Finally,the optimization and challenges of MD techniques are discussed.展开更多
Porous volumetric solar receivers are one type of solar receivers that can volumetrically absorb solar radiation and achieve efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion.Porous volumetric solar receivers have been dev...Porous volumetric solar receivers are one type of solar receivers that can volumetrically absorb solar radiation and achieve efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion.Porous volumetric solar receivers have been developed since 1980s.In this review,we focus on the development progress of the atmospheric and pressurized porous volumetric solar receivers,in which the structural designs,the material selections,the experimental research methods,the comparison of thermal performance,and the transient response characteristic of the receivers were reviewed.On the other hand,the theoretical research methods including the direct pore-scale and volume averaging simulations were introduced.The pore-scale reconstruction method and the procedure to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer processes at the pore-scale were presented.For the volume averaging method,detailed descriptions for the selection of empirical parameters in the governing equations to be solved were summarized.Typical research results based on these methods were presented and research limitations were also pointed out.Furthermore,the methods for the enhancement of volumetric absorption and the improvement of thermal efficiency of the receivers have been comprehensively reviewed.Two methods including geometrical parameters optimization and spectrally selective absorption were presented in detail.This review will provide a better understanding of the development and research methods for porous volumetric solar receivers,and inspire future studies for the performance improvement of the receivers.展开更多
Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are widely recognized as efficient energy sources that have the potential to shape the future of energy development.Among various types of SOFCs,the low-temperature operation of protoncond...Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are widely recognized as efficient energy sources that have the potential to shape the future of energy development.Among various types of SOFCs,the low-temperature operation of protonconducting SOFCs(H–SOFCs)offers distinct advantages for wide commercialization compared to oxygen-ion conducting SOFCs(O–SOFCs).However,the commercialization of H–SOFCs is hindered by several challenges,including slow oxygen reduction kinetics and long-term instability of cathode materials.The electrochemical performance of the cathode system in H–SOFCs is limited by the poor proton conductivity of the cathode material and the scarcity of surface reaction sites.Additionally,the presence of undesirable phases induced by elements such as Cr and CO_(2)adversely affects the chemical stability and catalytic activity of the cathode.Thermal stress arising from the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the cathode and electrolyte further adds to the challenges.Therefore,this comprehensive review presents underlying mechanisms and potential solutions to overcome the challenges in H–SOFCs,leading to higher efficiency and wider commercialization of H–SOFCs.展开更多
One of the most important solutions to overcome energy and environmental problems and to replace the fossil fuel-based economy could be the use of photosynthetic microorganisms.The use of photosynthetic microorganisms...One of the most important solutions to overcome energy and environmental problems and to replace the fossil fuel-based economy could be the use of photosynthetic microorganisms.The use of photosynthetic microorganisms is a potential alternative to energy generation from fossil fuels because they efficiently produce hydrogen(H_(2)).Immobilization of photosynthetic microorganisms is used for many biotechnological applications such as H_(2) production.This method appears attractive because it restricts cell movement in an entrapped matrix.Immobilization of Rhodopseudomonas sp.S16-VOGS3 cells is a promising way to improve H_(2) production.In this work,the ability of immobilized Rhodopseudomonas sp.S16-VOGS3 cells to produce H_(2) was investigated in two types of PBRs.The PBRs used in this work were a cylindrical one with 0.2 L working volume(C-PBR)and a flat Roux type with 0.6 L working volume(FRT-PBR).The calcium alginate beads prepared were resistant to culture mixing and showed little leakage of cells,and the immobilized cells continued the photofermentation process in both PBRs.The immobilized cells in the C-PBR produced 936.8 mL of H_(2) with an average H_(2) production rate of 2.99 mL/h.The average productivity was 126.4μL(H_(2))/mg(cells)/h or 14.96 mL(H_(2))/L(culture)/h,and the light conversion efficiency was 2.37%.The immobilized cells in the FRT-PBR produced a total of 662.2 mL of H_(2) with an average H_(2) production rate of 1.55 mL/h.The average productivity was 31.1μL(H_(2))/mg(cells)/h or 2.58 mL(H_(2))/L(culture)/h,and the light conversion efficiency was 0.52%.The more uniform and therefore more efficient degree of bacterial cell mixing achieved in the C-PBR with cylindrical configuration played an important role compared to the FRT-PBR.In the FRT-PBR,the beads were aggregated at the bottom,which limited light penetration and resulted in low H_(2) production efficiency.展开更多
The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current wor...The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current world energy consumption.Thus,low-carbon clean technologies,like underground coal gasification(UCG),ought to play a vital role in energy supply and ensuring energy security in the foreseeable future.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the world's development of UCG for enhanced hydrogen production.It is revealed that the world has an active interest in decarbonizing the coal industry for hydrogen-oriented research in the context of UCG.While research is ongoing in multiple coal-rich nations,China dominates the world's efforts in both industrial-scale UCG pilots and laboratory experiments.A variety of coal ranks were tested in UCG for enhanced hydrogen output,and the possibilities of linking UCG with other prospective technologies had been proposed and critically scrutinized.Moreover,it is found that transborder collaborations are in dire need to propel a faster commercialization of UCG in an ever-more carbon-conscious world.Furthermore,governmental and financial support is necessary to incentivize further UCG development for large-scale hydrogen production.展开更多
With the advantages of intrinsic safety,good affordability,environmental friendliness,moderate energy density,and large power density,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have gained considerable research interest.However...With the advantages of intrinsic safety,good affordability,environmental friendliness,moderate energy density,and large power density,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have gained considerable research interest.However,zinc dendrites,hydrogen evolution,inert byproducts,and zinc metal corrosion severely hinder practical applications of AZIBs.In order to address these issues,many research works have been carried out to modify the interface between zinc metal anode and aqueous electrolyte.In fact,the interface engineering takes effect at the surface and near the surface of separator.However,a specialized review on the separators of AZIBs is still lacking.Herein,basic requirements of separators and recent advances on the modification strategies including employment of functional groups,establishment of surface coatings,construction of hybrid architectures,regulations of porosity,and utilization of bipolar membrane are reviewed.Besides,the perspectives for further investigations on the separators of AZIBs are outlined.This review could offer useful guidance for the future explorations of separators for AZIBs.展开更多
Over the years,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have attracted significant attention as an emerging energy resource.Microfluidics is a novel technology used to observe the behaviour of NGHs in microchannels directly and has ...Over the years,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have attracted significant attention as an emerging energy resource.Microfluidics is a novel technology used to observe the behaviour of NGHs in microchannels directly and has been applied to hydrates.Gas hydrate distributions and phase transitions are key parameters for exploitation and application.In this paper,advances in related research with microfluidics-based technology are reviewed,including the hydrate phase transition process and its mechanism of influence.Hydrate formation and decomposition directly influence the efficiency and sustainability of exploitation.In addition,studies of the hydrate phase transition provide basic data for future commercial exploitation.Moreover,extended applications,further developments and potential improvements in microfluidic techniques are also discussed.We believe that with an improved understanding of the hydrate phase transition mechanism,commercial exploitation of hydrates can be expected soon.展开更多
Experts have identified natural gas hydrates,which are found in the shallow seabed and beneath permafrost regions,as an energy source(mostly methane)that is greener than other petroleum fuel resources.With their world...Experts have identified natural gas hydrates,which are found in the shallow seabed and beneath permafrost regions,as an energy source(mostly methane)that is greener than other petroleum fuel resources.With their worldwide distribution and abundance,gas hydrates have vast potential to become the next pillar of the energy industry.Although no entity has established methane extraction from hydrates at a commercial scale yet,extensive laboratory experiments have introduced several extraction strategies.Methods such as depressurization,thermal stimulation,and inhibitor injection are likely to disturb seabed integrity,which may result in catastrophic consequences.However,the CO_(2)replacement method is inferred to be preserving the seabed stability,offering an opportunity to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions safely.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the progress of experimental work in developing methane-extraction methods for gas hydrate reservoirs.Depressurization combined with thermal stimulation can be proposed as a viable methane extraction method based on laboratory-scale experiments,however,a sustainable extraction method is yet to be developed to fieldscale when both economic and environmental perspectives are considered.A handful of field production runs have delivered positive outcomes to establish the exploitability of natural hydrate reservoirs,but thorough investigations and scientific collaborations are needed to develop hydrate accumulations as a commercially viable energy source.展开更多
Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evo...Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evolve in electrochemical reactions,undesired blockage of active sites and ion conducting pathways result in serious energy losses.Since new advances are made with the development of new theories,materials,and techniques,this review discusses the recent works on promoting bubble removal in electrochemical systems with the aim of guiding and motivating future research in this area.We first provide the mechanism of bubble evolution in electrochemical systems and the resultant overpotentials in detail.Then,recent advances in mitigating bubble issues are presented from the perspectives of passive and active strategies.Passive strategies act on the macro-and micro-structures of the electrode,surface wettability,and electrolyte properties.Active strategies employ out-fields,including flowing electrolytes,acoustic fields,magnetic forces,and photothermal effects,to guide bubbles out of reaction sites aiming at high reaction rates,whereas external energy is needed.Finally,the pros and cons of both strategies and future outlooks are presented.This review leads to design guidelines for highperformance gas-evolving electrochemical systems.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are promising power sources owing to their high-power/energy densities and low pollution emissions.With the increasing demand for electricity for various low-power devices,sm...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are promising power sources owing to their high-power/energy densities and low pollution emissions.With the increasing demand for electricity for various low-power devices,small-scale storage of electricity encountered bottle-neck,which provides new opportunities for PEMFC.Owing to the high specific energy of PEMFCs,the utilization of this technology for small-scale applications has recently attracted significant attention.In recent years,considerable effort has been made to advance PEMFC technology and applications,especially in the small-scale PEMFC commercial market.The current review provides a holistic overview of the cutting-edge developments of small-scale PEMFCs in the transportation,stationary,and portable power generator fields.In particular,we examine current literature on the development of small-scale PEMFCs and discuss the operating complexity of PEMFC systems for different applications.Finally,we provide a forwardlooking perspective on the strategies for small-scale high-specific-power PEMFC systems.展开更多
CO_(2) geological utilization and storage(CGUS)is an important technology to achieve a deep cut of global CO_(2) emissions.CO_(2) leakage from the subsurface may impair the performance of CGUS projects,and the CO_(2) ...CO_(2) geological utilization and storage(CGUS)is an important technology to achieve a deep cut of global CO_(2) emissions.CO_(2) leakage from the subsurface may impair the performance of CGUS projects,and the CO_(2) leakage through wellbores is the most common leakage pathway.This paper proposes a workflow for wellbore CO_(2) leakage risk management,and the workflow consists of the following steps:i)leakage risk identification;ii)leakage risk evaluation;iii)leakage risk monitoring;iv)leakage handling.Representative approaches in each step of the workflow are systematically reviewed.Key challenges of wellbore CO_(2) leakage risk management include:lack of effective detection and evaluation approaches to tackle the CO_(2) leakage risk induced by cement failure;lack of low-cost acid resistance alloys and CO_(2)-resistant cement;lack of automated monitoring systems that could enable automated shutdowns of the wellbore whenever certain warning criteria are met.展开更多
Optical tweezers system has emerged as an efficient tool to manipulate tiny particles in a non-invasive way.Trapping stiffness,as an essential parameter of an optical potential well,represents the trapping stability.A...Optical tweezers system has emerged as an efficient tool to manipulate tiny particles in a non-invasive way.Trapping stiffness,as an essential parameter of an optical potential well,represents the trapping stability.Additionally,trapping inorganic nanoparticles such as metallic nanoparticles or other functionalized inorganic nanoparticles is important due to their properties of good stability,high conductivity,tolerable toxicity,etc.,which makes it an ideal detection strategy for bio-sensing,force calculation,and determination of particle and environmental properties.However,the trapping stiffness measurement(TSM)methods of inorganic nanoparticles have rarely been analyzed and summarized.Here,in this review,the principle and methods of TSM are analyzed.We also systematically summarize the progress in acquiring inorganic particles trapping stiffness and its promising applications.In addition,we provide prospects of the energy and environment applications of optical tweezering technique and TSM.Finally,the challenges and future directions of achieving the nanoparticles trapping stiffness are discussed.展开更多
Hydrogen energy,the cleanest fuel,presents extensive applications in renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells.However,the transition process from carbon-based(fossil fuel)energy to desired hydrogen energy is u...Hydrogen energy,the cleanest fuel,presents extensive applications in renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells.However,the transition process from carbon-based(fossil fuel)energy to desired hydrogen energy is usually hindered by inevitable scientific,technological,and economic obstacles,which mainly involves complex hydrocarbon reforming reactions.Hence,this paper provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis focusing on the hydrocarbon reforming mechanism.Accordingly,recent related studies are summarized to clarify the intrinsic difference among the reforming mechanism.Aiming to objectively assess the activated catalyst and deactivation mechanism,the rate-determining steps of reforming process have been emphasized,summarized,and analyzed.Specifically,the effect of metals and supports on individual reaction processes is discussed followed by the metalsupport interaction.Current tendency and research map could be established to promote the technology development and expansion of hydrocarbon reforming field.This review could be considered as the guideline for academics and industry designing appropriate catalysts.展开更多
基金support from the China Scholarship Council(CSC)the University of Calgary.
文摘On the backdrop of dwindling conventional reserves,unconventional reservoirs have emerged as a pivotal chapter in resource extraction.Despite their challenges,such as low permeability,complex fluid storage,and flow mechanisms,hydraulic fracturing technology has underpinned the development of unconventional reservoirs.Consequently,this has brought about a shift in the sequence of flow regimes,e.g.,the transient radial flow regime has been largely shortened by the lengthy transient linear flow regime due to the low permeability of unconventional reservoirs.Moreover,straight-line analysis(SLA),the simplest technique in rate transient analysis(RTA),is a fundamental and potent tool for swiftly extracting reservoir and hydraulic fracture information,estimating oil and gas reserves,and furnishing crucial initial data for subsequent historical matching processes.However,there is currently a dearth of review papers pertaining to a necessary guide of applying SLA in various transient linear flow(TLF)regimes and different unconventional reservoirs.Hence,this paper commences by elucidating the classification of TLF regimes,commonly used methods for recognizing flow regimes,and the diverse SLA methods used for different TLF regimes.Subsequently,it delves into a discussion of different modification techniques for variable rate/flowing pressure,gas phase,complex reservoir characteristics in unconventional reservoirs,and dynamic drainage area concepts etc.Furthermore,the application of SLA in specific domains,namely core analysis and the flowback period,is described.It culminates by surveying the advancements through an integration of novel technologies to enhance estimation accuracy.The paper also highlights certain drawbacks of current SLA technology and proposes new research directions.Ultimately,this paper would serve as an indispensable resource,offering foundational knowledge for the application of SLA in TLF to promote the production of global unconventional resources in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable fa
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52101334)the European Commission(HORIZON-MSCA-2022-PF-01,101108745)+1 种基金the Research Council of Norway(SFI BLUES project,309281)the Open Fund from Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Offshore Geotechnics and Material(OGME21003,OGME22001).
文摘Offshore wind energy,as a form of renewable power,has seen rapid development in recent years.While fixedbottom wind turbines are typically used in water depths less than 50 m,the utilization of floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs)becomes essential for deeper waters.Secure and effective mooring systems play a crucial role in making FOWTs commercially viable.The concept of a shared mooring system offers an innovative solution for deploying floating wind farms in clusters or arrays,which can reduce overall construction costs for large-scale floating wind farms.It is imperative to optimize the shared mooring arrangement for maximum cost-effectiveness and wind farm stability.However,implementing a shared mooring system introduces complexity to the dynamics of FOWTs,requiring the development of advanced simulation tools to meet modelling requirements.Under the shared mooring arrangement,mooring lines and anchors face more significant challenges,such as chain-seabed interactions,soil cyclic weakening,and anchor out-of-plane loading,which underscore the need for innovative,reliable,and efficient shared anchor designs.This article offers an overview of the current research status on shared mooring systems for floating wind farms,which might serve as a valuable reference for the construction of large-scale floating wind farms worldwide.
基金the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52277219,61974072).
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)represent one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their exceptional attributes such as high voltages,potent power capabilities,and cost-effectiveness.Nonetheless,challenges arise from the sluggish kinetics and significant volume expansion observed during the insertion/extraction of large-radii potassium ions,leading to subpar rate performance and considerable capacity degradation in potassium-ion batteries.Consequently,it becomes imperative to explore advanced anode materials exhibiting high electrochemical activity and robust structural stability.In this regard,the present review focuses on recent progress in metal-organic compounds(MOCs)as anode materials for potassium-ion batteries,systematically discussing their outstanding merits from the perspective of metal speciation.Additionally,the principal mechanism of K ion storage within relevant MOCs is presented.Furthermore,a comprehensive summary of existing drawbacks that hinder the broader application of MOCs-based materials is provided,along with proposed guidelines and strategies for addressing the inferior performance characteristics.This review serves to illuminate the development of MOCs-based anode materials for potassium-ion batteries and offers a valuable reference for future research endeavors.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.52206280).
文摘Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells(MS-SOFCs)own advantages of high performance,fast start-up,thermal cycle stability,easy sealing,and reduced material cost.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the development of MS-SOFCs,particularly with respect to improved electrochemical performance,long-term stability,and industrial production.Previous studies have mainly focused on stainless steel-based MS-SOFCs,with an emphasis on the development of low-temperature preparation processes,antioxidant coatings,stable electrodes,and the direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuels.Notably,Ceres Power and GE have successfully commercialized MS-SOFCs and have constant cooperated with several institutions and companies,such as Jülich Research Center,Weichai and Cummins,to promote the performance and expand the market of MS-SOFC.Looking ahead,this review paper provides an outlook on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62373340).
文摘The proton exchange membrane fuel cell,as a novel energy device,exhibits a wide array of potential applications.This paper offers a comprehensive review and discussion of modeling and control strategies for fuel cell systems.It commences with a concise introduction to the structure and principles of fuel cells.Subsequently,it outlines modeling approaches for various fuel cell subsystems,encompassing the fuel cell stack,air supply system,hydrogen supply system,thermal management system,and water management system.Following this,it conducts a comparative analysis and discussion of prevalent control strategies for the aforementioned subsystems.Lastly,the paper outlines future research trends and directions in the modeling and control strategies of fuel cells.The aim of this paper is to provide ideas and inspirations for the design and management of membrane fuel cell systems from control aspects.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge for financial support of the project from Henan Institute for Chinese Development Strategy of Engineering&Technology(Grant No.2022HENZDA02)Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2602021YFH0010)China Scholarship Council(CSC File No.201808510186).
文摘Decisive steps in innovation and competitiveness are needed to meet global greenhouse gas emissions and climate goals.As an effective method for reducing carbon emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2))storage and utilization on the seabed enable the transport of captured CO_(2)via pipelines or ships to permanent storage sites,such as saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs in subsea sediments,or by injecting CO_(2)for the replacement and displacement of subsea resources(oil,gas,gas hydrates,etc.).Subsea CO_(2)utilization and storage(SCUS)involves several research hotspots worldwide,including international and local laws and regulations,security,economics,environmental impact,and public acceptance.Its current research and engineering progress are also of great interest.In addition,the vigorous implementation of the energy transition and the rapid development of renewable energy sources globally have resulted in significant advancements in SCUS.This paper provides an overview of carbon dioxide storage and utilization mechanism in the seabed,analyzes key technical and economic issues,and summarizes existing research on safety risks,monitoring technologies,and investment and operating cost control to identify remaining knowledge gaps.This is followed by an overview of global engineering practice to update on current progress.Finally,combined with the actualities of China,the potential and trend of China's seabed carbon storage and utilization are summarized.This review demonstrates the enormous development prospects for seabed carbon storage and utilization,although some risks remain including leakage and contamination,with which innovation in monitoring technologies and the self-sealing effect of gas hydrate,safe subsea utilization and storage of CO_(2)can be achieved.Additionally,considering the development of renewable energy and the demand for large-scale energy storage,hydrogen,ammonia,or other energy carriers and carbon dioxide storage and utilization can be coupled into an industrial chain to form an econom
基金supported by The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(Guangzhou)startup grant(G0101000059)supported by Regional joint fund youth fund project(P00038-1002)+2 种基金Basic and Applied Basic Research Project-Guangzhou 2023(P00121-1003)HKUST(GZ)-enterprise cooperation project(R00017-2001)This work was also supported in part by the Project of Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone(HZQB-KCZYB-2020083).
文摘Climate change and energy shortage crisis promptly necessitate achievement of sustainable development goals.However,there is no straightforward pathways for low-carbon transformation on building sectors,and energy/carbon trading and reverse promotion on decarbonization strategies are not clear.In this study,a literature enumeration method with dialectical analysis was adopted for state-of-the-art literature review and comparison.Low-carbon transformation pathways in buildings were holistically reviewed,with a series of integrated techniques,such as energy saving,clean energy supply,flexible demand response for high self-consumption,and even smart electric vehicle(EV)integration.Afterwards,energy/carbon flows and trading in building-related systems were provided,such as peer-to-peer energy trading,building and thermal/power grids,building and energyintegrated EVs,and carbon trading in buildings.Last but not the least,worldwide decarbonization roadmaps across regions and countries are analysed,to identify the most critical aspects and immediate actions on decarbonization.Results indicate that tradeoff strategies are required to compromise the confliction between insufficient feed-in tariff(FiT)incentives(low renewable penetration in the market)and great economic pressures(high investment in renewable systems).Low-carbon building pathway is further enhanced with first priority given to passive/active energy-saving strategies,onsite clean energy supply and then flexible demand response.Energy/carbon trading will significantly affect renewable energy utilization,and acceptance from end-users to actively install renewable systems or participate in EV interactions.Worldwide decarbonization pathways mainly focus on industries,transportation,buildings,renewable sources,carbon sink and carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS).This study can contribute to technical roadmaps and strategies on carbon neutrality transition in both academia and industry,together with advanced policies in grid feed-in tariff,energy/carbon tr
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.51864024,21862011)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.CityU 11206520).
文摘Designing low-cost,high-performing electrocatalysts is key to green energy development,yet relying solely on the"synthesis-characterization"catalyst screening model is time-consuming and costly.There are two main applications for Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations in electrochemical reactions:explaining mechanisms and predicting performance,which play important roles in fabricating robust electrocatalysts.MD simulations of electrocatalysis include the adsorption and desorption of reactants,intermediates,and products in this review.The structural changes in active centers under various electric field states,the effects of alkali metal cations,common anions,and pH effects in the electrolyte on the electrocatalytic process are also discussed to reveal the reaction mechanism.Then the prediction of the catalysts performance in specific reaction using MD simulations are introduced.Finally,the optimization and challenges of MD techniques are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3304001)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi province of China(No.2022GXLH-01-04).
文摘Porous volumetric solar receivers are one type of solar receivers that can volumetrically absorb solar radiation and achieve efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion.Porous volumetric solar receivers have been developed since 1980s.In this review,we focus on the development progress of the atmospheric and pressurized porous volumetric solar receivers,in which the structural designs,the material selections,the experimental research methods,the comparison of thermal performance,and the transient response characteristic of the receivers were reviewed.On the other hand,the theoretical research methods including the direct pore-scale and volume averaging simulations were introduced.The pore-scale reconstruction method and the procedure to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer processes at the pore-scale were presented.For the volume averaging method,detailed descriptions for the selection of empirical parameters in the governing equations to be solved were summarized.Typical research results based on these methods were presented and research limitations were also pointed out.Furthermore,the methods for the enhancement of volumetric absorption and the improvement of thermal efficiency of the receivers have been comprehensively reviewed.Two methods including geometrical parameters optimization and spectrally selective absorption were presented in detail.This review will provide a better understanding of the development and research methods for porous volumetric solar receivers,and inspire future studies for the performance improvement of the receivers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:11875164)National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(Grant No.S202110555264)Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province(No.18KJA430017).
文摘Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are widely recognized as efficient energy sources that have the potential to shape the future of energy development.Among various types of SOFCs,the low-temperature operation of protonconducting SOFCs(H–SOFCs)offers distinct advantages for wide commercialization compared to oxygen-ion conducting SOFCs(O–SOFCs).However,the commercialization of H–SOFCs is hindered by several challenges,including slow oxygen reduction kinetics and long-term instability of cathode materials.The electrochemical performance of the cathode system in H–SOFCs is limited by the poor proton conductivity of the cathode material and the scarcity of surface reaction sites.Additionally,the presence of undesirable phases induced by elements such as Cr and CO_(2)adversely affects the chemical stability and catalytic activity of the cathode.Thermal stress arising from the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the cathode and electrolyte further adds to the challenges.Therefore,this comprehensive review presents underlying mechanisms and potential solutions to overcome the challenges in H–SOFCs,leading to higher efficiency and wider commercialization of H–SOFCs.
基金supported by European Union's Horizon Europe-the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation[grant number 101093150]project LIBRA(Light Based Multisensing Device for Screening of Pathogens and Nutrients in Bioreactors)。
文摘One of the most important solutions to overcome energy and environmental problems and to replace the fossil fuel-based economy could be the use of photosynthetic microorganisms.The use of photosynthetic microorganisms is a potential alternative to energy generation from fossil fuels because they efficiently produce hydrogen(H_(2)).Immobilization of photosynthetic microorganisms is used for many biotechnological applications such as H_(2) production.This method appears attractive because it restricts cell movement in an entrapped matrix.Immobilization of Rhodopseudomonas sp.S16-VOGS3 cells is a promising way to improve H_(2) production.In this work,the ability of immobilized Rhodopseudomonas sp.S16-VOGS3 cells to produce H_(2) was investigated in two types of PBRs.The PBRs used in this work were a cylindrical one with 0.2 L working volume(C-PBR)and a flat Roux type with 0.6 L working volume(FRT-PBR).The calcium alginate beads prepared were resistant to culture mixing and showed little leakage of cells,and the immobilized cells continued the photofermentation process in both PBRs.The immobilized cells in the C-PBR produced 936.8 mL of H_(2) with an average H_(2) production rate of 2.99 mL/h.The average productivity was 126.4μL(H_(2))/mg(cells)/h or 14.96 mL(H_(2))/L(culture)/h,and the light conversion efficiency was 2.37%.The immobilized cells in the FRT-PBR produced a total of 662.2 mL of H_(2) with an average H_(2) production rate of 1.55 mL/h.The average productivity was 31.1μL(H_(2))/mg(cells)/h or 2.58 mL(H_(2))/L(culture)/h,and the light conversion efficiency was 0.52%.The more uniform and therefore more efficient degree of bacterial cell mixing achieved in the C-PBR with cylindrical configuration played an important role compared to the FRT-PBR.In the FRT-PBR,the beads were aggregated at the bottom,which limited light penetration and resulted in low H_(2) production efficiency.
基金funded by PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentThe support of Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,University of Calgary and Reservoir Simulation Group is gratefully acknowledged+1 种基金supported by NSERC/Energi Simulation,AITF(iCore),IBM Thomas J.Watson Research Center,and the Energi Simulation/Frank and Sarah Meyer Collaboration Centre for Visualization and Simulationsupport provided by WestGrid and Compute Canada Calcul Canada.
文摘The world is endowed with a tremendous amount of coal resources,which are unevenly distributed in a few nations.While sustainable energy resources are being developed and deployed,fossil fuels dominate the current world energy consumption.Thus,low-carbon clean technologies,like underground coal gasification(UCG),ought to play a vital role in energy supply and ensuring energy security in the foreseeable future.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the world's development of UCG for enhanced hydrogen production.It is revealed that the world has an active interest in decarbonizing the coal industry for hydrogen-oriented research in the context of UCG.While research is ongoing in multiple coal-rich nations,China dominates the world's efforts in both industrial-scale UCG pilots and laboratory experiments.A variety of coal ranks were tested in UCG for enhanced hydrogen output,and the possibilities of linking UCG with other prospective technologies had been proposed and critically scrutinized.Moreover,it is found that transborder collaborations are in dire need to propel a faster commercialization of UCG in an ever-more carbon-conscious world.Furthermore,governmental and financial support is necessary to incentivize further UCG development for large-scale hydrogen production.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902165)the Program of High-Level Talents in Six Industries of Jiangsu Province(No.XCL-040)the Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor Program.
文摘With the advantages of intrinsic safety,good affordability,environmental friendliness,moderate energy density,and large power density,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have gained considerable research interest.However,zinc dendrites,hydrogen evolution,inert byproducts,and zinc metal corrosion severely hinder practical applications of AZIBs.In order to address these issues,many research works have been carried out to modify the interface between zinc metal anode and aqueous electrolyte.In fact,the interface engineering takes effect at the surface and near the surface of separator.However,a specialized review on the separators of AZIBs is still lacking.Herein,basic requirements of separators and recent advances on the modification strategies including employment of functional groups,establishment of surface coatings,construction of hybrid architectures,regulations of porosity,and utilization of bipolar membrane are reviewed.Besides,the perspectives for further investigations on the separators of AZIBs are outlined.This review could offer useful guidance for the future explorations of separators for AZIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 52176057)supported by the Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate,Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant E129kf1101)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT22LAB103)Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project(JCYJ20220530113011027,JCYJ20220818095605012).
文摘Over the years,natural gas hydrates(NGHs)have attracted significant attention as an emerging energy resource.Microfluidics is a novel technology used to observe the behaviour of NGHs in microchannels directly and has been applied to hydrates.Gas hydrate distributions and phase transitions are key parameters for exploitation and application.In this paper,advances in related research with microfluidics-based technology are reviewed,including the hydrate phase transition process and its mechanism of influence.Hydrate formation and decomposition directly influence the efficiency and sustainability of exploitation.In addition,studies of the hydrate phase transition provide basic data for future commercial exploitation.Moreover,extended applications,further developments and potential improvements in microfluidic techniques are also discussed.We believe that with an improved understanding of the hydrate phase transition mechanism,commercial exploitation of hydrates can be expected soon.
文摘Experts have identified natural gas hydrates,which are found in the shallow seabed and beneath permafrost regions,as an energy source(mostly methane)that is greener than other petroleum fuel resources.With their worldwide distribution and abundance,gas hydrates have vast potential to become the next pillar of the energy industry.Although no entity has established methane extraction from hydrates at a commercial scale yet,extensive laboratory experiments have introduced several extraction strategies.Methods such as depressurization,thermal stimulation,and inhibitor injection are likely to disturb seabed integrity,which may result in catastrophic consequences.However,the CO_(2)replacement method is inferred to be preserving the seabed stability,offering an opportunity to reduce anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions safely.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the progress of experimental work in developing methane-extraction methods for gas hydrate reservoirs.Depressurization combined with thermal stimulation can be proposed as a viable methane extraction method based on laboratory-scale experiments,however,a sustainable extraction method is yet to be developed to fieldscale when both economic and environmental perspectives are considered.A handful of field production runs have delivered positive outcomes to establish the exploitability of natural hydrate reservoirs,but thorough investigations and scientific collaborations are needed to develop hydrate accumulations as a commercially viable energy source.
基金P.Tan thanks the funding support from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085ME155)National Innovative Talents Program(GG2090007001)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Program(KJ2090130001)USTC Startup Program(KY2090000044).
文摘Bubbles are known to affect energy and mass transfer in gas-evolving electrodes,including those in water splitting,chlorine generation,direct methanol fuel cells,and carbon dioxide generation.As bubbles vigorously evolve in electrochemical reactions,undesired blockage of active sites and ion conducting pathways result in serious energy losses.Since new advances are made with the development of new theories,materials,and techniques,this review discusses the recent works on promoting bubble removal in electrochemical systems with the aim of guiding and motivating future research in this area.We first provide the mechanism of bubble evolution in electrochemical systems and the resultant overpotentials in detail.Then,recent advances in mitigating bubble issues are presented from the perspectives of passive and active strategies.Passive strategies act on the macro-and micro-structures of the electrode,surface wettability,and electrolyte properties.Active strategies employ out-fields,including flowing electrolytes,acoustic fields,magnetic forces,and photothermal effects,to guide bubbles out of reaction sites aiming at high reaction rates,whereas external energy is needed.Finally,the pros and cons of both strategies and future outlooks are presented.This review leads to design guidelines for highperformance gas-evolving electrochemical systems.
基金This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52106105)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022TQ0231)the Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students(No.2021YJSB127).
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are promising power sources owing to their high-power/energy densities and low pollution emissions.With the increasing demand for electricity for various low-power devices,small-scale storage of electricity encountered bottle-neck,which provides new opportunities for PEMFC.Owing to the high specific energy of PEMFCs,the utilization of this technology for small-scale applications has recently attracted significant attention.In recent years,considerable effort has been made to advance PEMFC technology and applications,especially in the small-scale PEMFC commercial market.The current review provides a holistic overview of the cutting-edge developments of small-scale PEMFCs in the transportation,stationary,and portable power generator fields.In particular,we examine current literature on the development of small-scale PEMFCs and discuss the operating complexity of PEMFC systems for different applications.Finally,we provide a forwardlooking perspective on the strategies for small-scale high-specific-power PEMFC systems.
基金The authors are grateful for the funding support provided by the Key R&D Program of Inner Mongolia Province of China(2021ZD0034)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1967208 and 42172315)Science and Technology Plan Project of Sichuan Prov-ince(2022YFSY0018).
文摘CO_(2) geological utilization and storage(CGUS)is an important technology to achieve a deep cut of global CO_(2) emissions.CO_(2) leakage from the subsurface may impair the performance of CGUS projects,and the CO_(2) leakage through wellbores is the most common leakage pathway.This paper proposes a workflow for wellbore CO_(2) leakage risk management,and the workflow consists of the following steps:i)leakage risk identification;ii)leakage risk evaluation;iii)leakage risk monitoring;iv)leakage handling.Representative approaches in each step of the workflow are systematically reviewed.Key challenges of wellbore CO_(2) leakage risk management include:lack of effective detection and evaluation approaches to tackle the CO_(2) leakage risk induced by cement failure;lack of low-cost acid resistance alloys and CO_(2)-resistant cement;lack of automated monitoring systems that could enable automated shutdowns of the wellbore whenever certain warning criteria are met.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62275164,61905145,62275168)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1200116)+1 种基金Guangdong Natural Science Foundation and Province Project(2021A1515011916)Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project(ZDSYS20210623092006020).
文摘Optical tweezers system has emerged as an efficient tool to manipulate tiny particles in a non-invasive way.Trapping stiffness,as an essential parameter of an optical potential well,represents the trapping stability.Additionally,trapping inorganic nanoparticles such as metallic nanoparticles or other functionalized inorganic nanoparticles is important due to their properties of good stability,high conductivity,tolerable toxicity,etc.,which makes it an ideal detection strategy for bio-sensing,force calculation,and determination of particle and environmental properties.However,the trapping stiffness measurement(TSM)methods of inorganic nanoparticles have rarely been analyzed and summarized.Here,in this review,the principle and methods of TSM are analyzed.We also systematically summarize the progress in acquiring inorganic particles trapping stiffness and its promising applications.In addition,we provide prospects of the energy and environment applications of optical tweezering technique and TSM.Finally,the challenges and future directions of achieving the nanoparticles trapping stiffness are discussed.
基金This work was financially supported by National Key Research&Development Project of China[2022YFB4002203]National Natural Science Foundation of China[52072135,22005227].
文摘Hydrogen energy,the cleanest fuel,presents extensive applications in renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells.However,the transition process from carbon-based(fossil fuel)energy to desired hydrogen energy is usually hindered by inevitable scientific,technological,and economic obstacles,which mainly involves complex hydrocarbon reforming reactions.Hence,this paper provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis focusing on the hydrocarbon reforming mechanism.Accordingly,recent related studies are summarized to clarify the intrinsic difference among the reforming mechanism.Aiming to objectively assess the activated catalyst and deactivation mechanism,the rate-determining steps of reforming process have been emphasized,summarized,and analyzed.Specifically,the effect of metals and supports on individual reaction processes is discussed followed by the metalsupport interaction.Current tendency and research map could be established to promote the technology development and expansion of hydrocarbon reforming field.This review could be considered as the guideline for academics and industry designing appropriate catalysts.
