The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visib...The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visibility （0-1 km） are 61.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Visibility at GWS shows an evident seasonal variation： The highest visibility between November and March, and the lowest visibility from June to October. Sea fog and precipitation are the main factors for low visibility during summer, whereas frequent adverse weather, such as falling snow, blowing snow, or blizzards, are responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of occurrence of low visibility has decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of high visibility has shown a significant increasing trend, especially during winter. The decreasing tendencies of fog, blowing snow, and snowfall have contributed to the increasing trend of high visibility during winter. Visibility at GWS exhibits significant synoptic-scale （2.1 to 8.3 d）, annual, and inter-annual periods （2 a, 4.1 a, and 6.9 a to 8.2 a）, among which the most significant period is 4.1 a. The visibility observed during 2012 indicates that instrumental observation can be applied in the continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS.展开更多
Haze and fog exhibit different microphysical and optical properties according to Mie scattering theory. Haze particles are smaller than fog droplets. Light of a shorter wavelength is reduced more than that of a longer...Haze and fog exhibit different microphysical and optical properties according to Mie scattering theory. Haze particles are smaller than fog droplets. Light of a shorter wavelength is reduced more than that of a longer wavelength during haze events. In fog, the differences between the extinction coefficients at different wavelengths are not as apparent. On the basis of the different light extinction characteristics of haze and fog, a novel four-wavelength transmissometer based on charge-coupled device （CCD） imaging was designed to distinguish haze from fog with central wavelengths at 415, 516, 650, and 850 nm. The four-wavelength transmissometer was tested in an insitu experiment during the winter of 2009. Fog was determined when the differences of the extinction coefficients at the four wavelengths were not notable, whereas haze was determined when the light at shorter wavelengths was significantly more reduced than that at longer wavelengths. A threshold which describes the relative size of the extinction coefficients at the four wavelengths was defined to distinguish between fog and haze. The four-wavelength transmissometer provided results consistent with the commercial fog monitor during several measurements made in fog and haze events, especially under conditions of low visibility and high relative humidity.展开更多
The aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the Mu Us desert of northern China, acquired through a CE318 sunphotometer of the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET）, are analyzed. The se...The aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the Mu Us desert of northern China, acquired through a CE318 sunphotometer of the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET）, are analyzed. The seasonal variations in the aerosol optical properties are examined. The effect of meteorological elements （pressure, temperature, water vapor pressure, relative humidity and wind speed） on the aerosol optical properties is also studied. Then, the sources and optical properties under two different cases, a dust event and a pollution event, are compared. The results show that the high aerosol optical depth （AOD） found in Yulin was mostly attributed to the occurrence of dust events in spring from the Mu Us desert and deserts of West China and Mongolia, as well as the impacts of anthropogenic pollutant particles from the middle part of China in the other seasons. The seasonal variation and the probability distribution of the radiative forcing and the radiative forcing efficiency at the surface and the top of the atmosphere are analyzed and regressed using the linear and Gaussian regression methods.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41006115,41076128,41106164)the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs(Grant nos.CHINARE2013-02-04,CHINARE2013-01-01)
文摘The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visibility （0-1 km） are 61.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Visibility at GWS shows an evident seasonal variation： The highest visibility between November and March, and the lowest visibility from June to October. Sea fog and precipitation are the main factors for low visibility during summer, whereas frequent adverse weather, such as falling snow, blowing snow, or blizzards, are responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of occurrence of low visibility has decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of high visibility has shown a significant increasing trend, especially during winter. The decreasing tendencies of fog, blowing snow, and snowfall have contributed to the increasing trend of high visibility during winter. Visibility at GWS exhibits significant synoptic-scale （2.1 to 8.3 d）, annual, and inter-annual periods （2 a, 4.1 a, and 6.9 a to 8.2 a）, among which the most significant period is 4.1 a. The visibility observed during 2012 indicates that instrumental observation can be applied in the continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS.
基金Supported by the National (Key) Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China (2011CB403402)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2008Z011)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY200906025)
文摘Haze and fog exhibit different microphysical and optical properties according to Mie scattering theory. Haze particles are smaller than fog droplets. Light of a shorter wavelength is reduced more than that of a longer wavelength during haze events. In fog, the differences between the extinction coefficients at different wavelengths are not as apparent. On the basis of the different light extinction characteristics of haze and fog, a novel four-wavelength transmissometer based on charge-coupled device （CCD） imaging was designed to distinguish haze from fog with central wavelengths at 415, 516, 650, and 850 nm. The four-wavelength transmissometer was tested in an insitu experiment during the winter of 2009. Fog was determined when the differences of the extinction coefficients at the four wavelengths were not notable, whereas haze was determined when the light at shorter wavelengths was significantly more reduced than that at longer wavelengths. A threshold which describes the relative size of the extinction coefficients at the four wavelengths was defined to distinguish between fog and haze. The four-wavelength transmissometer provided results consistent with the commercial fog monitor during several measurements made in fog and haze events, especially under conditions of low visibility and high relative humidity.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Project of Basic Research (2006CB403702 and 2006CB403701)the CAMS Basis Research Project and National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 40405001
文摘The aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the Mu Us desert of northern China, acquired through a CE318 sunphotometer of the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET）, are analyzed. The seasonal variations in the aerosol optical properties are examined. The effect of meteorological elements （pressure, temperature, water vapor pressure, relative humidity and wind speed） on the aerosol optical properties is also studied. Then, the sources and optical properties under two different cases, a dust event and a pollution event, are compared. The results show that the high aerosol optical depth （AOD） found in Yulin was mostly attributed to the occurrence of dust events in spring from the Mu Us desert and deserts of West China and Mongolia, as well as the impacts of anthropogenic pollutant particles from the middle part of China in the other seasons. The seasonal variation and the probability distribution of the radiative forcing and the radiative forcing efficiency at the surface and the top of the atmosphere are analyzed and regressed using the linear and Gaussian regression methods.
