Introduction:The concept of traditional ecological knowledge(TEK),along with synonymous or closely related terms like indigenous knowledge and native science,has some of its origins in literatures on international dev...Introduction:The concept of traditional ecological knowledge(TEK),along with synonymous or closely related terms like indigenous knowledge and native science,has some of its origins in literatures on international development and adaptive management.There is a tendency to want to determine one definition for TEK that can satisfy every stakeholder in every situation.Yet a scan of environmental science and policy literatures reveals there to be differences in definitions that make it difficult to form a consensus.What should be explored instead is the role that the concept of TEK plays in facilitating or discouraging cross-cultural and cross-situational collaboration among actors working for indigenous and non-indigenous institutions of environmental governance,such as tribal natural resources departments,federal agencies working with tribes,and co-management boards.Methods:This is a philosophical paper that explores how the concept of TEK is defined in science and policy literatures and what purpose it serves for improving cooperative environmental and natural resources stewardship and management between indigenous and non-indigenous institutions.The philosophical method applied here is one that outlines numerous possible meanings of a concept(TEK,in this paper)and the implications of each meaning for science and policy.Results:In science and policy literatures,there are different definitions of TEK.Controversy can brew over TEK when people hold definitions that are based on different assumptions.There are two kinds of assumptions about the meaning of TEK.The first kind refers to assumptions about the mobilization of TEK,or what I call knowledge mobilization.The second kind involves assumptions about how to understand the relationship between TEK and disciplines like ecology or biology,or,in other words,the relation between TEK and science.Different positions that fall under the two kinds of assumptions(knowledge mobilization;TEK and science)can generate disagreements because they imply differences about“whose�展开更多
Operating System(OS)is a critical piece of software that manages a computer’s hardware and resources,acting as the intermediary between the computer and the user.The existing OS is not designed for Big Data and Cloud...Operating System(OS)is a critical piece of software that manages a computer’s hardware and resources,acting as the intermediary between the computer and the user.The existing OS is not designed for Big Data and Cloud Computing,resulting in data processing and management inefficiency.This paper proposes a simplified and improved kernel on an x86 system designed for Big Data and Cloud Computing purposes.The proposed algorithm utilizes the performance benefits from the improved Input/Output(I/O)performance.The performance engineering runs the data-oriented design on traditional data management to improve data processing speed by reducing memory access overheads in conventional data management.The OS incorporates a data-oriented design to“modernize”various Data Science and management aspects.The resulting OS contains a basic input/output system(BIOS)bootloader that boots into Intel 32-bit protected mode,a text display terminal,4 GB paging memory,4096 heap block size,a Hard Disk Drive(HDD)I/O Advanced Technology Attachment(ATA)driver and more.There are also I/O scheduling algorithm prototypes that demonstrate how a simple Sweeping algorithm is superior to more conventionally known I/O scheduling algorithms.A MapReduce prototype is implemented using Message Passing Interface(MPI)for big data purposes.An attempt was made to optimize binary search using modern performance engineering and data-oriented design.展开更多
基金I wish to thank Kristie Dotson,Michael O'Rourke,Nicholas Reo,and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on this paper.
文摘Introduction:The concept of traditional ecological knowledge(TEK),along with synonymous or closely related terms like indigenous knowledge and native science,has some of its origins in literatures on international development and adaptive management.There is a tendency to want to determine one definition for TEK that can satisfy every stakeholder in every situation.Yet a scan of environmental science and policy literatures reveals there to be differences in definitions that make it difficult to form a consensus.What should be explored instead is the role that the concept of TEK plays in facilitating or discouraging cross-cultural and cross-situational collaboration among actors working for indigenous and non-indigenous institutions of environmental governance,such as tribal natural resources departments,federal agencies working with tribes,and co-management boards.Methods:This is a philosophical paper that explores how the concept of TEK is defined in science and policy literatures and what purpose it serves for improving cooperative environmental and natural resources stewardship and management between indigenous and non-indigenous institutions.The philosophical method applied here is one that outlines numerous possible meanings of a concept(TEK,in this paper)and the implications of each meaning for science and policy.Results:In science and policy literatures,there are different definitions of TEK.Controversy can brew over TEK when people hold definitions that are based on different assumptions.There are two kinds of assumptions about the meaning of TEK.The first kind refers to assumptions about the mobilization of TEK,or what I call knowledge mobilization.The second kind involves assumptions about how to understand the relationship between TEK and disciplines like ecology or biology,or,in other words,the relation between TEK and science.Different positions that fall under the two kinds of assumptions(knowledge mobilization;TEK and science)can generate disagreements because they imply differences about“whose�
文摘Operating System(OS)is a critical piece of software that manages a computer’s hardware and resources,acting as the intermediary between the computer and the user.The existing OS is not designed for Big Data and Cloud Computing,resulting in data processing and management inefficiency.This paper proposes a simplified and improved kernel on an x86 system designed for Big Data and Cloud Computing purposes.The proposed algorithm utilizes the performance benefits from the improved Input/Output(I/O)performance.The performance engineering runs the data-oriented design on traditional data management to improve data processing speed by reducing memory access overheads in conventional data management.The OS incorporates a data-oriented design to“modernize”various Data Science and management aspects.The resulting OS contains a basic input/output system(BIOS)bootloader that boots into Intel 32-bit protected mode,a text display terminal,4 GB paging memory,4096 heap block size,a Hard Disk Drive(HDD)I/O Advanced Technology Attachment(ATA)driver and more.There are also I/O scheduling algorithm prototypes that demonstrate how a simple Sweeping algorithm is superior to more conventionally known I/O scheduling algorithms.A MapReduce prototype is implemented using Message Passing Interface(MPI)for big data purposes.An attempt was made to optimize binary search using modern performance engineering and data-oriented design.
