Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective f...Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective first-line therapy.Unfortunately,the development of drug resistance to sorafenib is becoming increasingly common.This study aims to identify factors contributing to resistance and ways to mitigate resistance.Recent studies have shown that epigenetics,transport processes,regulated cell death,and the tumor microenvironment are involved in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression.This study summarizes discoveries achieved recently in terms of the principles of sorafenib resistance and outlines approaches suitable for improving therapeutic outcomes for HCC patients.展开更多
Using a dedicated data sample taken in 2018 on the J/ψpeak,we perform a detailed study of the trigger efficiencies of the BESIII detector.The efficiencies are determined from three representative physics processes,na...Using a dedicated data sample taken in 2018 on the J/ψpeak,we perform a detailed study of the trigger efficiencies of the BESIII detector.The efficiencies are determined from three representative physics processes,namely Bhabha scattering,dimuon production and generic hadronic events with charged particles.The combined efficiency of all active triggers approaches 100%in most cases,with uncertainties small enough not to affect most physics analyses.展开更多
The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via...The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via CO methanation was systematically investigated. A series of 10 wt% NiO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and the phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports were adjusted by calcining the commercial γ-Al2O3 at different temperatures(600–1200 C). CO methanation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 300–600 C at different weight hourly space velocities(WHSV = 30000 and 120000 mL·g-1h-1) and pressures(0.1 and 3.0 MPa). It was found that high calcination temperature not only led to the growth in Ni particle size, but also weakened the interaction between Ni nanoparticles and Al2O3 supports due to the rapid decrease of the specific surface area and acidity of Al2O3 supports. Interestingly, Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3 calcined at 1200 C(Ni/Al2O3-1200) exhibited the best catalytic activity for CO methanation under different reaction conditions. Lifetime reaction tests also indicated that Ni/Al2O3-1200 was the most active and stable catalyst compared with the other three catalysts, whose supports were calcined at lower temperatures(600, 800 and 1000 C). These findings would therefore be helpful to develop Ni/Al2O3 methanation catalyst for SNG production.展开更多
The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. Consistent with metabolic char...The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. Consistent with metabolic characteristics, the top five organs in which SLC transporters are highly expressed are the kidney, brain, liver, gut, and heart. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of important SLC transporter-mediated physiological processes and their potentials as drug targets. SLC transporters serve as Metabolic gate’ of cells and mediate the transport of a wide range of essential nutrients and metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, and inorganic/metal ions. Gene-modified animal models have demonstrated that SLC transporters participate in many important physiological functions including nutrient supply, metabolic transformation, energy homeostasis, tissue development, oxidative stress, host defense, and neurological regulation. Furthermore, the human genomic studies have identified that SLC transporters are susceptible or causative genes in various diseases like cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, immunological disorders, and neurological dysfunction? Importantly, a number of SLC transporters have been successfully targeted for drug developments。 This review will focus on the current understanding of SLCs in regulating physiology, nutrient sensing and uptake, and risk of diseases.展开更多
In this study,the black carbon (BC) measurements in the atmosphere of Nanjing,China were continuously conducted from 2015 to 2018 using a Model AE-33 aethalometer.By combining dataset of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),CO,NO_2,SO_2,...In this study,the black carbon (BC) measurements in the atmosphere of Nanjing,China were continuously conducted from 2015 to 2018 using a Model AE-33 aethalometer.By combining dataset of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),CO,NO_2,SO_2,O_3 and meteorological parameters,the temporal variations and the source apportionment of BC were given in this study.The results showed that the PM_(2.5) mass concentrations decreased in Nanjing,with an average annual rate of variation of 6.50μg/(m^3·year).Differently,the annual average concentrations of BC increased with an average annual variation rate of 214.71 ng/(m^3·year).The seasonal variations showed the pattern of BC mass concentrations in winter>autumn>spring>summer.The diurnal variations of BC mass concentrations showed a double-peak in all four seasons.The first peak occurred at approximately 7:00 in spring,summer and autumn and around 8:00 in winter.The second peak took place after 18:00.The average AAE (absorption ?ngstr?m exponent) was 1.26 with a maximum of 1.35 during wintertime and the lowest(1.12) during summertime.In addition,the AAE was smaller in the daytime than that at night,with a minimum occurring between 13:00 and 14:00.BC and visibility show a good power-function relationship at different humidity levels.The average values of the visibility thresholds of the BC mass concentrations in spring,summer,autumn and winter were 1.326,5.522,1.340 and 0.708μg/m^3,respectively.The greater the relative humidity,the smaller the visibility threshold for the BC mass concentrations was.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology with low fabrication cost and high power conversion efficiency.In light of the rapid development of perovskite materials and device...Perovskite solar cells represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology with low fabrication cost and high power conversion efficiency.In light of the rapid development of perovskite materials and devices,a systematic survey on the latest advancements covering a broad range of related work is urgently needed.This review summarizes the recent major advances in the research of perovskite solar cells from a material science perspective.The discussed topics include the devices based on different type of perovskites(organic-inorganic hybrid,all-inorganic,and lead-free perovskite and perovskite quantum dots),the properties of perovskite defects,different type of charge transport materials(organic,polymeric,and inorganic hole transport materials and inorganic and organic electron transport materials),counter electrodes,and interfacial materials used to improve the efficiency and stability of devices.Most discussions focus on the key progresses reported within the recent five years.Meanwhile,the major issues limiting the production of perovskite solar cells and the prospects for the future development of related materials are discussed.展开更多
Photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)is an emerging imaging technology that can non-invasively visualize ocular structures in animal eyes.This report describes an integrated multimodality imaging system that combines PAM,opti...Photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)is an emerging imaging technology that can non-invasively visualize ocular structures in animal eyes.This report describes an integrated multimodality imaging system that combines PAM,optical coherence tomography(OCT),and fluorescence microscopy(FM)to evaluate angiogenesis in larger animal eyes.High-resolution in vivo imaging was performed in live rabbit eyes with vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-induced retinal neovascularization(RNV).The results demonstrate that our multimodality imaging system can noninvasively visualize RNV in both albino and pigmented rabbits to determine retinal pathology using PAM and OCT and verify the leakage of neovascularization using FM and fluorescein dye.This work presents high-resolution visualization of angiogenesis in rabbits using a multimodality PAM,OCT,and FM system and may represent a major step toward the clinical translation of the technology.展开更多
Neutron-deficient actinide nuclei provide a valuable window to probe heavy nuclear systems with large proton-neutron ratios. In recent years, several new neutron-deficient Uranium and Neptunium isotopes have been obse...Neutron-deficient actinide nuclei provide a valuable window to probe heavy nuclear systems with large proton-neutron ratios. In recent years, several new neutron-deficient Uranium and Neptunium isotopes have been observed using α-decay spectroscopy [Z. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 192503(2019);L. Ma et al., Phys. Rev.Lett. 125, 032502(2020);Z. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 152502(2021)]. In spite of these achievements,some neutron-deficient key nuclei in this mass region are still unknown in experiments. Machine learning algorithms have been applied successfully in different branches of modern physics. It is interesting to explore their applicability in α-decay studies. In this work, we propose a new model to predict the α-decay energies and half-lives within the framework based on a machine learning algorithm called the Gaussian process. We first calculate the α-decay properties of the new actinide nucleus 214 U. The theoretical results show good agreement with the latest experimental data, which demonstrates the reliability of our model. We further use the model to predict the α-decay properties of some unknown neutron-deficient actinide isotopes and compare the results with traditional models. The results may be useful for future synthesis and identification of these unknown isotopes.展开更多
Recently,the theoretically predicted lanthanum superhydride,LaH 10±δ,with a clathrate-like structure was successfully synthesized and found to exhibit a record high superconducting transition temperature T c≈25...Recently,the theoretically predicted lanthanum superhydride,LaH 10±δ,with a clathrate-like structure was successfully synthesized and found to exhibit a record high superconducting transition temperature T c≈250 K at∼170 GPa,opening a new route for room-temperature superconductivity.However,since in situ experiments at megabar pressures are very challenging,few groups have reported the∼250 K superconducting transition in LaH 10±δ.Here,we establish a simpler sample-loading procedure that allows a relatively large sample size for synthesis and a standard four-probe configuration for resistance measurements.Following this procedure,we successfully synthesized LaH 10±δwith dimensions up to 10×20μm^2 by laser heating a thin La flake and ammonia borane at∼1700 K in a symmetric diamond anvil cell under the pressure of 165 GPa.The superconducting transition at T c≈250 K was confirmed through resistance measurements under various magnetic fields.Our method will facilitate explorations of near-room-temperature superconductors among metal superhydrides.展开更多
Co3O4 nanorods, nanobelts, nanosheets and cubic/octahedral nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with tunable size from the nanoscale to the microscale, accompanied by a variation in the nature of the expos...Co3O4 nanorods, nanobelts, nanosheets and cubic/octahedral nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with tunable size from the nanoscale to the microscale, accompanied by a variation in the nature of the exposed crystal planes. The products are formed by thermal treatment of Co（CO3）05（OH）-0.11H2O nanorod, nanobelt, nanosheet and nanocubic/nanooctahedral precursors at 250 ℃. Detailed characterization, including X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms, revealed that the as-prepared nanorods, nanobelts, and nanosheet Co3O4 samples are single crystalline and mesoporous in nature with a predominance of exposed high-energy （11-0） crystal planes. They exhibited excellent electrochemical properties in supercapacitors, showing higher capacitance and better rate capability than conventional cubic/octahedral COBO4 nanoparticles having exposed low-energy （100） and （111） planes. No decay in capacitance was observed when the scan rate was increased from 5 mV/s to 100 mV/s, or from I A/g to 10 A/g. The maximum value of the specific capacitance was calculated to be 162.8 F/g and the capacitance retention reached as high as 90%. Their excellent performance in supercapacitors is believed to result from the large-area exposure of active （110） crystal planes. The Co3O4 nanosheets showed the best performance due to their larger surface area and ability to provide a better pathway for charge transfer, and are promising electrode materials for application in practical supercapacitors.展开更多
The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitter globally.To achieve China’s national carbon target,the building sector in China needs to achieve carbon peaking and neutrality targets by 2030 ...The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitter globally.To achieve China’s national carbon target,the building sector in China needs to achieve carbon peaking and neutrality targets by 2030 and 2060,respectively.However,data deficiency on building energy and emissions become barriers for tracking the status of building energy and emissions,and identify potential opportunities for achieving dual carbon targets.To address these shortcomings,this study established an integrated China Building Energy and Emission Model(CBEEM).With CBEEM,this study evaluated the building-construction and building-operation energy and emissions in China,and revealed the status quo and potential challenge and opportunities.According to modelling results,building operation energy use of China was 1.06 billion tce in 2020,accounting for 21%of China’s total primary energy consumption.Building construction energy consumption was 0.52 billion tce in 2020,accounting for another 10%of total primary energy consumption.Key messages found on building carbon emissions are:building construction embodied emissions were 1.5 billion tCO_(2) in 2020 and are declining slowly,building operational carbon emissions were 2.2 billion tCO_(2) in 2020 and are still increasing.International comparisons between China and other countries on building stock,energy use intensity and carbon emission intensity were conducted as well,and help shed a light on the challenges for decarbonization of China’s building sector.Finally,technology perspectives to achieve carbon neutrality target were discussed and related policy suggestions were provided.展开更多
Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)takes the flowing red blood cells(RBCs)as intrinsic contrast agents,enabling fast and three-dimensional visualization of vasculature per-fusion down to capillary level,wit...Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)takes the flowing red blood cells(RBCs)as intrinsic contrast agents,enabling fast and three-dimensional visualization of vasculature per-fusion down to capillary level,without a requirement of exogenous fluorescent injection.Various motion-contrast OCTA algorithms have been proposed to effectively extract dynamic blood flow from static tissues utilizing the different components of OCT signals(including amplitude,phase and complex)with various operations(such as differential,variance and decorrelation).Those algorithms promote the application of OCTA in both clinical diagnosis and scientific research.The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematical review of OCTA based on the inverse SNR and decorrelation features(ID-OCTA),mainly including the OCTA contrast origins,ID-OCTA imaging,quantification and applications.展开更多
Jasmine(Jasminum sambac Aiton)is a well-known cultivated plant species for its fragrant flowers used in the perfume industry and cosmetics.However,the genetic basis of its floral scent is largely unknown.In this study...Jasmine(Jasminum sambac Aiton)is a well-known cultivated plant species for its fragrant flowers used in the perfume industry and cosmetics.However,the genetic basis of its floral scent is largely unknown.In this study,using PacBio,Illumina,10×Genomics and highthroughput chromosome conformation capture(Hi-C)sequencing technologies,a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for J.sambac was obtained,exploiting a double-petal phenotype cultivar‘Shuangbanmoli’(JSSB).The results showed that the final assembled genome of JSSB is 580.33 Mb in size(contig N50=1.05 Mb;scaffold N50=45.07 Mb)with a total of 39618 predicted protein-coding genes.Our analyses revealed that the JSSB genome has undergone an ancient whole-genome duplication(WGD)event at 91.68 million years ago(Mya).It was estimated that J.sambac diverged from the lineage leading to Olea europaea and Osmanthus fragrans about 28.8 Mya.On the basis of a combination of genomic,transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses,a range of floral scent volatiles and genes were identified involved in the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of its fragrance biosynthesis in jasmine.展开更多
Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultur...Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradua展开更多
Nafion as a universal polymer ionomer was widely applied for nanocatalysts electrode preparation.However,the effect of Nafion on electrocatalytic performance was often overlooked,especially for CO_(2)electrolysis.Here...Nafion as a universal polymer ionomer was widely applied for nanocatalysts electrode preparation.However,the effect of Nafion on electrocatalytic performance was often overlooked,especially for CO_(2)electrolysis.Herein,the key roles of Nafion for CO_(2)RR were systematically studied on Cu nanoparticles(NPs)electrocatalyst.We found that Nafion modifier not only inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)by decreasing the accessibility of H_(2)O from electrolyte to Cu NPs,and increase the CO_(2)concentration at electrocatalyst interface for enhancing the CO_(2)mass transfer process,but also activate CO_(2)molecule by Lewis acid-base interaction between Nafion and CO_(2)to accelerate the formation of^(*)CO,which favor of C–C coupling for boosting C_(2)product generation.Owing to these features,the HER selectivity was suppressed from 40.6%to 16.8%on optimal Cu@Nafion electrode at-1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),and as high as 73.5%faradaic efficiencies(FEs)of C_(2)products were achieved at the same applied potential,which was 2.6 times higher than that on bare Cu electrode(~28.3%).In addition,Nafion also contributed to the long-term stability by hinder Cu NPs morphology reconstruction.Thus,this work provides insights into the impact of Nafion on electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR performance.展开更多
Ore image segmentation is a key step in an ore grain size analysis based on image processing.The traditional segmentation methods do not deal with ore textures and shadows in ore images well Those methods often suffer...Ore image segmentation is a key step in an ore grain size analysis based on image processing.The traditional segmentation methods do not deal with ore textures and shadows in ore images well Those methods often suffer from under-segmentation and over-segmentation.In this article,in order to solve the problem,an ore image segmentation method based on U-Net is proposed.We adjust the structure of U-Net to speed up the processing,and we modify the loss function to enhance the generalization of the model.After the collection of the ore image,we design the annotation standard and train the network with the annotated image.Finally,the marked watershed algorithm is used to segment the adhesion area.The experimental results show that the proposed method has the characteristics of fast speed,strong robustness and high precision.It has great practical value to the actual ore grain statistical task.展开更多
The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in...The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in the apoplast is relatively lacking.In this study,we identified and characterized the rice secretory protein OsSSP1(Oryza sativa secretory small protein 1).OsSSP1 can be secreted into the plant apoplast,and either in vitro treatment of recombinant OsSSP1 or overexpression of OsSSP1 in rice could trigger plant immune response.The expression of OsSSP1 is suppressed significantly during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in the susceptible rice variety Taibei 309,and OsSSP1-overexpressing lines all show strong resistance to M.oryzae.Combining the knockout and overexpression results,we found that OsSSP1 positively regulates plant immunity in response to fungal infection.Moreover,the recognition and immune response triggered by OsSSP1 depend on an uncharacterized transmembrane OsSSR1(secretory small protein receptor 1)and the key co-receptor OsBAK1,since most of the induced immune response and resistance are lost in the absence of OsSSR1 or OsBAK1.Intriguingly,the OsSSP1 protein is relatively stable and can still induce plant resistance after 1 week of storage in the open environment,and exogenous OsSSP1 treatment for a 2-week period did not affect rice yield.Collectively,our study reveals that OsSSP1 can be secreted into the apoplast and percepted by OsSSR1 and OsBAK1 during fungal infection,thereby triggering the immune response to enhance plant resistance to M.oryzae.These findings provide novel resources and potential strategies for crop breeding and disease control.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Key Foundation of China(grant No.81530048)the National Natural Youth Fund(grant No.81902485).
文摘Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective first-line therapy.Unfortunately,the development of drug resistance to sorafenib is becoming increasingly common.This study aims to identify factors contributing to resistance and ways to mitigate resistance.Recent studies have shown that epigenetics,transport processes,regulated cell death,and the tumor microenvironment are involved in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression.This study summarizes discoveries achieved recently in terms of the principles of sorafenib resistance and outlines approaches suitable for improving therapeutic outcomes for HCC patients.
基金Supported in part by National Key Basic Research Program of China(2015CB856700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(11625523,11635010,11735014,11822506,11835012,11935015,11935016,11935018,11961141012)+15 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Large-Scale Scientific Facility ProgramJoint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS(U 1732263,U 1832207)CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences(QYZDJ-SSWSLH003,QYZDJ-SSW-SLH040)100 Talents Program of CASINPAC and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and CosmologyERC(758462)German Research Foundation DFG under Contracts Nos.Collaborative Research Center CRC 1044,FOR 2359Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,ItalyMinistry of Development o f Turkey(DPT2006K-120470)National Science and Technology fundOlle Engkvist Foundation(200-0605)STFC(United Kingdom)The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation(Sweden)(2016.0157)The Royal Society,UK(DH140054,DH160214)The Swedish Research CouncilU.S.Department of Energy(DEFG02-05ER41374,DE-SC-0012069)。
文摘Using a dedicated data sample taken in 2018 on the J/ψpeak,we perform a detailed study of the trigger efficiencies of the BESIII detector.The efficiencies are determined from three representative physics processes,namely Bhabha scattering,dimuon production and generic hadronic events with charged particles.The combined efficiency of all active triggers approaches 100%in most cases,with uncertainties small enough not to affect most physics analyses.
基金supported by the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems of China (No.MPCS-2009-C-01)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No.2010BAC66B01)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the CAS (No.KGCX2-YW-396)
文摘The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via CO methanation was systematically investigated. A series of 10 wt% NiO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and the phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports were adjusted by calcining the commercial γ-Al2O3 at different temperatures(600–1200 C). CO methanation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 300–600 C at different weight hourly space velocities(WHSV = 30000 and 120000 mL·g-1h-1) and pressures(0.1 and 3.0 MPa). It was found that high calcination temperature not only led to the growth in Ni particle size, but also weakened the interaction between Ni nanoparticles and Al2O3 supports due to the rapid decrease of the specific surface area and acidity of Al2O3 supports. Interestingly, Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3 calcined at 1200 C(Ni/Al2O3-1200) exhibited the best catalytic activity for CO methanation under different reaction conditions. Lifetime reaction tests also indicated that Ni/Al2O3-1200 was the most active and stable catalyst compared with the other three catalysts, whose supports were calcined at lower temperatures(600, 800 and 1000 C). These findings would therefore be helpful to develop Ni/Al2O3 methanation catalyst for SNG production.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0506900)the National Science and Technology Major Projects for Major New Drugs Innovation and Develop (2018ZX09711003-004-002)+1 种基金Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (20161080086)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470839).
文摘The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. Consistent with metabolic characteristics, the top five organs in which SLC transporters are highly expressed are the kidney, brain, liver, gut, and heart. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of important SLC transporter-mediated physiological processes and their potentials as drug targets. SLC transporters serve as Metabolic gate’ of cells and mediate the transport of a wide range of essential nutrients and metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, and inorganic/metal ions. Gene-modified animal models have demonstrated that SLC transporters participate in many important physiological functions including nutrient supply, metabolic transformation, energy homeostasis, tissue development, oxidative stress, host defense, and neurological regulation. Furthermore, the human genomic studies have identified that SLC transporters are susceptible or causative genes in various diseases like cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, immunological disorders, and neurological dysfunction? Importantly, a number of SLC transporters have been successfully targeted for drug developments。 This review will focus on the current understanding of SLCs in regulating physiology, nutrient sensing and uptake, and risk of diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.91644224 and 41805096)the special fund of State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (No.19K03ESPCP)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20180801)the Natural Science Research Project for Universities of Jiangsu Province,China (No.18KJB170011)。
文摘In this study,the black carbon (BC) measurements in the atmosphere of Nanjing,China were continuously conducted from 2015 to 2018 using a Model AE-33 aethalometer.By combining dataset of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),CO,NO_2,SO_2,O_3 and meteorological parameters,the temporal variations and the source apportionment of BC were given in this study.The results showed that the PM_(2.5) mass concentrations decreased in Nanjing,with an average annual rate of variation of 6.50μg/(m^3·year).Differently,the annual average concentrations of BC increased with an average annual variation rate of 214.71 ng/(m^3·year).The seasonal variations showed the pattern of BC mass concentrations in winter>autumn>spring>summer.The diurnal variations of BC mass concentrations showed a double-peak in all four seasons.The first peak occurred at approximately 7:00 in spring,summer and autumn and around 8:00 in winter.The second peak took place after 18:00.The average AAE (absorption ?ngstr?m exponent) was 1.26 with a maximum of 1.35 during wintertime and the lowest(1.12) during summertime.In addition,the AAE was smaller in the daytime than that at night,with a minimum occurring between 13:00 and 14:00.BC and visibility show a good power-function relationship at different humidity levels.The average values of the visibility thresholds of the BC mass concentrations in spring,summer,autumn and winter were 1.326,5.522,1.340 and 0.708μg/m^3,respectively.The greater the relative humidity,the smaller the visibility threshold for the BC mass concentrations was.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975264,21925112,21875122,61935016,92056119,61935016,21771008)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2191003)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Key Research and Development Project funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFB3800100,2021YFB3800101,2020YFB1506400)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019B1515120083)。
文摘Perovskite solar cells represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology with low fabrication cost and high power conversion efficiency.In light of the rapid development of perovskite materials and devices,a systematic survey on the latest advancements covering a broad range of related work is urgently needed.This review summarizes the recent major advances in the research of perovskite solar cells from a material science perspective.The discussed topics include the devices based on different type of perovskites(organic-inorganic hybrid,all-inorganic,and lead-free perovskite and perovskite quantum dots),the properties of perovskite defects,different type of charge transport materials(organic,polymeric,and inorganic hole transport materials and inorganic and organic electron transport materials),counter electrodes,and interfacial materials used to improve the efficiency and stability of devices.Most discussions focus on the key progresses reported within the recent five years.Meanwhile,the major issues limiting the production of perovskite solar cells and the prospects for the future development of related materials are discussed.
基金supported by a grant from the National Eye Institute 1K08EY027458(Y.M.P.)4K12EY022299(Y.M.P.)+2 种基金Fight for Sight-International Retinal Research Foundation FFSGIA16002(Y.M.P.)unrestricted departmental support from Research to Prevent Blindness,the University of Michigan Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,and China Scholarship Council No.201606210339the Core Center for Vision Research funded by P30 EY007003 from the National Eye Institute.
文摘Photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)is an emerging imaging technology that can non-invasively visualize ocular structures in animal eyes.This report describes an integrated multimodality imaging system that combines PAM,optical coherence tomography(OCT),and fluorescence microscopy(FM)to evaluate angiogenesis in larger animal eyes.High-resolution in vivo imaging was performed in live rabbit eyes with vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-induced retinal neovascularization(RNV).The results demonstrate that our multimodality imaging system can noninvasively visualize RNV in both albino and pigmented rabbits to determine retinal pathology using PAM and OCT and verify the leakage of neovascularization using FM and fluorescein dye.This work presents high-resolution visualization of angiogenesis in rabbits using a multimodality PAM,OCT,and FM system and may represent a major step toward the clinical translation of the technology.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12035011,11975167,11761161001,11565010,11961141003,11905103,11947211)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA04044032016YFE0129300)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao(008/2017/AFJ)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120210138)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M660095,2020T130478)。
文摘Neutron-deficient actinide nuclei provide a valuable window to probe heavy nuclear systems with large proton-neutron ratios. In recent years, several new neutron-deficient Uranium and Neptunium isotopes have been observed using α-decay spectroscopy [Z. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 192503(2019);L. Ma et al., Phys. Rev.Lett. 125, 032502(2020);Z. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 152502(2021)]. In spite of these achievements,some neutron-deficient key nuclei in this mass region are still unknown in experiments. Machine learning algorithms have been applied successfully in different branches of modern physics. It is interesting to explore their applicability in α-decay studies. In this work, we propose a new model to predict the α-decay energies and half-lives within the framework based on a machine learning algorithm called the Gaussian process. We first calculate the α-decay properties of the new actinide nucleus 214 U. The theoretical results show good agreement with the latest experimental data, which demonstrates the reliability of our model. We further use the model to predict the α-decay properties of some unknown neutron-deficient actinide isotopes and compare the results with traditional models. The results may be useful for future synthesis and identification of these unknown isotopes.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB33000000 and XDB25000000)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z190008)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11575288, 11921004, 11888101, 11904391, 11834016 and 11874400)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFA0401503 and 2018YFA0305700)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences and the Interdisciplinary Innovation Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.2016006, JCTD-2019-01,and QYZDBSSW-SLH013)
文摘Recently,the theoretically predicted lanthanum superhydride,LaH 10±δ,with a clathrate-like structure was successfully synthesized and found to exhibit a record high superconducting transition temperature T c≈250 K at∼170 GPa,opening a new route for room-temperature superconductivity.However,since in situ experiments at megabar pressures are very challenging,few groups have reported the∼250 K superconducting transition in LaH 10±δ.Here,we establish a simpler sample-loading procedure that allows a relatively large sample size for synthesis and a standard four-probe configuration for resistance measurements.Following this procedure,we successfully synthesized LaH 10±δwith dimensions up to 10×20μm^2 by laser heating a thin La flake and ammonia borane at∼1700 K in a symmetric diamond anvil cell under the pressure of 165 GPa.The superconducting transition at T c≈250 K was confirmed through resistance measurements under various magnetic fields.Our method will facilitate explorations of near-room-temperature superconductors among metal superhydrides.
文摘Co3O4 nanorods, nanobelts, nanosheets and cubic/octahedral nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with tunable size from the nanoscale to the microscale, accompanied by a variation in the nature of the exposed crystal planes. The products are formed by thermal treatment of Co（CO3）05（OH）-0.11H2O nanorod, nanobelt, nanosheet and nanocubic/nanooctahedral precursors at 250 ℃. Detailed characterization, including X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms, revealed that the as-prepared nanorods, nanobelts, and nanosheet Co3O4 samples are single crystalline and mesoporous in nature with a predominance of exposed high-energy （11-0） crystal planes. They exhibited excellent electrochemical properties in supercapacitors, showing higher capacitance and better rate capability than conventional cubic/octahedral COBO4 nanoparticles having exposed low-energy （100） and （111） planes. No decay in capacitance was observed when the scan rate was increased from 5 mV/s to 100 mV/s, or from I A/g to 10 A/g. The maximum value of the specific capacitance was calculated to be 162.8 F/g and the capacitance retention reached as high as 90%. Their excellent performance in supercapacitors is believed to result from the large-area exposure of active （110） crystal planes. The Co3O4 nanosheets showed the best performance due to their larger surface area and ability to provide a better pathway for charge transfer, and are promising electrode materials for application in practical supercapacitors.
基金supported by the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51908311)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China(No.8222019)+1 种基金Huaneng Group Science and Technology Research Project(HNKJ20-H50)Tsinghua-Foshan Innovation Special Fund(TFISF,No.2021THFS0201).
文摘The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitter globally.To achieve China’s national carbon target,the building sector in China needs to achieve carbon peaking and neutrality targets by 2030 and 2060,respectively.However,data deficiency on building energy and emissions become barriers for tracking the status of building energy and emissions,and identify potential opportunities for achieving dual carbon targets.To address these shortcomings,this study established an integrated China Building Energy and Emission Model(CBEEM).With CBEEM,this study evaluated the building-construction and building-operation energy and emissions in China,and revealed the status quo and potential challenge and opportunities.According to modelling results,building operation energy use of China was 1.06 billion tce in 2020,accounting for 21%of China’s total primary energy consumption.Building construction energy consumption was 0.52 billion tce in 2020,accounting for another 10%of total primary energy consumption.Key messages found on building carbon emissions are:building construction embodied emissions were 1.5 billion tCO_(2) in 2020 and are declining slowly,building operational carbon emissions were 2.2 billion tCO_(2) in 2020 and are still increasing.International comparisons between China and other countries on building stock,energy use intensity and carbon emission intensity were conducted as well,and help shed a light on the challenges for decarbonization of China’s building sector.Finally,technology perspectives to achieve carbon neutrality target were discussed and related policy suggestions were provided.
基金The authors are thankful to National Natural Science Foundation of China(62075189)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR19F050002)+1 种基金Zhejiang Lab(2018EBOZX01)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018FZA5003).
文摘Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)takes the flowing red blood cells(RBCs)as intrinsic contrast agents,enabling fast and three-dimensional visualization of vasculature per-fusion down to capillary level,without a requirement of exogenous fluorescent injection.Various motion-contrast OCTA algorithms have been proposed to effectively extract dynamic blood flow from static tissues utilizing the different components of OCT signals(including amplitude,phase and complex)with various operations(such as differential,variance and decorrelation).Those algorithms promote the application of OCTA in both clinical diagnosis and scientific research.The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematical review of OCTA based on the inverse SNR and decorrelation features(ID-OCTA),mainly including the OCTA contrast origins,ID-OCTA imaging,quantification and applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772338)the Basic Scientific Research Business Special Project of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.0090756100ZX)。
文摘Jasmine(Jasminum sambac Aiton)is a well-known cultivated plant species for its fragrant flowers used in the perfume industry and cosmetics.However,the genetic basis of its floral scent is largely unknown.In this study,using PacBio,Illumina,10×Genomics and highthroughput chromosome conformation capture(Hi-C)sequencing technologies,a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for J.sambac was obtained,exploiting a double-petal phenotype cultivar‘Shuangbanmoli’(JSSB).The results showed that the final assembled genome of JSSB is 580.33 Mb in size(contig N50=1.05 Mb;scaffold N50=45.07 Mb)with a total of 39618 predicted protein-coding genes.Our analyses revealed that the JSSB genome has undergone an ancient whole-genome duplication(WGD)event at 91.68 million years ago(Mya).It was estimated that J.sambac diverged from the lineage leading to Olea europaea and Osmanthus fragrans about 28.8 Mya.On the basis of a combination of genomic,transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses,a range of floral scent volatiles and genes were identified involved in the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of its fragrance biosynthesis in jasmine.
基金The China National Social Science Fund of Art Sciences(20ZD02).
文摘Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradua
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2022A1515012359)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21902121)+1 种基金the STU Scientific Research Foundation for Talents (NTF21020)the 2020 Li Ka Shing Foundation Cross-Disciplinary Research Grant (2020LKSFG09A)。
文摘Nafion as a universal polymer ionomer was widely applied for nanocatalysts electrode preparation.However,the effect of Nafion on electrocatalytic performance was often overlooked,especially for CO_(2)electrolysis.Herein,the key roles of Nafion for CO_(2)RR were systematically studied on Cu nanoparticles(NPs)electrocatalyst.We found that Nafion modifier not only inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)by decreasing the accessibility of H_(2)O from electrolyte to Cu NPs,and increase the CO_(2)concentration at electrocatalyst interface for enhancing the CO_(2)mass transfer process,but also activate CO_(2)molecule by Lewis acid-base interaction between Nafion and CO_(2)to accelerate the formation of^(*)CO,which favor of C–C coupling for boosting C_(2)product generation.Owing to these features,the HER selectivity was suppressed from 40.6%to 16.8%on optimal Cu@Nafion electrode at-1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),and as high as 73.5%faradaic efficiencies(FEs)of C_(2)products were achieved at the same applied potential,which was 2.6 times higher than that on bare Cu electrode(~28.3%).In addition,Nafion also contributed to the long-term stability by hinder Cu NPs morphology reconstruction.Thus,this work provides insights into the impact of Nafion on electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR performance.
基金This work was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 61801019).
文摘Ore image segmentation is a key step in an ore grain size analysis based on image processing.The traditional segmentation methods do not deal with ore textures and shadows in ore images well Those methods often suffer from under-segmentation and over-segmentation.In this article,in order to solve the problem,an ore image segmentation method based on U-Net is proposed.We adjust the structure of U-Net to speed up the processing,and we modify the loss function to enhance the generalization of the model.After the collection of the ore image,we design the annotation standard and train the network with the annotated image.Finally,the marked watershed algorithm is used to segment the adhesion area.The experimental results show that the proposed method has the characteristics of fast speed,strong robustness and high precision.It has great practical value to the actual ore grain statistical task.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1401500 and 2022YFD1402100)the Nature Science Foundation of China(32202257,32272557,and 32072500)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC117)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M702027)the Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD23)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(TSTP20221117)the Shandong Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SDAIT-04-08)and the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong(2019JZZY020608).
文摘The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in the apoplast is relatively lacking.In this study,we identified and characterized the rice secretory protein OsSSP1(Oryza sativa secretory small protein 1).OsSSP1 can be secreted into the plant apoplast,and either in vitro treatment of recombinant OsSSP1 or overexpression of OsSSP1 in rice could trigger plant immune response.The expression of OsSSP1 is suppressed significantly during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in the susceptible rice variety Taibei 309,and OsSSP1-overexpressing lines all show strong resistance to M.oryzae.Combining the knockout and overexpression results,we found that OsSSP1 positively regulates plant immunity in response to fungal infection.Moreover,the recognition and immune response triggered by OsSSP1 depend on an uncharacterized transmembrane OsSSR1(secretory small protein receptor 1)and the key co-receptor OsBAK1,since most of the induced immune response and resistance are lost in the absence of OsSSR1 or OsBAK1.Intriguingly,the OsSSP1 protein is relatively stable and can still induce plant resistance after 1 week of storage in the open environment,and exogenous OsSSP1 treatment for a 2-week period did not affect rice yield.Collectively,our study reveals that OsSSP1 can be secreted into the apoplast and percepted by OsSSR1 and OsBAK1 during fungal infection,thereby triggering the immune response to enhance plant resistance to M.oryzae.These findings provide novel resources and potential strategies for crop breeding and disease control.
