Background: Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) is recommended as the standard care for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage A-B. However, the efficacy of TACE on l...Background: Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) is recommended as the standard care for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage A-B. However, the efficacy of TACE on large(> 10 cm) stage A-B HCC is far from satisfactory, and it is proposed that hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)might be a better first-line treatment of this disease. Hence, we compared the safety and efficacy of HAIC with the modified FOLFOX(mFOLFOX) regimen and those ofTACE in patients with massive unresectable HCC.Methods: A prospective, non-randomized, phase II study was conducted on patients with massive unresectable HCC. The protocol involved HAIC with the mFOLFOX regimen(oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m^2 intra-arterial infusion; leucovorin,400 mg/m^2 intra-arterial infusion; and fluorouracil, 400 mg/m2 bolus infusion and 2400 mg/m^2 continuous infusion)every 3 weeks and TACE with 50 mg of epirubicin, 50 mg of lobaplatin, 6 mg of mitomycin, and lipiodol and polyvinyl alcohol particles. The tumor responses, time-to-progression(TTP), and safety were assessed.Results: A total of 79 patients were recruited for this study: 38 in the HAIC group and 41 in the TACE group. The HAIC group exhibited higher partial response and disease control rates than did the TACE group(52.6% vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001;83.8% vs. 52.5%, P = 0.004). The median TTPs for the HAIC and TACE groups were 5.87 and 3.6 months(hazard radio[HR] = 2.35,95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-4.76, P = 0.015). More patients in the HAIC group than in the TACE group underwent resection(10 vs. 3,P = 0.033). The proportions of grade 3-4 adverse events(AE) and serious adverse events(SAE) were lower in the HAIC group than in the TACE group(grade 3-4 AEs: 13 vs. 27, P = 0.007;SAEs: 6 vs. 15,p = 0.044). More patients in the TACE group than in the HAIC group had the study treatment terminated early due to intolerable treatment-related adverse events or the withdrawal of consent(10 vs. 2,P = 0.026).Conclusions: HAIC with mFOLFOX yielded significantly bette展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resident microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain, and the first to respond to the pathophysiological changes induced by ischemic s...Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resident microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain, and the first to respond to the pathophysiological changes induced by ischemic stroke. Traditionally, it has been thought that microglial activation is deleterious in ischemic stroke, and therapies to suppress it have been intensively explored. However,increasing evidence suggests that microglial activation is also critical for neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptic remodeling, thereby promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Here, we comprehensively review the dual role of microglia during the different phases of ischemic stroke, and the possible mechanisms controlling the post-ischemic activity of microglia. In addition, we discuss the dynamic interactions between microglia and other cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,and endothelial cells within the brain parenchyma and the neurovascular unit.展开更多
The long-term goal of artificial intelligence （AI） is to make machines learn and think like human beings. Due to the high levels of uncertainty and vulnerability in human life and the open-ended nature of problems t...The long-term goal of artificial intelligence （AI） is to make machines learn and think like human beings. Due to the high levels of uncertainty and vulnerability in human life and the open-ended nature of problems that humans are facing, no matter how intelligent machines are, they are unable to completely replace humans. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce human cognitive capabilities or human-like cognitive models into AI systems to develop a new form of AI, that is, hybrid-augmented intelligence. This form of AI or machine intelligence is a feasible and important developing model. Hybrid-augmented intelligence can be divided into two basic models： one is human-in-the-loop augmented intelligence with human-computer collaboration, and the other is cognitive computing based augmented intelligence, in which a cognitive model is embedded in the machine learning system. This survey describes a basic framework for human-computer collaborative hybrid-augmented intelligence, and the basic elements of hybrid-augmented intelligence based on cognitive computing. These elements include intuitive reasoning, causal models, evolution of memory and knowledge, especially the role and basic principles of intuitive reasoning for complex problem solving, and the cognitive learning framework for visual scene understanding based on memory and reasoning. Several typical applications of hybrid-augmented intelligence in related fields are given.展开更多
The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST, also called the Guo Shou Jing Telescope) is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope. LAMOST’s special design allows both a large aperture (effecti...The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST, also called the Guo Shou Jing Telescope) is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope. LAMOST’s special design allows both a large aperture (effective aperture of 3.6 m–4.9 m) and a wide field of view (FOV) (5°). It has an innovative active reflecting Schmidt configuration which continuously changes the mirror’s surface that adjusts during the observation process and combines thin deformable mirror active optics with segmented active optics. Its primary mirror (6.67m×6.05 m) and active Schmidt mirror (5.74m×4.40 m) are both segmented, and composed of 37 and 24 hexagonal sub-mirrors respectively. By using a parallel controllable fiber positioning technique, the focal surface of 1.75 m in diameter can accommodate 4000 optical fibers. Also, LAMOST has 16 spectrographs with 32 CCD cameras. LAMOST will be the telescope with the highest rate of spectral acquisition. As a national large scientific project, the LAMOST project was formally proposed in 1996, and approved by the Chinese government in 1997. The construction started in 2001, was completed in 2008 and passed the official acceptance in June 2009. The LAMOST pilot survey was started in October 2011 and the spectroscopic survey will launch in September 2012. Up to now, LAMOST has released more than 480 000 spectra of objects. LAMOST will make an important contribution to the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe, structure and evolution of the Galaxy, and cross-identification of multiwaveband properties in celestial objects.展开更多
There is considerable potential for integrating transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),programmed death-(ligand)1(PD-[L]1)inhibitors,and molecular targeted treatments(MTT)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).It is necessar...There is considerable potential for integrating transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),programmed death-(ligand)1(PD-[L]1)inhibitors,and molecular targeted treatments(MTT)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).It is necessary to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of TACE combined with PD-(L)1 inhibitors and MTT in real-world situations.In this nationwide,retrospective,cohort study,826 HCC patients receiving either TACE plus PD-(L)1 blockades and MTT(combination group,n=376)or TACE monotherapy(monotherapy group,n=450)were included from January 2018 to May 2021.The primary endpoint was progression-free survival(PFS)according to modified RECIST.The secondary outcomes included overall survival(OS),objective response rate(ORR),and safety.We performed propensity score matching approaches to reduce bias between two groups.After matching,228 pairs were included with a predominantly advanced disease population.Median PFS in combination group was 9.5 months(95%confidence interval[CI],8.4-11.0)versus 8.0 months(95%CI,6.6-9.5)(adjusted hazard ratio[HR],0.70,P=0.002).OS and ORR were also significantly higher in combination group(median OS,19.2[16.1-27.3]vs.15.7 months[13.0-20.2];adjusted HR,0.63,P=0.001;ORR,60.1%vs.32.0%;P<0.001).Grade 3/4 adverse events were observed at a rate of 15.8%and 7.5%in combination and monotherapy groups,respectively.Our results suggest that TACE plus PD-(L)1 blockades and MTT could significantly improve PFS,OS,and ORR versus TACE monotherapy for Chinese patients with predominantly advanced HCC in real-world practice,with an acceptable safety profile.展开更多
Background Effects of prophylactic somatostatin on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） pancreatitis （PEP） and hyperamylasemia remain inconclusive. This study aimed to examine whether high-do...Background Effects of prophylactic somatostatin on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） pancreatitis （PEP） and hyperamylasemia remain inconclusive. This study aimed to examine whether high-dose, long-term continuous infusion of somatostatin can reduce the incidence of PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia. Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. One hundred and twenty-four patients scheduled for ERCP from December 2008 to May 2010 randomly received one of the following three interventions： pre-ERCP somatostatin （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours, starting 1 hour prior to ERCP; n=36）, post-ERCP somatostatin （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours, starting 1 hour after ERCP; n=47）, or placebo （saline for 24 hours, starting 1 hour prior to ERCP; n=41）. Serum amylase and lipase concentrations were measured 1 to 3 hours prior to ERCP and 6, 24, and 48 hours after ERCP. Results The three groups did not differ in age, gender, medical history, or ERCP procedure （catheterization using contrast or guidewire, pancreatic duct visualization, procedure time, or procedure type）. The rate of PEP was 13.7% （17/124） in the overall study sample and 16.7% （6/36）, 10.6% （5/47）, and 14.6% （6/41） in the pre-ERCP somatostatin, post- ERCP somatostatin, and placebo groups, respectively （P=0.715）. The rate of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia was 19.4% （7/36）, 21.3% （10/47）, and 46.3% （19/41） in the pre-ERCP somatostatin, post-ERCP somatostatin, and placebo groups, respectively （P=0.011）. Conclusions High-dose, long-term continuous infusion （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours） of somatostatin, performed as either a pre- or post-ERCP, can reduce the incidence of hyperamylasemia, but not PEP.展开更多
The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of ...The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of stars, galaxies and QSOs. Objects in both the pilot survey and the first year regular survey are included in the LAMOST DR1. The pilot survey started in October 2011 and ended in June 2012, and the data have been released to the public as the LAMOST Pilot Data Release in August 2012. The regular survey started in September 2012, and completed its first year of operation in June 2013. The LAMOST DR1 includes a total of 1202 plates containing 2 955 336 spectra, of which 1 790 879 spectra have observed signalto-noise ratio（SNR） ≥ 10. All data with SNR ≥ 2 are formally released as LAMOST DR1 under the LAMOST data policy. This data release contains a total of 2 204 696 spectra, of which 1 944 329 are stellar spectra, 12 082 are galaxy spectra and 5017 are quasars. The DR1 not only includes spectra, but also three stellar catalogs with measured parameters： late A,FGK-type stars with high quality spectra（1 061 918 entries）, A-type stars（100 073 entries）, and M-type stars（121 522 entries）. This paper introduces the survey design, the observational and instrumental limitations, data reduction and analysis, and some caveats. A description of the FITS structure of spectral files and parameter catalogs is also provided.展开更多
Cored wires and high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) technique were applied to produce high Al content Zn-Al alloy coatings on low carbon steel substrates. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Zn, Al and Zn-Al coat...Cored wires and high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) technique were applied to produce high Al content Zn-Al alloy coatings on low carbon steel substrates. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Zn, Al and Zn-Al coatings were studied with potentiodynamic measurement in 5 % NaCl solution. Compared with pure Zn, pure Al and Zn-15Al coatings, Zn-26Al coatings show a higher corrosion resistance in salt solution. The potentiodynamic polarization tests show that the corrosion resistance of Zn-Al coatings increases as Al content is raised. Pure Al coating exhibits different electrochemical behaviors with other coatings. The corrosion initiated at the micro-pores of the coating and the underlying corrosion mechanism is very similar to that of the pitting corrosion.展开更多
High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were intr...High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling stage.The field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at Wuqiao County,Hebei Province,China.Compared with rotary tillage（RT）,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,and chlorophyll relative content（SPAD） of maize leaves was increased by 40.0,42.6,12.8,and 29.7% under SS,and increased by 20.4,20.0,5.4,and 14.2% under R,repectively.However,the treatments reduce the intercellular CO 2 concentration under HTS.The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content（RWC） by 11.9 and 6.2%,and the water use efficiency（WUE） by 24.3 and 14.3%,respectively,compared with RT.The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile,whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.Compared with 2011,the number of days with temperatures 33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012,whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5,8.5 and 10.9%,the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5,10.5 and 18.0%,the RWC reduced by 3.9,5.6 and 6.2%,and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8,5.2 and 13.1% in the SS,R and RT treatments,respectively.Both the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different levels.The yield,photosynthetic rate,plant water status,root length density,and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT treatment.The results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage,and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant wate展开更多
Background： This study was to investigate the relationship among aortic artery calcification （AAC）, cardiac valve calcification （CVC）, and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis （MHD） patients. Methods： All MHD...Background： This study was to investigate the relationship among aortic artery calcification （AAC）, cardiac valve calcification （CVC）, and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis （MHD） patients. Methods： All MHD patients in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital in July 2011 were included. To follow up tbr 42 months, clinical data, predialysis blood tests, echocardiography, and lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography results were collected. Plasma FGF23 level was measured using a C-terminal assay. Results： Totally, 110 MHD patients were involved in this study. Of which, 64 （58.2%） patients were male, the mean age was 55.2 ± 1.4 years old, and the median dialysis duration was 29.85 （3.0-225.5） months. About 25.5% of the 110 MHD patients had CVC from echocardiography while 61.8% of the patients had visible calcification of aorta from lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography. After 42 months follow-up, 25 （22.7%） patients died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with AAC or CVC had a significant greater number of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths than those without. In multivariate analyses, the presence of AAC was a significant factor associated with all-cause±mortality （hazard ratio [HR]： 3.149, P = 0.025） in addition to lower albumin level and lower 25-hydroxy Vitamin D （25（OH）D） level. The presence of CVC was a significant factor associated with cardiovascular mortality （HR： 3.800, P - 0.029） in addition to lower albumin level and lower 25（OH）D level. Conclusion： Lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography and echocardiography are simple methods to detect AAC and CVC in dialysis patients. The presence of AAC and CVC was independently associated with mortality in MHD patients. Regular follow-up by X-ray and echocardiography could be a useful method to stratify mortality risk in MHD patients.展开更多
The emerging meta-holograms rely on arrays of intractable meta-atoms with various geometries and sizes for customized phase profiles that can precisely modulate the phase of a wavefront at an optimal incident angle fo...The emerging meta-holograms rely on arrays of intractable meta-atoms with various geometries and sizes for customized phase profiles that can precisely modulate the phase of a wavefront at an optimal incident angle for given wavelengths.The stringent and band-limited angle tolerance remains a fundamental obstacle for their practical application,in addition to high fabrication precision demands.Utilizing a different design principle,we determined that facile metagrating holograms based on extraordinary optical diffraction can allow the molding of arbitrary wavefronts with extreme angle tolerances(near-grazing incidence)in the visible–near-infrared regime.By modulating the displacements between uniformly sized meta-atoms rather than the geometrical parameters,the metagratings produce a robust detour phase profile that is irrespective of the wavelength or incident angle.The demonstration of high-fidelity meta-holograms and in-site polarization multiplexing significantly simplifies the metasurface design and lowers the fabrication demand,thereby opening new routes for flat optics with high performances and improved practicality.展开更多
Background: Immunotherapy has shown promise against solid tumors. However, the clinical significance of programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)...Background: Immunotherapy has shown promise against solid tumors. However, the clinical significance of programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the prognostic effect of PD-L1 in PDAC.Data sources: Electronic search of the Pub Med, Cochrane Library and Web of Science was performed until December 2016. Through database searches, we identified articles describing the relationship between PD-L1 status and PDAC patient prognosis. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between PD-1 and overall survival(OS).Results: Nine studies with 989 PDAC patients were included for PD-L1 expression analysis. And 5 studies with 688 PDAC patients were included in the prognostic analysis. The PD-L1 positive rate measured by immunohistochemistry(IHC) was higher than that measured by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)(P < 0.001). PDAC patients with high expression levels of PD-L1 had significantly reduced OS(HR = 2.34;95% CI: 1.78–3.08). Subgroup analysis showed that the prognostic effect of PD-L1 levels was similar between the IHC and PCR methods. The PD-L1 positive rate was associated with PDAC T stages; the PD-L1 positive rate in the T3–4 group was higher than that in the T1-2 group(OR = 0.37; P = 0.001).Conclusions: High PD-L1 expression levels predicted a poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Thus, PD-L1 status helps determine treatment in PDAC patients.展开更多
The solar greenhouse without heating system has been widely used for vegetable production in Northeast China since the 1980s. The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse to study the relationship between evap...The solar greenhouse without heating system has been widely used for vegetable production in Northeast China since the 1980s. The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse to study the relationship between evapotranspiration （ET） of cucumber and climatic factors. Reference evapotranspiration （ET0） and pan evaporation （Ep） were applied to determine cucumber evapotranspiration by regression methods. Results showed that the ET of cucumber increased with the increasing of solar radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure. The solar radiation was the most important factor that influences ET among environmental parameters. The determination coefficient （R2） was 0.865 between ET and Ep, higher than that between ET and ET0 （application of a constant vegetation coefficient, R2 = 0.46）. The pan coefficient （kp, determined from the ratio of ET to Ep） and the crop coefficients （kc, determined from the ratio of ET to ET0） showed considerable variability and no obvious systematic pattern could be described throughout the study period. Ep was linearly related to ET and 20 cm pan can be well used to determine the water requirement of cucumber under subsurface drip irrigation in this type of solar greenhouse.展开更多
Maize is a globally important crop that was a classic model plant for genetic studies. Here, we report a 2.2 Gb draft genome sequence of an elite maize line, HuangZaoSi (HZS). Hybrids bred from HZS-improved lines (HIL...Maize is a globally important crop that was a classic model plant for genetic studies. Here, we report a 2.2 Gb draft genome sequence of an elite maize line, HuangZaoSi (HZS). Hybrids bred from HZS-improved lines (HILs) are planted in more than 60% of maize fields in China. Proteome clustering of six completed sequeneed maize genomes show that 638 proteins fall into 264 HZS-specific gene families with the majority of contributions from tandem duplication events. Resequencing and comparative analysis of 40 HZSrelated lines reveals the breeding history of HILs. More than 60% of identified selective sweeps were clustered in identity.by.descent conserved regions, and yield-related genes/QTLs were enriched in HZS characteristic selected regions. Furthermore, we dem on strated that HZS-specific family genes were not uniformly distributed in the genome but enriched in improvement/function.related genomic regions. This study provides an important and novel resource for maize genome research and expands our knowledge on the breadth of genomic variation and improvement history of maize.展开更多
Malnutrition is a common comorbidity among patients with cancer.However,no nutrition-screening tool has been recognized in this population.A quick and easy screening tool for nutrition with high sensitivity and easy-t...Malnutrition is a common comorbidity among patients with cancer.However,no nutrition-screening tool has been recognized in this population.A quick and easy screening tool for nutrition with high sensitivity and easy-to-use is needed.Based on the previous 25 nutrition-screening tools,the Delphi method was made by the members of the Chinese Society of Nutritional Oncology to choose the most useful item from each category.According to these results,we built a nutrition-screening tool named age,intake,weight,and walking(AIWW).Malnutrition was defined based on the scored patient-generated subjective global assessment(PG-SGA).Concurrent validity was evaluated using the Kendall tau coefficient and kappa consistency between the malnutrition risks of AIWW,nutritional risk screening 2002(NRS-2002),and malnutrition screening tool(MST).Clinical benefit was calculated by the decision curve analysis(DCA),integrated discrimination improvement(IDI),and continuous net reclassification improvement(c NRI).A total of 11,360 patients(male,n=6,024(53.0%)were included in the final study cohort,and 6,363 patients had malnutrition based on PG-SGA.Based on AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST,7,545,3,469,and1,840 patients were at risk of malnutrition,respectively.The sensitivities of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were 0.910,0.531,and 0.285,and the specificities were 0.768,0.946,and 0.975.The Kendall tau coefficients of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were 0.588,0.501,and 0.326,respectively.The area under the curve of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were0.785,0.739,and 0.630,respectively.The IDI,c NRI,and DCA showed that AIWW is non-inferior to NRS-2002(IDI:0.002(-0.009,0.013),c NRI:-0.015(-0.049,0.020)).AIWW scores can also predict the survival of patients with cancer.The missed diagnosis rates of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST were 0.09%,49.0%,and 73.2%,respectively.AIWW showed a better nutritionscreening effect than NRS-2002 and MST for patients with cancer and could be recommended as an alternative nutritionscreening tool for this population.展开更多
Coordination between mitochondria and the nucleus is crucial for fertility determination in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS).Using yeast one-hybrid screening,we identified a transcription factor,ZmDREB1.7,t...Coordination between mitochondria and the nucleus is crucial for fertility determination in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS).Using yeast one-hybrid screening,we identified a transcription factor,ZmDREB1.7,that is highly expressed in sterile microspores at the large vacuole stage and activates the expression of mitochondria-encoded CMS gene orf355.Δpro,a weak allele of ZmDREB1.7 with the loss of a key unfolded protein response(UPR)motif in the promoter,partially restores male fertility of CMS-S maize.ZmDREB1.7 expression increases rapidly in response to antimycin A treatment,but this response is attenuated in theΔpro allele.Furthermore,we found that expression of orf355 in mitochondria activates mitochondrial retrograde signaling,which in turn induces ZmDREB1.7 expression.Taken together,these findings demonstrate that positive-feedback transcriptional regulation between a nuclear regulator and a mitochondrial CMS gene determines male sterility in maize,providing new insights into nucleus-mitochondria communication in plants.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81625017 and No.81572385)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.16ykjc36)
文摘Background: Transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) is recommended as the standard care for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage A-B. However, the efficacy of TACE on large(> 10 cm) stage A-B HCC is far from satisfactory, and it is proposed that hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)might be a better first-line treatment of this disease. Hence, we compared the safety and efficacy of HAIC with the modified FOLFOX(mFOLFOX) regimen and those ofTACE in patients with massive unresectable HCC.Methods: A prospective, non-randomized, phase II study was conducted on patients with massive unresectable HCC. The protocol involved HAIC with the mFOLFOX regimen(oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m^2 intra-arterial infusion; leucovorin,400 mg/m^2 intra-arterial infusion; and fluorouracil, 400 mg/m2 bolus infusion and 2400 mg/m^2 continuous infusion)every 3 weeks and TACE with 50 mg of epirubicin, 50 mg of lobaplatin, 6 mg of mitomycin, and lipiodol and polyvinyl alcohol particles. The tumor responses, time-to-progression(TTP), and safety were assessed.Results: A total of 79 patients were recruited for this study: 38 in the HAIC group and 41 in the TACE group. The HAIC group exhibited higher partial response and disease control rates than did the TACE group(52.6% vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001;83.8% vs. 52.5%, P = 0.004). The median TTPs for the HAIC and TACE groups were 5.87 and 3.6 months(hazard radio[HR] = 2.35,95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-4.76, P = 0.015). More patients in the HAIC group than in the TACE group underwent resection(10 vs. 3,P = 0.033). The proportions of grade 3-4 adverse events(AE) and serious adverse events(SAE) were lower in the HAIC group than in the TACE group(grade 3-4 AEs: 13 vs. 27, P = 0.007;SAEs: 6 vs. 15,p = 0.044). More patients in the TACE group than in the HAIC group had the study treatment terminated early due to intolerable treatment-related adverse events or the withdrawal of consent(10 vs. 2,P = 0.026).Conclusions: HAIC with mFOLFOX yielded significantly bette
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571132, 81873743, and 81801223)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (2017KFYXJJ107 and 2017KFYXJJ124)the National Institutes of Health, USA (R01NS088627)
文摘Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resident microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain, and the first to respond to the pathophysiological changes induced by ischemic stroke. Traditionally, it has been thought that microglial activation is deleterious in ischemic stroke, and therapies to suppress it have been intensively explored. However,increasing evidence suggests that microglial activation is also critical for neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptic remodeling, thereby promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Here, we comprehensively review the dual role of microglia during the different phases of ischemic stroke, and the possible mechanisms controlling the post-ischemic activity of microglia. In addition, we discuss the dynamic interactions between microglia and other cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,and endothelial cells within the brain parenchyma and the neurovascular unit.
基金Project supported by the Chinese Academy of Engi- neering, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. L1522023）, the National Basic Research Program （973） of China （No. 2015CB351703）, and the National Key Research and Development Plan （Nos. 2016YFB1001004 and 2016YFB1000903）
文摘The long-term goal of artificial intelligence （AI） is to make machines learn and think like human beings. Due to the high levels of uncertainty and vulnerability in human life and the open-ended nature of problems that humans are facing, no matter how intelligent machines are, they are unable to completely replace humans. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce human cognitive capabilities or human-like cognitive models into AI systems to develop a new form of AI, that is, hybrid-augmented intelligence. This form of AI or machine intelligence is a feasible and important developing model. Hybrid-augmented intelligence can be divided into two basic models： one is human-in-the-loop augmented intelligence with human-computer collaboration, and the other is cognitive computing based augmented intelligence, in which a cognitive model is embedded in the machine learning system. This survey describes a basic framework for human-computer collaborative hybrid-augmented intelligence, and the basic elements of hybrid-augmented intelligence based on cognitive computing. These elements include intuitive reasoning, causal models, evolution of memory and knowledge, especially the role and basic principles of intuitive reasoning for complex problem solving, and the cognitive learning framework for visual scene understanding based on memory and reasoning. Several typical applications of hybrid-augmented intelligence in related fields are given.
文摘The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST, also called the Guo Shou Jing Telescope) is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope. LAMOST’s special design allows both a large aperture (effective aperture of 3.6 m–4.9 m) and a wide field of view (FOV) (5°). It has an innovative active reflecting Schmidt configuration which continuously changes the mirror’s surface that adjusts during the observation process and combines thin deformable mirror active optics with segmented active optics. Its primary mirror (6.67m×6.05 m) and active Schmidt mirror (5.74m×4.40 m) are both segmented, and composed of 37 and 24 hexagonal sub-mirrors respectively. By using a parallel controllable fiber positioning technique, the focal surface of 1.75 m in diameter can accommodate 4000 optical fibers. Also, LAMOST has 16 spectrographs with 32 CCD cameras. LAMOST will be the telescope with the highest rate of spectral acquisition. As a national large scientific project, the LAMOST project was formally proposed in 1996, and approved by the Chinese government in 1997. The construction started in 2001, was completed in 2008 and passed the official acceptance in June 2009. The LAMOST pilot survey was started in October 2011 and the spectroscopic survey will launch in September 2012. Up to now, LAMOST has released more than 480 000 spectra of objects. LAMOST will make an important contribution to the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe, structure and evolution of the Galaxy, and cross-identification of multiwaveband properties in celestial objects.
基金The study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFA0704100,2018YFA0704104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81827805,82130060)Jiangsu Provincial Special Program of Medical Science(BE2019750).The funding sources had no role in the writing of the report,or decision to submit the paper for publication.
文摘There is considerable potential for integrating transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),programmed death-(ligand)1(PD-[L]1)inhibitors,and molecular targeted treatments(MTT)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).It is necessary to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of TACE combined with PD-(L)1 inhibitors and MTT in real-world situations.In this nationwide,retrospective,cohort study,826 HCC patients receiving either TACE plus PD-(L)1 blockades and MTT(combination group,n=376)or TACE monotherapy(monotherapy group,n=450)were included from January 2018 to May 2021.The primary endpoint was progression-free survival(PFS)according to modified RECIST.The secondary outcomes included overall survival(OS),objective response rate(ORR),and safety.We performed propensity score matching approaches to reduce bias between two groups.After matching,228 pairs were included with a predominantly advanced disease population.Median PFS in combination group was 9.5 months(95%confidence interval[CI],8.4-11.0)versus 8.0 months(95%CI,6.6-9.5)(adjusted hazard ratio[HR],0.70,P=0.002).OS and ORR were also significantly higher in combination group(median OS,19.2[16.1-27.3]vs.15.7 months[13.0-20.2];adjusted HR,0.63,P=0.001;ORR,60.1%vs.32.0%;P<0.001).Grade 3/4 adverse events were observed at a rate of 15.8%and 7.5%in combination and monotherapy groups,respectively.Our results suggest that TACE plus PD-(L)1 blockades and MTT could significantly improve PFS,OS,and ORR versus TACE monotherapy for Chinese patients with predominantly advanced HCC in real-world practice,with an acceptable safety profile.
文摘Background Effects of prophylactic somatostatin on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） pancreatitis （PEP） and hyperamylasemia remain inconclusive. This study aimed to examine whether high-dose, long-term continuous infusion of somatostatin can reduce the incidence of PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia. Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. One hundred and twenty-four patients scheduled for ERCP from December 2008 to May 2010 randomly received one of the following three interventions： pre-ERCP somatostatin （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours, starting 1 hour prior to ERCP; n=36）, post-ERCP somatostatin （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours, starting 1 hour after ERCP; n=47）, or placebo （saline for 24 hours, starting 1 hour prior to ERCP; n=41）. Serum amylase and lipase concentrations were measured 1 to 3 hours prior to ERCP and 6, 24, and 48 hours after ERCP. Results The three groups did not differ in age, gender, medical history, or ERCP procedure （catheterization using contrast or guidewire, pancreatic duct visualization, procedure time, or procedure type）. The rate of PEP was 13.7% （17/124） in the overall study sample and 16.7% （6/36）, 10.6% （5/47）, and 14.6% （6/41） in the pre-ERCP somatostatin, post- ERCP somatostatin, and placebo groups, respectively （P=0.715）. The rate of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia was 19.4% （7/36）, 21.3% （10/47）, and 46.3% （19/41） in the pre-ERCP somatostatin, post-ERCP somatostatin, and placebo groups, respectively （P=0.011）. Conclusions High-dose, long-term continuous infusion （0.5 mg/h for 24 hours） of somatostatin, performed as either a pre- or post-ERCP, can reduce the incidence of hyperamylasemia, but not PEP.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2014CB845700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11390371)Funding for the project has been provided by the National Development and Reform Commission
文摘The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of stars, galaxies and QSOs. Objects in both the pilot survey and the first year regular survey are included in the LAMOST DR1. The pilot survey started in October 2011 and ended in June 2012, and the data have been released to the public as the LAMOST Pilot Data Release in August 2012. The regular survey started in September 2012, and completed its first year of operation in June 2013. The LAMOST DR1 includes a total of 1202 plates containing 2 955 336 spectra, of which 1 790 879 spectra have observed signalto-noise ratio（SNR） ≥ 10. All data with SNR ≥ 2 are formally released as LAMOST DR1 under the LAMOST data policy. This data release contains a total of 2 204 696 spectra, of which 1 944 329 are stellar spectra, 12 082 are galaxy spectra and 5017 are quasars. The DR1 not only includes spectra, but also three stellar catalogs with measured parameters： late A,FGK-type stars with high quality spectra（1 061 918 entries）, A-type stars（100 073 entries）, and M-type stars（121 522 entries）. This paper introduces the survey design, the observational and instrumental limitations, data reduction and analysis, and some caveats. A description of the FITS structure of spectral files and parameter catalogs is also provided.
基金Project(50235030)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Cored wires and high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) technique were applied to produce high Al content Zn-Al alloy coatings on low carbon steel substrates. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Zn, Al and Zn-Al coatings were studied with potentiodynamic measurement in 5 % NaCl solution. Compared with pure Zn, pure Al and Zn-15Al coatings, Zn-26Al coatings show a higher corrosion resistance in salt solution. The potentiodynamic polarization tests show that the corrosion resistance of Zn-Al coatings increases as Al content is raised. Pure Al coating exhibits different electrochemical behaviors with other coatings. The corrosion initiated at the micro-pores of the coating and the underlying corrosion mechanism is very similar to that of the pitting corrosion.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD16B15)
文摘High temperature stress（HTS） on spring maize（Zea mays L.） during the filling stage is the key factor that limits the yield increase in the North China Plain（NCP）.Subsoiling（SS） and ridge tillage（R） were introduced to enhance the ability of spring maize to resist HTS during the filling stage.The field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 maize growing seasons at Wuqiao County,Hebei Province,China.Compared with rotary tillage（RT）,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,and chlorophyll relative content（SPAD） of maize leaves was increased by 40.0,42.6,12.8,and 29.7% under SS,and increased by 20.4,20.0,5.4,and 14.2% under R,repectively.However,the treatments reduce the intercellular CO 2 concentration under HTS.The SS and R treatments increased the relative water content（RWC） by 11.9 and 6.2%,and the water use efficiency（WUE） by 24.3 and 14.3%,respectively,compared with RT.The SS treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-80 cm soil profile,whereas the R treatment increased the root length density and soil moisture in the 0-40 cm soil profile compared with the RT treatment.Compared with 2011,the number of days with temperatures 33°C was more 2 d and the mean day temperature was higher 0.9°C than that in 2012,whereas the plant yield decreased by 2.5,8.5 and 10.9%,the net photosynthetic rate reduced by 7.5,10.5 and 18.0%,the RWC reduced by 3.9,5.6 and 6.2%,and the WUE at leaf level reduced by 1.8,5.2 and 13.1% in the SS,R and RT treatments,respectively.Both the root length density and the soil moisture also decreased at different levels.The yield,photosynthetic rate,plant water status,root length density,and soil moisture under the SS and R treatments declined less than that under the RT treatment.The results indicated that SS and R can enhance the HTS resistance of spring maize during the filling stage,and led to higher yield by directly improving soil moisture and root growth and indirectly improving plant wate
基金This study was supported by Shanghai Science Foundation, China （No. 14ZR1425400）.
文摘Background： This study was to investigate the relationship among aortic artery calcification （AAC）, cardiac valve calcification （CVC）, and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis （MHD） patients. Methods： All MHD patients in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital in July 2011 were included. To follow up tbr 42 months, clinical data, predialysis blood tests, echocardiography, and lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography results were collected. Plasma FGF23 level was measured using a C-terminal assay. Results： Totally, 110 MHD patients were involved in this study. Of which, 64 （58.2%） patients were male, the mean age was 55.2 ± 1.4 years old, and the median dialysis duration was 29.85 （3.0-225.5） months. About 25.5% of the 110 MHD patients had CVC from echocardiography while 61.8% of the patients had visible calcification of aorta from lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography. After 42 months follow-up, 25 （22.7%） patients died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with AAC or CVC had a significant greater number of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths than those without. In multivariate analyses, the presence of AAC was a significant factor associated with all-cause±mortality （hazard ratio [HR]： 3.149, P = 0.025） in addition to lower albumin level and lower 25-hydroxy Vitamin D （25（OH）D） level. The presence of CVC was a significant factor associated with cardiovascular mortality （HR： 3.800, P - 0.029） in addition to lower albumin level and lower 25（OH）D level. Conclusion： Lateral lumbar X-ray plain radiography and echocardiography are simple methods to detect AAC and CVC in dialysis patients. The presence of AAC and CVC was independently associated with mortality in MHD patients. Regular follow-up by X-ray and echocardiography could be a useful method to stratify mortality risk in MHD patients.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(YS2018YFB110012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant 11604217,61522504,61420106014,11774145,11734012,11574218)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant 21617410)the Guangdong Provincial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(Grant 2016ZT06D081,2017ZT07C071)the Applied Science and Technology Project of the Guangdong Science and Technology Department(2017B090918001)the Natural Science Foundation of the Shenzhen Innovation Committee(JCYJ20170412153113701).
文摘The emerging meta-holograms rely on arrays of intractable meta-atoms with various geometries and sizes for customized phase profiles that can precisely modulate the phase of a wavefront at an optimal incident angle for given wavelengths.The stringent and band-limited angle tolerance remains a fundamental obstacle for their practical application,in addition to high fabrication precision demands.Utilizing a different design principle,we determined that facile metagrating holograms based on extraordinary optical diffraction can allow the molding of arbitrary wavefronts with extreme angle tolerances(near-grazing incidence)in the visible–near-infrared regime.By modulating the displacements between uniformly sized meta-atoms rather than the geometrical parameters,the metagratings produce a robust detour phase profile that is irrespective of the wavelength or incident angle.The demonstration of high-fidelity meta-holograms and in-site polarization multiplexing significantly simplifies the metasurface design and lowers the fabrication demand,thereby opening new routes for flat optics with high performances and improved practicality.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81472670,81172005,81402397,81402398 and 81172276)the National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(14ZR1407600)+1 种基金the“Yang-Fan”Plan for Young Scientists of Shanghai(14YF1401100)the Ph D Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(20110071120096)
文摘Background: Immunotherapy has shown promise against solid tumors. However, the clinical significance of programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the prognostic effect of PD-L1 in PDAC.Data sources: Electronic search of the Pub Med, Cochrane Library and Web of Science was performed until December 2016. Through database searches, we identified articles describing the relationship between PD-L1 status and PDAC patient prognosis. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between PD-1 and overall survival(OS).Results: Nine studies with 989 PDAC patients were included for PD-L1 expression analysis. And 5 studies with 688 PDAC patients were included in the prognostic analysis. The PD-L1 positive rate measured by immunohistochemistry(IHC) was higher than that measured by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)(P < 0.001). PDAC patients with high expression levels of PD-L1 had significantly reduced OS(HR = 2.34;95% CI: 1.78–3.08). Subgroup analysis showed that the prognostic effect of PD-L1 levels was similar between the IHC and PCR methods. The PD-L1 positive rate was associated with PDAC T stages; the PD-L1 positive rate in the T3–4 group was higher than that in the T1-2 group(OR = 0.37; P = 0.001).Conclusions: High PD-L1 expression levels predicted a poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Thus, PD-L1 status helps determine treatment in PDAC patients.
基金supported by the Young Scientist Innovation Science of Shandong Agricultural University, China (23653)
文摘The solar greenhouse without heating system has been widely used for vegetable production in Northeast China since the 1980s. The experiment was conducted in the solar greenhouse to study the relationship between evapotranspiration （ET） of cucumber and climatic factors. Reference evapotranspiration （ET0） and pan evaporation （Ep） were applied to determine cucumber evapotranspiration by regression methods. Results showed that the ET of cucumber increased with the increasing of solar radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure. The solar radiation was the most important factor that influences ET among environmental parameters. The determination coefficient （R2） was 0.865 between ET and Ep, higher than that between ET and ET0 （application of a constant vegetation coefficient, R2 = 0.46）. The pan coefficient （kp, determined from the ratio of ET to Ep） and the crop coefficients （kc, determined from the ratio of ET to ET0） showed considerable variability and no obvious systematic pattern could be described throughout the study period. Ep was linearly related to ET and 20 cm pan can be well used to determine the water requirement of cucumber under subsurface drip irrigation in this type of solar greenhouse.
文摘Maize is a globally important crop that was a classic model plant for genetic studies. Here, we report a 2.2 Gb draft genome sequence of an elite maize line, HuangZaoSi (HZS). Hybrids bred from HZS-improved lines (HILs) are planted in more than 60% of maize fields in China. Proteome clustering of six completed sequeneed maize genomes show that 638 proteins fall into 264 HZS-specific gene families with the majority of contributions from tandem duplication events. Resequencing and comparative analysis of 40 HZSrelated lines reveals the breeding history of HILs. More than 60% of identified selective sweeps were clustered in identity.by.descent conserved regions, and yield-related genes/QTLs were enriched in HZS characteristic selected regions. Furthermore, we dem on strated that HZS-specific family genes were not uniformly distributed in the genome but enriched in improvement/function.related genomic regions. This study provides an important and novel resource for maize genome research and expands our knowledge on the breadth of genomic variation and improvement history of maize.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(D181100000218004)General Surgery Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province(ZX2019-03-03)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2009600)。
文摘Malnutrition is a common comorbidity among patients with cancer.However,no nutrition-screening tool has been recognized in this population.A quick and easy screening tool for nutrition with high sensitivity and easy-to-use is needed.Based on the previous 25 nutrition-screening tools,the Delphi method was made by the members of the Chinese Society of Nutritional Oncology to choose the most useful item from each category.According to these results,we built a nutrition-screening tool named age,intake,weight,and walking(AIWW).Malnutrition was defined based on the scored patient-generated subjective global assessment(PG-SGA).Concurrent validity was evaluated using the Kendall tau coefficient and kappa consistency between the malnutrition risks of AIWW,nutritional risk screening 2002(NRS-2002),and malnutrition screening tool(MST).Clinical benefit was calculated by the decision curve analysis(DCA),integrated discrimination improvement(IDI),and continuous net reclassification improvement(c NRI).A total of 11,360 patients(male,n=6,024(53.0%)were included in the final study cohort,and 6,363 patients had malnutrition based on PG-SGA.Based on AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST,7,545,3,469,and1,840 patients were at risk of malnutrition,respectively.The sensitivities of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were 0.910,0.531,and 0.285,and the specificities were 0.768,0.946,and 0.975.The Kendall tau coefficients of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were 0.588,0.501,and 0.326,respectively.The area under the curve of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST risks were0.785,0.739,and 0.630,respectively.The IDI,c NRI,and DCA showed that AIWW is non-inferior to NRS-2002(IDI:0.002(-0.009,0.013),c NRI:-0.015(-0.049,0.020)).AIWW scores can also predict the survival of patients with cancer.The missed diagnosis rates of AIWW,NRS-2002,and MST were 0.09%,49.0%,and 73.2%,respectively.AIWW showed a better nutritionscreening effect than NRS-2002 and MST for patients with cancer and could be recommended as an alternative nutritionscreening tool for this population.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Programs of China(2016YFD0101803 and 2017YFD0300301).
文摘Coordination between mitochondria and the nucleus is crucial for fertility determination in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS).Using yeast one-hybrid screening,we identified a transcription factor,ZmDREB1.7,that is highly expressed in sterile microspores at the large vacuole stage and activates the expression of mitochondria-encoded CMS gene orf355.Δpro,a weak allele of ZmDREB1.7 with the loss of a key unfolded protein response(UPR)motif in the promoter,partially restores male fertility of CMS-S maize.ZmDREB1.7 expression increases rapidly in response to antimycin A treatment,but this response is attenuated in theΔpro allele.Furthermore,we found that expression of orf355 in mitochondria activates mitochondrial retrograde signaling,which in turn induces ZmDREB1.7 expression.Taken together,these findings demonstrate that positive-feedback transcriptional regulation between a nuclear regulator and a mitochondrial CMS gene determines male sterility in maize,providing new insights into nucleus-mitochondria communication in plants.
