This study employed numerical simulations to explore the impact of varying ice nucleation processes on the microphysics and electrification within thunderstorm clouds.A two-dimensional cumulus model,incorporating both...This study employed numerical simulations to explore the impact of varying ice nucleation processes on the microphysics and electrification within thunderstorm clouds.A two-dimensional cumulus model,incorporating both noninductive and inductive charge separation schemes,was utilized.The findings revealed that the freezing nucleation mechanism significantly influenced the microphysical development,electrification,and charge structure of thunderstorms.Homogeneous freezing generated a large quantity of small ice crystals near the cloud tops,which were primarily responsible for the development of positive charge regions through a non-inductive charging process.Conversely,heterogeneous freezing resulted in larger ice crystals,enhancing graupel formation and leading to a more rapid and intense charge separation rate of around-15°C.Ice crystals formed heterogeneously and charged negatively during the development stage,resulting in an inverted dipole charge structure.When both immersion and homogeneous freezing processes were considered,the competition between these two distinct freezing processes resulted in reduced cloud water content and weaker electrification.Under conditions of low cloud water content at lower storm levels,graupel particles were negatively charged through non-inductive charging,causing the charge structure to quickly revert to a normal dipole structure.展开更多
Mealybugs, such as Phenacoccus solenopsis, are highly sexually dimorphic. Winged adult males present such remarkable morphological differences from females that, to the untrained eye, conspecific adults of both sexes ...Mealybugs, such as Phenacoccus solenopsis, are highly sexually dimorphic. Winged adult males present such remarkable morphological differences from females that, to the untrained eye, conspecific adults of both sexes of P. solenopsis may be considered as two different insect species. A method to investigate sex-dimorphic mechanisms is by evaluating gene expression using RT-qPCR. However, the accuracy and consistency of this technique depend on the reference gene(s) selected. In this study, we analyzed the expression of 10 candidate reference genes in male and female P. solenopsis at different development stages, using common algorithms including the ?Ct method, NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and a web-based analysis tool, RefFinder. The results showed that EF1-β, RP-L32 and RP-18 S were selected as the most stable genes by both the ?Ct method and NormFinder; TUB-α was the most stable gene identified by BestKeeper; and RP-L40 and RP-L32 were the most stable genes ranked by geNorm. RefFinder, a comprehensive analysis software, ranked the ten genes and determined EF1-β and RP-L32 as the most suitable reference genes for the various developmental stages in male and female P. solenopsis. Furthermore, the two most suitable reference genes were validated by examining expression of the juvenile hormone acid O-methytransferase(JHAMT) gene. Results of the validation portion of the study showed that JHAMT expression was sex-biased towards males and exhibited a dynamic and classic expression pattern among the P. solenopsis developmental stages. The results can help further our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphic development in P. solenopsis.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the influences of the genotypes,anther developmental stages,and cultural conditions on the efficiency of embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration in the anthers culture of Bupleurum ch...Objective To evaluate the influences of the genotypes,anther developmental stages,and cultural conditions on the efficiency of embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration in the anthers culture of Bupleurum chinense.Methods The different effects such as four genotypes,plant growth regulators,and temperature condition were compared in the experiments.The histological study was performed with the process of the anther culture.Results The highest inducing rate of embryogenic calli were achieved for the genotypes Zhongcaiyihao(ZCYH),Z4,and Z5 at the early-to middle-uninucleate stages,except for genotype ZPM1 at the tetrad stage.Cold pretreatment increased the production of the embryogenic callus,in which 4-day cold pretreatment improved the production of embryogenic callus from 0% to 2.2% and 5.0% for genotypes ZPM1 and ZCYH,respectively.No embryogenic callus was induced in the medium containing less than 0.75 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) .The highest regeneration rate(34.6%) was obtained in 1/2 MS salts regeneration medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 6-benzylmaminopurine(BA) .The low concentration of BA was able to promote the embryogenic callus formation and subsequent plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis.Chromosome counting of regenerated plantlets showed mostly diploid plant(2n = 12) with only one haploid plant(n = 6) .Because of the low rate of microspore embryo formation,we only tracked the process of embryogenesis from the connective tissue,instead of microspore by histological observations.Conclusion This study establishes an efficient system for embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration system.This is the first report on the haploid plantlet through the anther culture of B.chinense.展开更多
Objective： This meta- analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine （CHM） combined withangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors （ACEIs） and/or angiotensin-receptor blockers （ARBs）for tre...Objective： This meta- analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine （CHM） combined withangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors （ACEIs） and/or angiotensin-receptor blockers （ARBs）for treatment ofincipient diabetic nephropathy（IDN）. Methods： Nine data bases were searched for randomized controlled trials ofChinese herbal medicine（CHM） and ACEI/ARB for treatment of IDN. Included articles were published betweenJanuary2006 and December 2016. All studies were divided into prescriptions containing both Astragali Radix andRehmanniae Radix （i subgroup）, Astragali Radix（Huangqi） or Rehmanniae Radix（Dihuang） （ii subgroup）, neitherAstragali Radix nor Rehmanniae Radix （iii subgroup）. Review Manager 5.3 was used for subgroup analysis.Results： In total, 28 RCTs with 2017 patients were included. The results showed 1）the urinary albumin excretionrate （UAER） can be reduced significantly using CHM with ACEI or ARB for treatment of IDN compared to ACEIor ARB alone, and reduction of the UAER of the i subgroup was superior to that of the other two subgroups;2）serum creatinine （Scr） levels can be reduced significantly using CHM combined with ACEI or ARB, andreduction of Scr in the ii subgroup was superior to that in the iii subgroup; 3）reduction of BUN in group A was notbetter than that in group B. Conclusion： In summary, CHMs combined with ACEI/ARB can decrease UAER andScr significantly compared to the use of ACEI/ARB during IDN treatment. The effect was more significant in theCHM group containing Astragali Radix or Rehmanniae Radix. The application of Astragali Radix and RehmanniaeRadix should be emphasized in third stage diabetic nephropathy.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (41805002)Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LZJMZ24D050009)+1 种基金Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST (2016r042)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021CFB571)。
文摘This study employed numerical simulations to explore the impact of varying ice nucleation processes on the microphysics and electrification within thunderstorm clouds.A two-dimensional cumulus model,incorporating both noninductive and inductive charge separation schemes,was utilized.The findings revealed that the freezing nucleation mechanism significantly influenced the microphysical development,electrification,and charge structure of thunderstorms.Homogeneous freezing generated a large quantity of small ice crystals near the cloud tops,which were primarily responsible for the development of positive charge regions through a non-inductive charging process.Conversely,heterogeneous freezing resulted in larger ice crystals,enhancing graupel formation and leading to a more rapid and intense charge separation rate of around-15°C.Ice crystals formed heterogeneously and charged negatively during the development stage,resulting in an inverted dipole charge structure.When both immersion and homogeneous freezing processes were considered,the competition between these two distinct freezing processes resulted in reduced cloud water content and weaker electrification.Under conditions of low cloud water content at lower storm levels,graupel particles were negatively charged through non-inductive charging,causing the charge structure to quickly revert to a normal dipole structure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270580)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,China(2018C02036)+1 种基金the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD19B06)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201103026)
文摘Mealybugs, such as Phenacoccus solenopsis, are highly sexually dimorphic. Winged adult males present such remarkable morphological differences from females that, to the untrained eye, conspecific adults of both sexes of P. solenopsis may be considered as two different insect species. A method to investigate sex-dimorphic mechanisms is by evaluating gene expression using RT-qPCR. However, the accuracy and consistency of this technique depend on the reference gene(s) selected. In this study, we analyzed the expression of 10 candidate reference genes in male and female P. solenopsis at different development stages, using common algorithms including the ?Ct method, NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and a web-based analysis tool, RefFinder. The results showed that EF1-β, RP-L32 and RP-18 S were selected as the most stable genes by both the ?Ct method and NormFinder; TUB-α was the most stable gene identified by BestKeeper; and RP-L40 and RP-L32 were the most stable genes ranked by geNorm. RefFinder, a comprehensive analysis software, ranked the ten genes and determined EF1-β and RP-L32 as the most suitable reference genes for the various developmental stages in male and female P. solenopsis. Furthermore, the two most suitable reference genes were validated by examining expression of the juvenile hormone acid O-methytransferase(JHAMT) gene. Results of the validation portion of the study showed that JHAMT expression was sex-biased towards males and exhibited a dynamic and classic expression pattern among the P. solenopsis developmental stages. The results can help further our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphic development in P. solenopsis.
基金National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by the Ministry of Science & Technology of China (2006BAI09B01)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Advance Education of China (20070023094)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (6082020)
文摘Objective To evaluate the influences of the genotypes,anther developmental stages,and cultural conditions on the efficiency of embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration in the anthers culture of Bupleurum chinense.Methods The different effects such as four genotypes,plant growth regulators,and temperature condition were compared in the experiments.The histological study was performed with the process of the anther culture.Results The highest inducing rate of embryogenic calli were achieved for the genotypes Zhongcaiyihao(ZCYH),Z4,and Z5 at the early-to middle-uninucleate stages,except for genotype ZPM1 at the tetrad stage.Cold pretreatment increased the production of the embryogenic callus,in which 4-day cold pretreatment improved the production of embryogenic callus from 0% to 2.2% and 5.0% for genotypes ZPM1 and ZCYH,respectively.No embryogenic callus was induced in the medium containing less than 0.75 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) .The highest regeneration rate(34.6%) was obtained in 1/2 MS salts regeneration medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 6-benzylmaminopurine(BA) .The low concentration of BA was able to promote the embryogenic callus formation and subsequent plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis.Chromosome counting of regenerated plantlets showed mostly diploid plant(2n = 12) with only one haploid plant(n = 6) .Because of the low rate of microspore embryo formation,we only tracked the process of embryogenesis from the connective tissue,instead of microspore by histological observations.Conclusion This study establishes an efficient system for embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration system.This is the first report on the haploid plantlet through the anther culture of B.chinense.
文摘Objective： This meta- analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine （CHM） combined withangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors （ACEIs） and/or angiotensin-receptor blockers （ARBs）for treatment ofincipient diabetic nephropathy（IDN）. Methods： Nine data bases were searched for randomized controlled trials ofChinese herbal medicine（CHM） and ACEI/ARB for treatment of IDN. Included articles were published betweenJanuary2006 and December 2016. All studies were divided into prescriptions containing both Astragali Radix andRehmanniae Radix （i subgroup）, Astragali Radix（Huangqi） or Rehmanniae Radix（Dihuang） （ii subgroup）, neitherAstragali Radix nor Rehmanniae Radix （iii subgroup）. Review Manager 5.3 was used for subgroup analysis.Results： In total, 28 RCTs with 2017 patients were included. The results showed 1）the urinary albumin excretionrate （UAER） can be reduced significantly using CHM with ACEI or ARB for treatment of IDN compared to ACEIor ARB alone, and reduction of the UAER of the i subgroup was superior to that of the other two subgroups;2）serum creatinine （Scr） levels can be reduced significantly using CHM combined with ACEI or ARB, andreduction of Scr in the ii subgroup was superior to that in the iii subgroup; 3）reduction of BUN in group A was notbetter than that in group B. Conclusion： In summary, CHMs combined with ACEI/ARB can decrease UAER andScr significantly compared to the use of ACEI/ARB during IDN treatment. The effect was more significant in theCHM group containing Astragali Radix or Rehmanniae Radix. The application of Astragali Radix and RehmanniaeRadix should be emphasized in third stage diabetic nephropathy.
