Downy mildew of grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.),caused by the oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola,is one of the most serious concerns for grape production worldwide.It has been widely reported that the pathogenesis-rel...Downy mildew of grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.),caused by the oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola,is one of the most serious concerns for grape production worldwide.It has been widely reported that the pathogenesis-related 4(PR4)protein plays important roles in plant resistance to diseases.However,little is known about the role of PR4 in the defense of grapevine against P.viticola.In this study,we engineered loss-of-function mutations in the VvPR4b gene from the cultivar“Thompson Seedless”using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluated the consequences for downy mildew resistance.Sequencing results showed that deletions were the main type of mutation introduced and that no off-target events occurred.Infection assays using leaf discs showed that,compared to wild-type plants,the VvPR4b knockout lines had increased susceptibility to P.viticola.This was accompanied by reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species around stomata.Measurement of the relative genomic abundance of P.viticola in VvPR4b knockout lines also demonstrated that the mutants had increased susceptibility to the pathogen.Our results confirm that VvPR4b plays an active role in the defense of grapevine against downy mildew.展开更多
Elemental doping is an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic activity and extend the light absorption range of single-component photocatalysts.In this work,a series of La-doped CeO_(2) nanorods(La-CeO_(2)-x) wi...Elemental doping is an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic activity and extend the light absorption range of single-component photocatalysts.In this work,a series of La-doped CeO_(2) nanorods(La-CeO_(2)-x) with La content of 1 wt%-15 wt% are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and further used as photocatalyst for sulfamerazine(SMR) degradation.The prepared La-CeO_(2)-x nanorods exhibit a great improvement in electron-hole pair migration and visible-light response due to the synergistic effect of abundant oxygen vacancies and heterogeneous elements(La).Consequently,La-CeO_(2)-x exhibited excellent visible-light photocatalytic performances and chemical stability for SMR degradation,the La-CeO_(2)-5 sample achieved the highest SMR degradation rate of 81%,which was 3.4 times higher than that of the original CeO_(2).Furthermore,three possible degradation pathways of SMR in La-CeO_(2) photocatalytic reactions were proposed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.Finally,density functional theory calculations were carried out to provide an in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationships.Considering its excellent properties and better photocatalytic performance,this study demonstrates that La doping in CeO_(2) is an effective way to increase oxygen vacancy and improve the photochemical properties of photocatalysts.展开更多
Objectives:To provide a theoretical basis for the development of the new products of Poria cocos-Atractylodes macrocephala couplet medicine.Methods:All prescription preparations containing Poria cocos and Atractylodes...Objectives:To provide a theoretical basis for the development of the new products of Poria cocos-Atractylodes macrocephala couplet medicine.Methods:All prescription preparations containing Poria cocos and Atractylodes macrocephala were collected from the Drug Standards of the Ministry of Public Health Drug Standard·Traditional Chinese Medicine Set Prescription Preparation(called Traditional Chinese Medicine Set Prescription Preparation for short).After standardization,the information of each prescription preparation was input into the Chinese Traditional Medicine Inheritance Support Platform(V2.5),and the relevant rules of the software were adopted.Data mining methods were used to analyze the frequency of drugs,main symptoms and diseases in prescriptions,and to analyze the regularity of prescriptions.The prescription rules of top 2 high frequency attending syndromes and diseases were analyzed.Results:There were total of 337 prescription preparations containing couplet medicine of Poria cocos and Atractylodes macrocephala,107 kinds of main symptoms and 66 kinds of diseases.The high frequency syndromes were deficiency of Qi and blood and weakness of spleen and stomach,and the high frequency syndromes were anorexia and irregular menstruation.Conclusion:The couplet medicine of Poria cocos-atractylodes macrocephala prescription is mainly used to treat digestive tract diseases and gynecological diseases;it mostly takes tonifying deficiency efficat.It can treat different diseases being compatible with different medicinal materials.The study can provide theoretical basis for clinical application and new drug development of the couplet medicine of Poria cocos-atractylodes macrocephala.展开更多
In the present work,the interaction mechanism of specific polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEMs),fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride(PDDA)and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSS)...In the present work,the interaction mechanism of specific polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEMs),fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride(PDDA)and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSS),is studied using atomic force microscopy.The underwater oil-repellency of PS S-capped PEMs was further explored by measuring the interaction forces between tetradecane droplets and PEMs-coated silica substrates under various salinities.The force curves were analyzed following the Stokes-Reynolds-Young-Laplace theoretical model.Desirable consistency was achieved between the experimental and theoretical calculations at low NaCl concentrations(0.1 mM and 1 mM);however,underestimation of the attractive force was found as the NaCl concentration increases to moderate(10 mM)and high(100 mM)levels.Discrepancy analyses and incorporated features toward a reduced surface charge density were considered based on the previous findings of the orientation of anionic benzenesulfonate moieties(Liu et al.in Angew Chem Int Ed 54(16):4851-4856,2015.https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201411992).Short-range steric hindrance interactions were further introduced to simulate"brush"effect stemming from nanoscale surface roughness.It is demonstrated in our work that the PSS-capped PEMs remains a stable underwater lipophobicity against high salinity,which renders it potential application in surface wetting modification and anti-fouling.展开更多
AIM: To observe and compare the statistical significance of superficial and deep vascular leakage in the pathological changes of the diabetic rats retina after the Evans blue(EB) perfusion, and utilize the modified wh...AIM: To observe and compare the statistical significance of superficial and deep vascular leakage in the pathological changes of the diabetic rats retina after the Evans blue(EB) perfusion, and utilize the modified whole-retina spreading method to make the slides while protecting the periphery of the retina. METHODS: The Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Each group named as the normal groups for 4, 8, and 12 wk and the diabetic groups for 4, 8, and 12 wk. The EB was injected into the cardiovascular system of the rats at the different time points. The retina of each group was obtained for observation.RESULTS: The superficial vascular leakage was found in all 6 groups. The size of leakage area of superficial retinal blood vessels was(0.54±0.23)%,(0.65±0.11)%,and(0.58±0.10)% in normal group. No notable leakage was found in the deep blood vessels [(0.03±0.04)%,(0.03±0.05)%, and(0.03±0.05)%]. The deep retinal vascular leakage was found in the peripheral retina of diabetic rats. The size of leakage area of superficial retinal blood vessels in diabetic group were(0.53±0.22)%,(0.69±0.16)%, and(0.52±0.11)%. The leakage areas of deep blood vessels were(0.54±0.50)%,(1.42±0.16)%, and(1.80±0.07)% at 4, 8, and 12 wk, respectively. There was a statistically difference of the leakage area between the 8 th week and the 4 th week of diabetes group(P=0.003). The statistically significant difference between the diabetes and the control groups was noted at 4 wk and 8 wk(P<0.001).CONCLUSION: The main retinal pathological changes of early-stage diabetic rats are the vascular leakage of the periphery of deep retina. Diabetic rats modeled after 8 wk have semi-quantitative statistical difference compared with the normal rats, thus early intervention treatment research can start at this time point.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000300)Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(grant no.2018JQ3012)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.31672115,31601716)Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Program(2018ZDXMNY053-1).
文摘Downy mildew of grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.),caused by the oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola,is one of the most serious concerns for grape production worldwide.It has been widely reported that the pathogenesis-related 4(PR4)protein plays important roles in plant resistance to diseases.However,little is known about the role of PR4 in the defense of grapevine against P.viticola.In this study,we engineered loss-of-function mutations in the VvPR4b gene from the cultivar“Thompson Seedless”using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluated the consequences for downy mildew resistance.Sequencing results showed that deletions were the main type of mutation introduced and that no off-target events occurred.Infection assays using leaf discs showed that,compared to wild-type plants,the VvPR4b knockout lines had increased susceptibility to P.viticola.This was accompanied by reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species around stomata.Measurement of the relative genomic abundance of P.viticola in VvPR4b knockout lines also demonstrated that the mutants had increased susceptibility to the pathogen.Our results confirm that VvPR4b plays an active role in the defense of grapevine against downy mildew.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52300206)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20230705)+3 种基金the Industry-University Research Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province,China (No.BY20221227)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No.22KJB610014)the Talent-Recruiting Program of Nanjing Institute of Technology (No.YKJ202124)the Open Fund of Advanced Industrial Technology Research Institute,Nanjing Institute of Technology (No. XJY202110)。
文摘Elemental doping is an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic activity and extend the light absorption range of single-component photocatalysts.In this work,a series of La-doped CeO_(2) nanorods(La-CeO_(2)-x) with La content of 1 wt%-15 wt% are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and further used as photocatalyst for sulfamerazine(SMR) degradation.The prepared La-CeO_(2)-x nanorods exhibit a great improvement in electron-hole pair migration and visible-light response due to the synergistic effect of abundant oxygen vacancies and heterogeneous elements(La).Consequently,La-CeO_(2)-x exhibited excellent visible-light photocatalytic performances and chemical stability for SMR degradation,the La-CeO_(2)-5 sample achieved the highest SMR degradation rate of 81%,which was 3.4 times higher than that of the original CeO_(2).Furthermore,three possible degradation pathways of SMR in La-CeO_(2) photocatalytic reactions were proposed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.Finally,density functional theory calculations were carried out to provide an in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationships.Considering its excellent properties and better photocatalytic performance,this study demonstrates that La doping in CeO_(2) is an effective way to increase oxygen vacancy and improve the photochemical properties of photocatalysts.
文摘Objectives:To provide a theoretical basis for the development of the new products of Poria cocos-Atractylodes macrocephala couplet medicine.Methods:All prescription preparations containing Poria cocos and Atractylodes macrocephala were collected from the Drug Standards of the Ministry of Public Health Drug Standard·Traditional Chinese Medicine Set Prescription Preparation(called Traditional Chinese Medicine Set Prescription Preparation for short).After standardization,the information of each prescription preparation was input into the Chinese Traditional Medicine Inheritance Support Platform(V2.5),and the relevant rules of the software were adopted.Data mining methods were used to analyze the frequency of drugs,main symptoms and diseases in prescriptions,and to analyze the regularity of prescriptions.The prescription rules of top 2 high frequency attending syndromes and diseases were analyzed.Results:There were total of 337 prescription preparations containing couplet medicine of Poria cocos and Atractylodes macrocephala,107 kinds of main symptoms and 66 kinds of diseases.The high frequency syndromes were deficiency of Qi and blood and weakness of spleen and stomach,and the high frequency syndromes were anorexia and irregular menstruation.Conclusion:The couplet medicine of Poria cocos-atractylodes macrocephala prescription is mainly used to treat digestive tract diseases and gynecological diseases;it mostly takes tonifying deficiency efficat.It can treat different diseases being compatible with different medicinal materials.The study can provide theoretical basis for clinical application and new drug development of the couplet medicine of Poria cocos-atractylodes macrocephala.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51774303,51422406,51534007)the National Science and Technology Specific Project(2016ZX05028-004001)111 Project(B18054)for providing support for this research。
文摘In the present work,the interaction mechanism of specific polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEMs),fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride(PDDA)and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSS),is studied using atomic force microscopy.The underwater oil-repellency of PS S-capped PEMs was further explored by measuring the interaction forces between tetradecane droplets and PEMs-coated silica substrates under various salinities.The force curves were analyzed following the Stokes-Reynolds-Young-Laplace theoretical model.Desirable consistency was achieved between the experimental and theoretical calculations at low NaCl concentrations(0.1 mM and 1 mM);however,underestimation of the attractive force was found as the NaCl concentration increases to moderate(10 mM)and high(100 mM)levels.Discrepancy analyses and incorporated features toward a reduced surface charge density were considered based on the previous findings of the orientation of anionic benzenesulfonate moieties(Liu et al.in Angew Chem Int Ed 54(16):4851-4856,2015.https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201411992).Short-range steric hindrance interactions were further introduced to simulate"brush"effect stemming from nanoscale surface roughness.It is demonstrated in our work that the PSS-capped PEMs remains a stable underwater lipophobicity against high salinity,which renders it potential application in surface wetting modification and anti-fouling.
基金Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (No.2016A030313344)。
文摘AIM: To observe and compare the statistical significance of superficial and deep vascular leakage in the pathological changes of the diabetic rats retina after the Evans blue(EB) perfusion, and utilize the modified whole-retina spreading method to make the slides while protecting the periphery of the retina. METHODS: The Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Each group named as the normal groups for 4, 8, and 12 wk and the diabetic groups for 4, 8, and 12 wk. The EB was injected into the cardiovascular system of the rats at the different time points. The retina of each group was obtained for observation.RESULTS: The superficial vascular leakage was found in all 6 groups. The size of leakage area of superficial retinal blood vessels was(0.54±0.23)%,(0.65±0.11)%,and(0.58±0.10)% in normal group. No notable leakage was found in the deep blood vessels [(0.03±0.04)%,(0.03±0.05)%, and(0.03±0.05)%]. The deep retinal vascular leakage was found in the peripheral retina of diabetic rats. The size of leakage area of superficial retinal blood vessels in diabetic group were(0.53±0.22)%,(0.69±0.16)%, and(0.52±0.11)%. The leakage areas of deep blood vessels were(0.54±0.50)%,(1.42±0.16)%, and(1.80±0.07)% at 4, 8, and 12 wk, respectively. There was a statistically difference of the leakage area between the 8 th week and the 4 th week of diabetes group(P=0.003). The statistically significant difference between the diabetes and the control groups was noted at 4 wk and 8 wk(P<0.001).CONCLUSION: The main retinal pathological changes of early-stage diabetic rats are the vascular leakage of the periphery of deep retina. Diabetic rats modeled after 8 wk have semi-quantitative statistical difference compared with the normal rats, thus early intervention treatment research can start at this time point.
