Phloem-feeding insects cause massive losses in agriculture and horticulture.Host plant resistance to phloem-feeding insects is often mediated by changes in phloem composition,which deter insect settling and feeding an...Phloem-feeding insects cause massive losses in agriculture and horticulture.Host plant resistance to phloem-feeding insects is often mediated by changes in phloem composition,which deter insect settling and feeding and decrease viability.Here,we report that rice plant resistance to the phloem-feeding brown planthopper(BPH)is associated with fortification of the sclerenchyma tissue,which is located just beneath the epidermis and a cell layer or two away from the vascular bundle in the rice leaf sheath.We found that BPHs prefer to feed on the smooth and soft region on the surface of rice leaf sheaths called the long-cell block.We identified Bph30 as a rice BPH resistance gene that prevents BPH stylets from reaching the phloem due to the fortified sclerenchyma.Bph30 is strongly expressed in sclerenchyma cells and enhances cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis,making the cell walls stiffer and sclerenchyma thicker.The structurally fortified sclerenchyma is a formidable barrier preventing BPH stylets from penetrating the leaf sheath tissues and arriving at the phloem to feed.Bph30 belongs to a novel gene family,encoding a protein with two leucine-rich domains.Another member of the family,Bph40,also conferred resistance to BPH.Collectively,the fortified sclerenchyma-mediated resistance mechanism revealed in this study expands our understanding of plant-insect interactions and opens a new path for controlling planthoppers in rice.展开更多
针对目前草原植被盖度和物候期监测中存在的连续工作能力差、自动监测能力弱和精确度较低问题,将固定监测、移动监测和云平台结合,研制了一种草原植被盖度与物候智能监测系统。该系统主要由固定监测子系统、移动监测子系统以及草原物候...针对目前草原植被盖度和物候期监测中存在的连续工作能力差、自动监测能力弱和精确度较低问题,将固定监测、移动监测和云平台结合,研制了一种草原植被盖度与物候智能监测系统。该系统主要由固定监测子系统、移动监测子系统以及草原物候智能监测云平台组成。固定监测子系统主要由物候相机、供电模块、通信模块、边缘计算控制器和支撑立杆等组成,移动监测子系统主要包括手持机和应用程序。草原物候智能监测云平台基于浏览器/服务器模式架构设计,具有信息查询、数据分析、数据显示和数据共享等功能。固定监测子系统和移动监测子系统可实现草原植被图像数据的采集和上传,然后通过云服务器部署的图像处理程序自动提取草原植被指数和植被盖度并存入数据库。在此基础上,通过拟合植被指数的时间序列获得植被生长曲线,并利用TIMESAT软件提取物候参数。经测试,提出的利用过绿指数(excess green index,EXG)结合最大类间方差法分割草原植被图像进而实现草原植被盖度识别的方法获得了90%的精确度,满足草原植被盖度自动化和批量化提取需求。并且,该研究在提取相对绿度指数(green chromatic coordinate,GCC)、EXG与归一化红绿差分指数(normalized green red difference index,NGRDI)植被指数的基础上,采用Double Logistic函数拟合的植被生长曲线可以准确反映植被生长周期。该系统为草原植被数智化监测和管理提供了可靠的技术和数据支撑。展开更多
Subducted sediments play an important role in the magmatism at subduction zones and the formation of mantle heterogeneity,making them an important tracer for shallow crustal processes and deep mantle processes.Therefo...Subducted sediments play an important role in the magmatism at subduction zones and the formation of mantle heterogeneity,making them an important tracer for shallow crustal processes and deep mantle processes.Therefore,ascertaining the chemical compositions of different subduction end-members is a prerequisite for using subducted sediments to trace key geological processes.We reports here the comprehensive major and trace element analyses of 52 samples from two holes(U1414 A and U1381 C)drilled on the subducting Cocos Ridge segment at the Southern Central American(SCA)subduction zone during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program(IODP)Expedition 344.The results show that the SCA subducting sediments contain 51%(wt%)Ca CO_(3),27%(wt%)terrigenous material,16%(wt%)opal,and 6%(wt%)mineral-bound H2 O+.Compared to the global trenches subducting sediment,the SCA subducting sediments are enriched in biogenic elements(Ba,Sr,and Ca),and depleted in high field strength elements(Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and Ti)and alkali elements(K,Rb,and Cs).Meanwhile,the sediments in this area were affected by the carbonate crash event,which could have been caused by a~800 m rise in the carbonate compensation depth at 11 Ma in the Guatemala Basin.The reason for the sedimentary hiatus at Hole U1381 C may be the closure of the Panama Isthmus and the collision between the Cocos Ridge and the Middle America Trench.In addition,the sediments from the subducting Cocos Ridge segment have influenced the petrogenesis of volcanic lavas erupted in the SCA.展开更多
Mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORBs) are characterized by large variations in trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, which are difficult to be interpreted solely by using magmatic process such as partial melting of...Mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORBs) are characterized by large variations in trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, which are difficult to be interpreted solely by using magmatic process such as partial melting of a peridotitic mantle and subsequently fractional crystallization. Geochemical diversity of MORBs have been attributed to large-scale heterogeneity within the underlying mantle, and the heterogeneity might have been caused by addition of recycled crustal component, subcontinental lithosphere, metasomatized lithosphere and outer core contribution. In this study, we investigated the MORBs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge(MAR) by estimating the temperature and pressure of partial melting, and comprehensively comparing trace element and isotope ratios. The data for MORBs from areas close to mantle plumes show large variations. Mantle plumes can affect mid-oceanic ridges 1 400 km away, but plume effects did not cover all of the ridge segments, and those segments without plume effects did not have any abnormalities in temperature, trace element or isotope ratios.We ascribed the above phenomena to result from the shapes of the plume flow, which we categorized as "pipelike channels" and "pancake-like channels". The "pancake-like channels" plumes affected the ambient mantle nondirectionally, but the range of the mantle affected by the "pipe-like channels" plumes were selective. Element ratios of MORBs reveal that the mantle source of the MORBs along the MAR is highly heterogeneous. We suggest that most of source heterogeneities of the MORBs may be due to the presence of subducted slab and delaminated lower crust in the source. In addition, the plume that carried materials from the core-mantle boundary may affect some of the segments.展开更多
The South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)19°S segment,approximately located along the line of Saint Helena volcanic chain(created by Saint Helena mantle plume),is an ideal place to investigate the issue whether the ridg...The South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)19°S segment,approximately located along the line of Saint Helena volcanic chain(created by Saint Helena mantle plume),is an ideal place to investigate the issue whether the ridgehotpot interaction process affected the whole MAR.In this study,we present major and trace elemental compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios of twenty fresh lava samples concentrated in a relatively small area in the SMAR 19°S segment.Major oxides compositions show that all samples are tholeiite.Low contents of compatible trace elements(e.g.,Ni=239-594 ppm and Cr=456-1010 ppm)and low Fe/Mn(54-67)and Ce/Yb(0.65-1.5)ratios of these lavas show that their parental magmas are partially melted by a spinel lherzolite mantle source.Using software PRIMELT3,this study obtained mantle potential temperatures(Tp)beneath the segment of1321-1348℃,which is lower relative to those ridges influenced by mantle plumes.The asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment starts melting at a depth of^63 km and ceases melting at^43 km with a final melting temperature of^1265℃.The extent of partial melting is up to 16%-17.6%with an average adiabatic decompression value of 2.6%/kbar.The correlations of major oxides(CaO/Al2 O3)and trace elements(Cr,Co,V)with MgO and Zr show that the parental magma experienced olivine and plagioclase fractional crystallization during its ascent to the surface.87Sr/86Sr(0.702398-0.702996),143 Nd/144 Nd(0.513017-0.513177)and 206Pb/204Pb(18.444-19.477)ratios of these lavas indicate the mantle source beneath the SMAR 19°S segment is composed of a three-component mixture of depleted MORB mantle,PREMA mantle,and HIMU mantle materials.The simple,binary mixing results among components from plume-free SMAR MORB,Saint Helena plume and Tristan plume show that asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment may be polluted by both Saint Helena and Tristan plume enriched materials.The abovementioned mantle potential temperatures,together with the low Saint Helena(<10%)and Tristan(<5%)componen展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Major Program of Guangdong Basic andApplied Research,China(2019B030302006)the National Program onResearch and Development of Transgenic Plants of China(2016ZX08009-003)+1 种基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundationof China(31630063)the National Key Research and DevelopmentProgram of China(2016YFD0100600 and 2016YFD0100900).
文摘Phloem-feeding insects cause massive losses in agriculture and horticulture.Host plant resistance to phloem-feeding insects is often mediated by changes in phloem composition,which deter insect settling and feeding and decrease viability.Here,we report that rice plant resistance to the phloem-feeding brown planthopper(BPH)is associated with fortification of the sclerenchyma tissue,which is located just beneath the epidermis and a cell layer or two away from the vascular bundle in the rice leaf sheath.We found that BPHs prefer to feed on the smooth and soft region on the surface of rice leaf sheaths called the long-cell block.We identified Bph30 as a rice BPH resistance gene that prevents BPH stylets from reaching the phloem due to the fortified sclerenchyma.Bph30 is strongly expressed in sclerenchyma cells and enhances cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis,making the cell walls stiffer and sclerenchyma thicker.The structurally fortified sclerenchyma is a formidable barrier preventing BPH stylets from penetrating the leaf sheath tissues and arriving at the phloem to feed.Bph30 belongs to a novel gene family,encoding a protein with two leucine-rich domains.Another member of the family,Bph40,also conferred resistance to BPH.Collectively,the fortified sclerenchyma-mediated resistance mechanism revealed in this study expands our understanding of plant-insect interactions and opens a new path for controlling planthoppers in rice.
文摘针对目前草原植被盖度和物候期监测中存在的连续工作能力差、自动监测能力弱和精确度较低问题,将固定监测、移动监测和云平台结合,研制了一种草原植被盖度与物候智能监测系统。该系统主要由固定监测子系统、移动监测子系统以及草原物候智能监测云平台组成。固定监测子系统主要由物候相机、供电模块、通信模块、边缘计算控制器和支撑立杆等组成,移动监测子系统主要包括手持机和应用程序。草原物候智能监测云平台基于浏览器/服务器模式架构设计,具有信息查询、数据分析、数据显示和数据共享等功能。固定监测子系统和移动监测子系统可实现草原植被图像数据的采集和上传,然后通过云服务器部署的图像处理程序自动提取草原植被指数和植被盖度并存入数据库。在此基础上,通过拟合植被指数的时间序列获得植被生长曲线,并利用TIMESAT软件提取物候参数。经测试,提出的利用过绿指数(excess green index,EXG)结合最大类间方差法分割草原植被图像进而实现草原植被盖度识别的方法获得了90%的精确度,满足草原植被盖度自动化和批量化提取需求。并且,该研究在提取相对绿度指数(green chromatic coordinate,GCC)、EXG与归一化红绿差分指数(normalized green red difference index,NGRDI)植被指数的基础上,采用Double Logistic函数拟合的植被生长曲线可以准确反映植被生长周期。该系统为草原植被数智化监测和管理提供了可靠的技术和数据支撑。
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2017YFC1405502the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41776070,41322036 and 41276003+1 种基金the Ao Shan Talents Program Supported by Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)under contract No.2015ASTP-ES16the Fund of Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Province。
文摘Subducted sediments play an important role in the magmatism at subduction zones and the formation of mantle heterogeneity,making them an important tracer for shallow crustal processes and deep mantle processes.Therefore,ascertaining the chemical compositions of different subduction end-members is a prerequisite for using subducted sediments to trace key geological processes.We reports here the comprehensive major and trace element analyses of 52 samples from two holes(U1414 A and U1381 C)drilled on the subducting Cocos Ridge segment at the Southern Central American(SCA)subduction zone during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program(IODP)Expedition 344.The results show that the SCA subducting sediments contain 51%(wt%)Ca CO_(3),27%(wt%)terrigenous material,16%(wt%)opal,and 6%(wt%)mineral-bound H2 O+.Compared to the global trenches subducting sediment,the SCA subducting sediments are enriched in biogenic elements(Ba,Sr,and Ca),and depleted in high field strength elements(Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and Ti)and alkali elements(K,Rb,and Cs).Meanwhile,the sediments in this area were affected by the carbonate crash event,which could have been caused by a~800 m rise in the carbonate compensation depth at 11 Ma in the Guatemala Basin.The reason for the sedimentary hiatus at Hole U1381 C may be the closure of the Panama Isthmus and the collision between the Cocos Ridge and the Middle America Trench.In addition,the sediments from the subducting Cocos Ridge segment have influenced the petrogenesis of volcanic lavas erupted in the SCA.
基金The Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No.2015G07the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction under contract Nos GASI-GEOGE-02+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41506079,41576052,41506068,41322036 and 41776070the AoShan Talents Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No.2015ASTP-ES16the Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Provincethe Research Grant of State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry,Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.SKLIG-KF-14-03the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under contract No.2016M592120
文摘Mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORBs) are characterized by large variations in trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, which are difficult to be interpreted solely by using magmatic process such as partial melting of a peridotitic mantle and subsequently fractional crystallization. Geochemical diversity of MORBs have been attributed to large-scale heterogeneity within the underlying mantle, and the heterogeneity might have been caused by addition of recycled crustal component, subcontinental lithosphere, metasomatized lithosphere and outer core contribution. In this study, we investigated the MORBs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge(MAR) by estimating the temperature and pressure of partial melting, and comprehensively comparing trace element and isotope ratios. The data for MORBs from areas close to mantle plumes show large variations. Mantle plumes can affect mid-oceanic ridges 1 400 km away, but plume effects did not cover all of the ridge segments, and those segments without plume effects did not have any abnormalities in temperature, trace element or isotope ratios.We ascribed the above phenomena to result from the shapes of the plume flow, which we categorized as "pipelike channels" and "pancake-like channels". The "pancake-like channels" plumes affected the ambient mantle nondirectionally, but the range of the mantle affected by the "pipe-like channels" plumes were selective. Element ratios of MORBs reveal that the mantle source of the MORBs along the MAR is highly heterogeneous. We suggest that most of source heterogeneities of the MORBs may be due to the presence of subducted slab and delaminated lower crust in the source. In addition, the plume that carried materials from the core-mantle boundary may affect some of the segments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.41706060,41506047,41776070,41322036,41506079)China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association Project(Grant Nos.DY135-S2-2,DY135-S22-01)Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Province。
文摘The South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)19°S segment,approximately located along the line of Saint Helena volcanic chain(created by Saint Helena mantle plume),is an ideal place to investigate the issue whether the ridgehotpot interaction process affected the whole MAR.In this study,we present major and trace elemental compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios of twenty fresh lava samples concentrated in a relatively small area in the SMAR 19°S segment.Major oxides compositions show that all samples are tholeiite.Low contents of compatible trace elements(e.g.,Ni=239-594 ppm and Cr=456-1010 ppm)and low Fe/Mn(54-67)and Ce/Yb(0.65-1.5)ratios of these lavas show that their parental magmas are partially melted by a spinel lherzolite mantle source.Using software PRIMELT3,this study obtained mantle potential temperatures(Tp)beneath the segment of1321-1348℃,which is lower relative to those ridges influenced by mantle plumes.The asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment starts melting at a depth of^63 km and ceases melting at^43 km with a final melting temperature of^1265℃.The extent of partial melting is up to 16%-17.6%with an average adiabatic decompression value of 2.6%/kbar.The correlations of major oxides(CaO/Al2 O3)and trace elements(Cr,Co,V)with MgO and Zr show that the parental magma experienced olivine and plagioclase fractional crystallization during its ascent to the surface.87Sr/86Sr(0.702398-0.702996),143 Nd/144 Nd(0.513017-0.513177)and 206Pb/204Pb(18.444-19.477)ratios of these lavas indicate the mantle source beneath the SMAR 19°S segment is composed of a three-component mixture of depleted MORB mantle,PREMA mantle,and HIMU mantle materials.The simple,binary mixing results among components from plume-free SMAR MORB,Saint Helena plume and Tristan plume show that asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment may be polluted by both Saint Helena and Tristan plume enriched materials.The abovementioned mantle potential temperatures,together with the low Saint Helena(<10%)and Tristan(<5%)componen
