To summarize the current views and insights on associations between Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)-related chronic gastritis and colorectal neoplasm, we reviewed recent studies to clarify whether H. pylori infection/H...To summarize the current views and insights on associations between Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)-related chronic gastritis and colorectal neoplasm, we reviewed recent studies to clarify whether H. pylori infection/H. pylori-related chronic gastritis is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal neoplasm. Recent studies based on large databases with careful control for confounding variables have clearly demonstrated an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm associated with H. pylori infection. The correlation between H. pylori-related chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG) and colorectal neoplasm has only been examined in a limited number of studies. A recent large study using a national histopathological database, and our study based on the stage of H. pylori-related chronic gastritis as determined by serum levels of H. pylori antibody titer and pepsinogen, indicatedthat H. pylori-related CAG confers an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm, and more extensive atrophic gastritis will probably be associated with even higher risk of neoplasm. In addition, our study suggested that the activity of H. pylori-related chronic gastritis is correlated with colorectal neoplasm risk. H. pylori-related chronic gastritis could be involved in an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm that appears to be enhanced by the progression of gastric atrophy and the presence of active inflammation.展开更多
Macrophages are one of the most abundant leukocyte populations infiltrating tumor tissues and can exhibit both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting activities.In 1989,we reported the purification of monocyte chemoattractan...Macrophages are one of the most abundant leukocyte populations infiltrating tumor tissues and can exhibit both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting activities.In 1989,we reported the purification of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)from culture supernatants of mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor cells.MCP-1 is a potent monocyte-attracting chemokine,identical to the previously described lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor or tumor-derived chemotactic factor,and greatly contributes to the recruitment of blood monocytes into sites of inflammatory responses and tumors.Because in vitro-cultured tumor cells often produce significant amounts of MCP-1,tumor cells are considered to be the main source of MCP-1.However,various nontumor cells in the tumor stroma also produce MCP-1 in response to stimuli.Studies performed in vitro and in vivo have provided evidence that MCP-1 production in tumors is a consequence of complex interactions between tumor cells and non-tumor cells and that both tumor cells and non-tumor cells contribute to the production of MCP-1.Although MCP-1 production was once considered to be a part of host defense against tumors,it is now believed to regulate the vicious cycle between tumor cells and macrophages that promotes the progression of tumors.展开更多
AIM: In patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, portal hypertensive colopathy is thought to be an important cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of colo...AIM: In patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, portal hypertensive colopathy is thought to be an important cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of colonic mucosal changes in patients with liver cirrhosis and its clinical significance. METHODS: We evaluated the colonoscopic findings and liver function of 47 patients with liver cirrhosis over a 6-year period. The main cause of liver cirrhosis was post-viral hepatitis (68%) related to hepatitis B (6%) or C (62%) infection. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to examine the presence of esophageal varices, cardiac varices, and congestive gastropathy, as well as a full colonoscopy to observe changes in colonic mucosa. Portal hypertensive colopathy was defined endoscopically in patients with vascular ectasia, redness, and blue vein. Vascular ectasia was classified into two types: type 1, solitary vascular ectasia; and type 2, diffuse vascular ectasia. RESULTS: Overall portal hypertensive colopathy was present in 31 patients (66%), including solitary vascular ectasia in 17 patients (36%), diffuse vascular ectasia in 20 patients (42%), redness in 10 patients (21%) and blue vein in 6 patients (12%). As the Child-Pugh class increased in severity, the prevalence of portal hypertensive colopathy rose. Child-Pugh class B and C were significantly associated with portal hypertensive colopathy. Portal hypertensive gastropathy, esophageal varices, ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma were not related to occurrence of portal hypertensive colopathy. Platelet count was significantly associated with portal hypertensive colopathy, but prothrombin time, serum albumin level, total bilirubin level and serum ALT level were not related to occurrence of portal hypertensive colopathy. CONCLUSION: As the Child-Pugh class worsens and platelet count decreases, the prevalence of portal hypertensive colopathy increases in patients with liver cirrhosis. A colonoscopic examination in patients with liver cirrhosis i展开更多
Acute appendicitis(AA) develops in a progressive and irreversible manner, even if the clinical course of AA can be temporarily modified by intentional medications. Reliable and real-time diagnosis of AA can be made ba...Acute appendicitis(AA) develops in a progressive and irreversible manner, even if the clinical course of AA can be temporarily modified by intentional medications. Reliable and real-time diagnosis of AA can be made based on findings of the white blood cell count and enhanced computed tomography. Emergent laparoscopic appendectomy(LA) is considered as the first therapeutic choice for AA. Interval/delayed appendectomy at 6-12 wk after disease onset is considered as unsafe with a high recurrent rate during the waiting time. However, this technique may have some advantages for avoiding unnecessary extended resection in patients with an appendiceal mass. Nonoperative management of AA may be tolerated only in children. Postoperative complications increase according to the patient's factors, and temporal avoidance of emergent general anesthesia may be beneficial for high-risk patients. The surgeon's skill and cooperation of the hospital are important for successful LA. Delaying appendectomy for less than 24 h from diagnosis is safe. Additionally, a semi-elective manner(i.e., LA within 24 h after onset of symptoms) may be paradoxically acceptable, according to the factors of the patient, physician, and institution. Prompt LA is mandatory for AA. Fortunately, the Japanese government uses a universal health insurance system, which covers LA.展开更多
For the past twenty years,chemokines have emerged as a family of critical mediators of cell migration during immune surveillance,development,inflammation and cancer progression.Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane G...For the past twenty years,chemokines have emerged as a family of critical mediators of cell migration during immune surveillance,development,inflammation and cancer progression.Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs)that are expressed by a wide variety of cell types and cause conformational changes in trimeric G proteins that trigger the intracellular signaling pathways necessary for cell movement and activation.Although chemokines have evolved to benefit the host,inappropriate regulation or utilization of these small proteins may contribute to or even cause diseases.Therefore,understanding the role of chemokines and their GPCRs in the complex physiological and diseased microenvironment is important for the identification of novel therapeutic targets.This review introduces the functional array and signals of multiple chemokine GPCRs in guiding leukocyte trafficking as well as their roles in homeostasis,inflammation,immune responses and cancer.展开更多
Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma （LGMS） is a rare, malignant tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation. Despite it being classified as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization, a few cases were reported ...Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma （LGMS） is a rare, malignant tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation. Despite it being classified as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization, a few cases were reported in the oral and maxillofacial region. Here, a LGMS developed on the palate of a 73-year-old man who presented with a 1-cm tumor on the posterior border of the palate. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical features, a diagnosis of LGMS was established. The tumor was resected, and no recurrence was observed over 2 years. Although the tongue is the most preferred site for LGMS, it may occur in any region of the oral cavity.展开更多
AIM To simplify the diagnostic criteria for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC) on Narrow Band Imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy(NBI-ME).METHODS This study was based on the post-hoc analysis...AIM To simplify the diagnostic criteria for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC) on Narrow Band Imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy(NBI-ME).METHODS This study was based on the post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. We performed NBI-ME for 147 patients with present or a history of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck, or esophagus between January 2009 and June 2011. Two expert endoscopistsdetected 89 lesions that were suspicious for SESCC lesions, which had been prospectively evaluated for the following 6 NBI-ME findings in real time: "intervascular background coloration"; "proliferation of intrapapillary capillary loops(IPCL)"; and "dilation", "tortuosity", "change in caliber", and "various shapes(VS)" of IPCLs(i.e., Inoue's tetrad criteria). The histologic examination of specimens was defined as the gold standard for diagnosis. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify candidates for the simplified criteria from among the 6 NBI-ME findings for diagnosing SESCCs. We evaluated diagnostic performance of the simplified criteria compared with that of Inoue's criteria.RESULTS Fifty-four lesions(65%) were histologically diagnosed as SESCCs and the others as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or inflammation. In the univariate analysis, proliferation, tortuosity, change in caliber, and VS were significantly associated with SESCC(P < 0.01). The combination of VS and proliferation was statistically extracted from the 6 NBI-ME findings by using the stepwise logistic regression model. We defined the combination of VS and proliferation as simplified dyad criteria for SESCC. The areas under the curve of the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria were 0.70 and 0.73, respectively. No significant difference was shown between them. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnosis for SESCC were 77.8%, 57.1%, 69.7% and 51.9%, 80.0%, 62.9% for the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria, respectively.CONCLUSION The combination of prol展开更多
This study investigates water vapor isotopic patterns and controls over China using high-quality water vapor δD data retrieved from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography （SCIAMACH...This study investigates water vapor isotopic patterns and controls over China using high-quality water vapor δD data retrieved from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography （SCIAMACHY） observations. The results show that water vapor δD values on both annual and seasonal time-scales broadly exhibit a continental effect, with values largely decreasing northwestward from coastal lowlands to high-elevation mountainous regions. However, region-specific analysis reveals spatially distinct patterns of water vapor dD between seasons. In the monsoon domain （e.g., China south of 35~N）, depletion in D in the summer and fall seasons is closely tied to monsoon moisture sources （the Indian and Pacific oceans） and subsequent amount effect, but higher 8D values in winter and spring are a result of isotopically-enriched conti- nental-sourced moisture proceeded by less rainout. In contrast, farther inland in China （non-monsoon domain）, moisture is de- rived overwhelmingly from the dry continental air masses and local evaporation, and 8D values are largely controlled by the temperature effect, exhibiting a seasonality with isotopically enriched summer and depleted winter/spring. The observation that the spatial pattern of water vapor δD is the opposite to that of precipitation δD in the summer season also suggests that partial evaporation of falling raindrops is a key driver of water vapor isotope in the non-monsoon domain. This study highlights the importance of non-Rayleigh factors in governing water vapor isotope, and provides constraints on precipitation isotope inter- pretation and modern isotope hydrological processes over China.展开更多
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide,and metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients.Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1/CCL2)was isolated from the culture supernatants of no...Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide,and metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients.Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1/CCL2)was isolated from the culture supernatants of not only mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes but also malignant glioma cells based on its in vitro chemotactic activity toward human monocytes.MCP-1 was subsequently found to be identical to a previously described tumor cell-derived chemotactic factor thought to be responsible for the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),and it became a candidate target of clinical intervention;however,the role of TAMs in cancer development was still controversial at the time of the discovery of MCP-1.The in vivo role of MCP-1 in cancer progression was first evaluated by examining human cancer tissues,including breast cancers.Positive correlations between the level of MCP-1 production in tumors and the degree of TAM infiltration and cancer progression were established.The contribution of MCP-1 to the growth of primary tumors and metastasis to the lung,bone,and brain was examined in mouse breast cancer models.The results of these studies strongly suggested that MCP-1 is a promoter of breast cancer metastasis to the lung and brain but not bone.Potential mechanisms of MCP-1 production in the breast cancer microenvironment have also been reported.In the present manuscript,we review studies in which the role of MCP-1 in breast cancer development and progression and the mechanisms of its production were examined and attempt to draw a consensus and discuss the potential use of MCP-1 as a biomarker for diagnosis.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the endoscopic features of pharyngeal superfi cial carcinoma and evaluate the utility of narrow-band imaging (NBI) for this disease. METHODS: In the present prospective study, 335 patients underwen...AIM: To investigate the endoscopic features of pharyngeal superfi cial carcinoma and evaluate the utility of narrow-band imaging (NBI) for this disease. METHODS: In the present prospective study, 335 patients underwent conventional white light (CWL) en-doscopy and non-magnifi ed/magnifi ed NBI endoscopy, followed by an endoscopic biopsy, for 445 superfi cial lesions in the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The macroscopic appearance of superfi cial lesions was categorized as either elevated (< 5 mm in height), flat, or depressed (not ulcerous). Superficial carcinoma (SC) was defi ned as a superfi cial lesion showing high-grade dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma on histology. The color, delineation, and macroscopic appearances of the lesions were evaluated by CWL endoscopy. The ratio of the brownish area/intervascular brownish epithelium (IBE), as well as microvascular proliferation, dilation, and irregularities, was determined by non-magnifi ed/ magnifi ed NBI endoscopy. An experienced pathologist who was unaware of the endoscopic fi ndings made the histological diagnoses. By comparing endoscopic fi ndings with histology, we determined the endoscopic features of SC and evaluated the diagnostic utility of NBI. RESULTS: The 445 lesions were divided histologically into two groups: a non-SC group, including non-neoplasia and low-grade dysplasia cases, and an SC group. Of the 445 lesions examined, 333 were classified as non-SC and 112 were classif ied as SC. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or the location of the lesions between the patients in the two groups. The mean diameter of the SC lesions was signif icantly greater than that of non-SC lesions (11.0 ± 7.6 mm vs 4.6 ± 3.6 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). Comparisons of CWL endoscopy fi ndings for SC and non-SC lesions by univariate analysis revealed that the incidence of redness (72% vs 41%, respectively, P < 0.001) and a flat or depressed type of lesion (58% vs 44%, respectively, P = 0.013) was significantly higher in the SC group. Using non-magn展开更多
This paper presents the construction of an active suspension control of a one-wheel car model using fuzzy reasoning and a disturbance observer. The one-wheel car model to be treated here can be approximately described...This paper presents the construction of an active suspension control of a one-wheel car model using fuzzy reasoning and a disturbance observer. The one-wheel car model to be treated here can be approximately described as a nonlinear two degrees of freedom system subject to excitation from a road profile. The active control is designed as the fuzzy control inferred by using single input rule modules fuzzy reasoning, and the active control force is released by actuating a pneumatic actuator. The excitation from the road profile is estimated by using a disturbance observer, and the estimate is denoted as one of the variables in the precondition part of the fuzzy control rules. A compensator is inserted to counter the performance degradation due to the delay of the pneumatic actuator. The experimental result indicates that the proposed active suspension system improves much the vibration suppression of the car model. Key words One-wheel car model - Active suspension system - Single input rule modules fuzzy reasoning - Pneumatic actuator - Disturbance observer Document code A CLC number TH16展开更多
A long-pulse plasma discharge for more than 30 min. was achieved on the Large Helical Device （LHD）. A plasma of ne = 0.8 × 10^19 m^-3 and T10 = 2.0 keV was sustained with PICH = 0.52 MW, PECH = 0.1 MW and avera...A long-pulse plasma discharge for more than 30 min. was achieved on the Large Helical Device （LHD）. A plasma of ne = 0.8 × 10^19 m^-3 and T10 = 2.0 keV was sustained with PICH = 0.52 MW, PECH = 0.1 MW and averaged PNBI = 0.067 MW. Total injected heating energy was 1.3 G J, which was a quarter of the prepared RF heating energy. One of the keys to the success of the experiment was a dispersion of the local plasma heat load to divertors, accomplished by shifting the magnetic axis inward and outward.展开更多
This study is to understand the impact of operating condition, especially initial operation temperature （Tini） which is set in high temperature range, on the temperature profile of the interface between PEM （polyme...This study is to understand the impact of operating condition, especially initial operation temperature （Tini） which is set in high temperature range, on the temperature profile of the interface between PEM （polymer electrolyte membrane） and catalyst layer at the cathode （i.e., the reaction surface） in a single PEFC （polymer electrolyte fuel cell）. A 1D multi-plate heat transfer model based on the temperature data of separator measured using thermograph in a power generation experiment was developed to evaluate the reaction surface temperature （Treact）. This study investigated the effects of flow rate, relative humidity and type of supply gas as well as Tini on the temperature distribution on reaction surface. The results obtained in 02 supply case show that, the temperature rise at the segments near the outlet of cell decreases with increasing Tini irrespective of relative humidity of supply gas （RH）, while it is not seen in air supply case. Regarding the segments except near the outlet in 02 supply case, Treact - Tini increases with increasing Tini for 40% RH. The temperature distribution on reaction surface in 02 supply case is wider with increasing Tini as well as decreasing RH, though that in air supply case is relatively even.展开更多
AIM：To examine the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1（LFA-1）expression on canals of Hering （COH）and bile ductules associated with the autoimmun...AIM：To examine the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1（LFA-1）expression on canals of Hering （COH）and bile ductules associated with the autoimmune process of bile duct destruction in primary biliary cirrhosis（PBC）．METHODS：Ten wedged liver biopsies of PBC（five cases each of stages 2 and 3）were studied. The liver specimens were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 mouse mAbs.In situ hybridization was done to examine the messenger RNA expression of ICAM-1 in formalin-fixed．paraffin-embedded sections using peptide nucleic acid probes and the catalyzed signal amplification （CSA）technique．Immunogold-silver staining for electron microscopy was Derrormed using anti-ICAM and anti-LFA-1 mouse mAbs．The immunogold particles on epithelial cells of bileductules and cholangiocytes of CoH cells were counted and analyzed semi-quantitatively．Western blotting was performed to confirm ICAM-1 protein expression．RESULTS：In liver tissues of PBC patients．immunohi-stochemistry showed aberrant ICAM-1 expression on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells lining bile ductules，and also on mature cholangiocytes but not on hepatocytes in CoH．LFA-1-positive lymphocytes were closely associated with epithelial cells in bile ductules．ICAM-1 expression at protein level was confirmed by Western blot．In situ hybridization demonstrated ICAM-1 mRNA expression in bile ductules and LFA-1 mRNA in lymphocytes infiltrating the bileductules．By immunoelectron microscopy，ICAM-1 was demonstrated on the basal suface of epithelial cells in bile ductules and on the luminal surfaces of cholangiocytes in damaged COH．Cells with intermediate morphology resembling progenitor cells in Coil were not labeled with ICAM-1 and LFA-1．CONCLUSION：De novo expression of ICAM-1 both on mature cholangiocytes in COH and epithelial cells in bile ductules in PBC implies that lymphoc展开更多
A 35-year-old man was admitted due to bloody stool and anemia. The bleeding source could not be detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) revealed a diverticulum-like hole i...A 35-year-old man was admitted due to bloody stool and anemia. The bleeding source could not be detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) revealed a diverticulum-like hole in which coagula stuck in the ileum at 1 meter on the oral side from the ileocecal valve. The adjacent mucosa just to the oral side of the hole was elevated like a submucosal tumor. The lesion was considered the source of bleeding and removed surgically. It was determined to be a cyst with an ileal structure on the mesenteric aspect accompanying gastric mucosa. The diagnosis was a duplication cyst of the ileum,which is a rare entity that can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. In the present case,DBE was used to fi nd the hemorrhagic duplication cyst in the ileum.展开更多
There is a long history of studies on the bad influence of smoking on our bodies, with many study results accumulated to date indicating a decline in the smoking rate. However, the smoking rate in Japan is still highe...There is a long history of studies on the bad influence of smoking on our bodies, with many study results accumulated to date indicating a decline in the smoking rate. However, the smoking rate in Japan is still higher than that in other countries. In order to reveal the various influences due to smoking, we examined the changes in lifestyle and vitality prior to and the following smoking, targeting college students who are at the early age of starting to smoke. The subjects were 213 college students (83 men and 130 women). Smoking frequency as well as sleeping, eating habits, exercise, and vitality as a lifestyle were surveyed through a questionnaire survey. As a result of comparing smoking and lifestyle between the smoking group and non-smoking group, in terms of sleep, the bedtime and wake-up time tended to be late in the smoking group. Regarding eating habits, there was a tendency for the smoking group to have a high rate of skipping breakfast and a high intake rate of midnight snacks. Regarding exercise, the number of people exercising on a daily basis was small in both the smoking group and the non-smoking group, with no significant difference observed. Therefore, this study revealed that smoking has a negative influence on some aspects of lifestyle. There was no significant relationship in terms of the effects of smoking on vitality. Going forward, it will be necessary to clarify the negative effects of smoking on mental health.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia with hepatic metastases is a common complication and a poor prognostic factor for colorectal cancer(CRC).Effective drainage is often im-possible before initiating systemic chemotherapy,ow...BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia with hepatic metastases is a common complication and a poor prognostic factor for colorectal cancer(CRC).Effective drainage is often im-possible before initiating systemic chemotherapy,owing to the liver’s diffuse metastatic involvement.Moreover,an appropriate chemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is currently unavailable.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a man in his 50s,presented with progressive fatigue and severe jaundice.Computed tomography revealed multiple hepatic masses with thick-ened walls in the sigmoid colon,which was pathologically confirmed as a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.No RAS or BRAF mutations were detected.The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status(PS)score was 2.Biliary drainage was impossible due to the absence of a dilated bile duct,and panitumumab monotherapy was promptly initiated.Subsequently,the bilirubin level decreased and then normalized,and the patient’s PS improved to zero ECOG score after four cycles of therapy without significant adverse events.CONCLUSION Anti-EGFR antibody monotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for RAS wild-type CRC and hepatic metastases with severe hyperbilirubinemia.展开更多
This paper answers how multiple satellites are seen from the ground. This question is inspired by space-advertising, a public exhibition in the night sky using a dot matrix of satellites that are bright enough to be s...This paper answers how multiple satellites are seen from the ground. This question is inspired by space-advertising, a public exhibition in the night sky using a dot matrix of satellites that are bright enough to be seen by the naked eye. Thus, it is important for space advertisement that the specific dot matrix is seen. Moreover, the stability of the dot matrix during a visible span is very valuable. To stabilize the dot matrix, this study formulates an apparent position of a dot from a representative dot seen from the ground. The formulation, linear functions of a set of relative orbital elements, reveals the appearance of the dot matrix. The proposed relative variable in the formulation drives the instability of the dot matrix, thereby revealing an initial stable configuration of deputies from a chief. The arbitrary dot matrix designed using the configuration is stable even at low elevations without orbital control during the visible span.展开更多
文摘To summarize the current views and insights on associations between Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)-related chronic gastritis and colorectal neoplasm, we reviewed recent studies to clarify whether H. pylori infection/H. pylori-related chronic gastritis is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal neoplasm. Recent studies based on large databases with careful control for confounding variables have clearly demonstrated an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm associated with H. pylori infection. The correlation between H. pylori-related chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG) and colorectal neoplasm has only been examined in a limited number of studies. A recent large study using a national histopathological database, and our study based on the stage of H. pylori-related chronic gastritis as determined by serum levels of H. pylori antibody titer and pepsinogen, indicatedthat H. pylori-related CAG confers an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm, and more extensive atrophic gastritis will probably be associated with even higher risk of neoplasm. In addition, our study suggested that the activity of H. pylori-related chronic gastritis is correlated with colorectal neoplasm risk. H. pylori-related chronic gastritis could be involved in an increased risk of colorectal neoplasm that appears to be enhanced by the progression of gastric atrophy and the presence of active inflammation.
文摘Macrophages are one of the most abundant leukocyte populations infiltrating tumor tissues and can exhibit both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting activities.In 1989,we reported the purification of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)from culture supernatants of mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor cells.MCP-1 is a potent monocyte-attracting chemokine,identical to the previously described lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor or tumor-derived chemotactic factor,and greatly contributes to the recruitment of blood monocytes into sites of inflammatory responses and tumors.Because in vitro-cultured tumor cells often produce significant amounts of MCP-1,tumor cells are considered to be the main source of MCP-1.However,various nontumor cells in the tumor stroma also produce MCP-1 in response to stimuli.Studies performed in vitro and in vivo have provided evidence that MCP-1 production in tumors is a consequence of complex interactions between tumor cells and non-tumor cells and that both tumor cells and non-tumor cells contribute to the production of MCP-1.Although MCP-1 production was once considered to be a part of host defense against tumors,it is now believed to regulate the vicious cycle between tumor cells and macrophages that promotes the progression of tumors.
文摘AIM: In patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, portal hypertensive colopathy is thought to be an important cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of colonic mucosal changes in patients with liver cirrhosis and its clinical significance. METHODS: We evaluated the colonoscopic findings and liver function of 47 patients with liver cirrhosis over a 6-year period. The main cause of liver cirrhosis was post-viral hepatitis (68%) related to hepatitis B (6%) or C (62%) infection. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to examine the presence of esophageal varices, cardiac varices, and congestive gastropathy, as well as a full colonoscopy to observe changes in colonic mucosa. Portal hypertensive colopathy was defined endoscopically in patients with vascular ectasia, redness, and blue vein. Vascular ectasia was classified into two types: type 1, solitary vascular ectasia; and type 2, diffuse vascular ectasia. RESULTS: Overall portal hypertensive colopathy was present in 31 patients (66%), including solitary vascular ectasia in 17 patients (36%), diffuse vascular ectasia in 20 patients (42%), redness in 10 patients (21%) and blue vein in 6 patients (12%). As the Child-Pugh class increased in severity, the prevalence of portal hypertensive colopathy rose. Child-Pugh class B and C were significantly associated with portal hypertensive colopathy. Portal hypertensive gastropathy, esophageal varices, ascites and hepatocellular carcinoma were not related to occurrence of portal hypertensive colopathy. Platelet count was significantly associated with portal hypertensive colopathy, but prothrombin time, serum albumin level, total bilirubin level and serum ALT level were not related to occurrence of portal hypertensive colopathy. CONCLUSION: As the Child-Pugh class worsens and platelet count decreases, the prevalence of portal hypertensive colopathy increases in patients with liver cirrhosis. A colonoscopic examination in patients with liver cirrhosis i
文摘Acute appendicitis(AA) develops in a progressive and irreversible manner, even if the clinical course of AA can be temporarily modified by intentional medications. Reliable and real-time diagnosis of AA can be made based on findings of the white blood cell count and enhanced computed tomography. Emergent laparoscopic appendectomy(LA) is considered as the first therapeutic choice for AA. Interval/delayed appendectomy at 6-12 wk after disease onset is considered as unsafe with a high recurrent rate during the waiting time. However, this technique may have some advantages for avoiding unnecessary extended resection in patients with an appendiceal mass. Nonoperative management of AA may be tolerated only in children. Postoperative complications increase according to the patient's factors, and temporal avoidance of emergent general anesthesia may be beneficial for high-risk patients. The surgeon's skill and cooperation of the hospital are important for successful LA. Delaying appendectomy for less than 24 h from diagnosis is safe. Additionally, a semi-elective manner(i.e., LA within 24 h after onset of symptoms) may be paradoxically acceptable, according to the factors of the patient, physician, and institution. Prompt LA is mandatory for AA. Fortunately, the Japanese government uses a universal health insurance system, which covers LA.
基金This project was funded in part by federal funds from the National Cancer Institute,National Institutes of Health,under Contract No.HHSN261200800001Ewas supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NCI,NIH.
文摘For the past twenty years,chemokines have emerged as a family of critical mediators of cell migration during immune surveillance,development,inflammation and cancer progression.Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs)that are expressed by a wide variety of cell types and cause conformational changes in trimeric G proteins that trigger the intracellular signaling pathways necessary for cell movement and activation.Although chemokines have evolved to benefit the host,inappropriate regulation or utilization of these small proteins may contribute to or even cause diseases.Therefore,understanding the role of chemokines and their GPCRs in the complex physiological and diseased microenvironment is important for the identification of novel therapeutic targets.This review introduces the functional array and signals of multiple chemokine GPCRs in guiding leukocyte trafficking as well as their roles in homeostasis,inflammation,immune responses and cancer.
文摘Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma （LGMS） is a rare, malignant tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation. Despite it being classified as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization, a few cases were reported in the oral and maxillofacial region. Here, a LGMS developed on the palate of a 73-year-old man who presented with a 1-cm tumor on the posterior border of the palate. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical features, a diagnosis of LGMS was established. The tumor was resected, and no recurrence was observed over 2 years. Although the tongue is the most preferred site for LGMS, it may occur in any region of the oral cavity.
文摘AIM To simplify the diagnostic criteria for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC) on Narrow Band Imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy(NBI-ME).METHODS This study was based on the post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. We performed NBI-ME for 147 patients with present or a history of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck, or esophagus between January 2009 and June 2011. Two expert endoscopistsdetected 89 lesions that were suspicious for SESCC lesions, which had been prospectively evaluated for the following 6 NBI-ME findings in real time: "intervascular background coloration"; "proliferation of intrapapillary capillary loops(IPCL)"; and "dilation", "tortuosity", "change in caliber", and "various shapes(VS)" of IPCLs(i.e., Inoue's tetrad criteria). The histologic examination of specimens was defined as the gold standard for diagnosis. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify candidates for the simplified criteria from among the 6 NBI-ME findings for diagnosing SESCCs. We evaluated diagnostic performance of the simplified criteria compared with that of Inoue's criteria.RESULTS Fifty-four lesions(65%) were histologically diagnosed as SESCCs and the others as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or inflammation. In the univariate analysis, proliferation, tortuosity, change in caliber, and VS were significantly associated with SESCC(P < 0.01). The combination of VS and proliferation was statistically extracted from the 6 NBI-ME findings by using the stepwise logistic regression model. We defined the combination of VS and proliferation as simplified dyad criteria for SESCC. The areas under the curve of the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria were 0.70 and 0.73, respectively. No significant difference was shown between them. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnosis for SESCC were 77.8%, 57.1%, 69.7% and 51.9%, 80.0%, 62.9% for the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria, respectively.CONCLUSION The combination of prol
基金supported by the JSPS FellowshipNational Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41171022)Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.20080520)
文摘This study investigates water vapor isotopic patterns and controls over China using high-quality water vapor δD data retrieved from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography （SCIAMACHY） observations. The results show that water vapor δD values on both annual and seasonal time-scales broadly exhibit a continental effect, with values largely decreasing northwestward from coastal lowlands to high-elevation mountainous regions. However, region-specific analysis reveals spatially distinct patterns of water vapor dD between seasons. In the monsoon domain （e.g., China south of 35~N）, depletion in D in the summer and fall seasons is closely tied to monsoon moisture sources （the Indian and Pacific oceans） and subsequent amount effect, but higher 8D values in winter and spring are a result of isotopically-enriched conti- nental-sourced moisture proceeded by less rainout. In contrast, farther inland in China （non-monsoon domain）, moisture is de- rived overwhelmingly from the dry continental air masses and local evaporation, and 8D values are largely controlled by the temperature effect, exhibiting a seasonality with isotopically enriched summer and depleted winter/spring. The observation that the spatial pattern of water vapor δD is the opposite to that of precipitation δD in the summer season also suggests that partial evaporation of falling raindrops is a key driver of water vapor isotope in the non-monsoon domain. This study highlights the importance of non-Rayleigh factors in governing water vapor isotope, and provides constraints on precipitation isotope inter- pretation and modern isotope hydrological processes over China.
文摘Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide,and metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients.Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1/CCL2)was isolated from the culture supernatants of not only mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes but also malignant glioma cells based on its in vitro chemotactic activity toward human monocytes.MCP-1 was subsequently found to be identical to a previously described tumor cell-derived chemotactic factor thought to be responsible for the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),and it became a candidate target of clinical intervention;however,the role of TAMs in cancer development was still controversial at the time of the discovery of MCP-1.The in vivo role of MCP-1 in cancer progression was first evaluated by examining human cancer tissues,including breast cancers.Positive correlations between the level of MCP-1 production in tumors and the degree of TAM infiltration and cancer progression were established.The contribution of MCP-1 to the growth of primary tumors and metastasis to the lung,bone,and brain was examined in mouse breast cancer models.The results of these studies strongly suggested that MCP-1 is a promoter of breast cancer metastasis to the lung and brain but not bone.Potential mechanisms of MCP-1 production in the breast cancer microenvironment have also been reported.In the present manuscript,we review studies in which the role of MCP-1 in breast cancer development and progression and the mechanisms of its production were examined and attempt to draw a consensus and discuss the potential use of MCP-1 as a biomarker for diagnosis.
基金Supported by A Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research (18-8) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan
文摘AIM: To investigate the endoscopic features of pharyngeal superfi cial carcinoma and evaluate the utility of narrow-band imaging (NBI) for this disease. METHODS: In the present prospective study, 335 patients underwent conventional white light (CWL) en-doscopy and non-magnifi ed/magnifi ed NBI endoscopy, followed by an endoscopic biopsy, for 445 superfi cial lesions in the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The macroscopic appearance of superfi cial lesions was categorized as either elevated (< 5 mm in height), flat, or depressed (not ulcerous). Superficial carcinoma (SC) was defi ned as a superfi cial lesion showing high-grade dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma on histology. The color, delineation, and macroscopic appearances of the lesions were evaluated by CWL endoscopy. The ratio of the brownish area/intervascular brownish epithelium (IBE), as well as microvascular proliferation, dilation, and irregularities, was determined by non-magnifi ed/ magnifi ed NBI endoscopy. An experienced pathologist who was unaware of the endoscopic fi ndings made the histological diagnoses. By comparing endoscopic fi ndings with histology, we determined the endoscopic features of SC and evaluated the diagnostic utility of NBI. RESULTS: The 445 lesions were divided histologically into two groups: a non-SC group, including non-neoplasia and low-grade dysplasia cases, and an SC group. Of the 445 lesions examined, 333 were classified as non-SC and 112 were classif ied as SC. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or the location of the lesions between the patients in the two groups. The mean diameter of the SC lesions was signif icantly greater than that of non-SC lesions (11.0 ± 7.6 mm vs 4.6 ± 3.6 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). Comparisons of CWL endoscopy fi ndings for SC and non-SC lesions by univariate analysis revealed that the incidence of redness (72% vs 41%, respectively, P < 0.001) and a flat or depressed type of lesion (58% vs 44%, respectively, P = 0.013) was significantly higher in the SC group. Using non-magn
文摘This paper presents the construction of an active suspension control of a one-wheel car model using fuzzy reasoning and a disturbance observer. The one-wheel car model to be treated here can be approximately described as a nonlinear two degrees of freedom system subject to excitation from a road profile. The active control is designed as the fuzzy control inferred by using single input rule modules fuzzy reasoning, and the active control force is released by actuating a pneumatic actuator. The excitation from the road profile is estimated by using a disturbance observer, and the estimate is denoted as one of the variables in the precondition part of the fuzzy control rules. A compensator is inserted to counter the performance degradation due to the delay of the pneumatic actuator. The experimental result indicates that the proposed active suspension system improves much the vibration suppression of the car model. Key words One-wheel car model - Active suspension system - Single input rule modules fuzzy reasoning - Pneumatic actuator - Disturbance observer Document code A CLC number TH16
基金supported in part by the JSPS-CAS Core-University Program in the field of Plasma and Nuclear Fusion
文摘A long-pulse plasma discharge for more than 30 min. was achieved on the Large Helical Device （LHD）. A plasma of ne = 0.8 × 10^19 m^-3 and T10 = 2.0 keV was sustained with PICH = 0.52 MW, PECH = 0.1 MW and averaged PNBI = 0.067 MW. Total injected heating energy was 1.3 G J, which was a quarter of the prepared RF heating energy. One of the keys to the success of the experiment was a dispersion of the local plasma heat load to divertors, accomplished by shifting the magnetic axis inward and outward.
文摘This study is to understand the impact of operating condition, especially initial operation temperature （Tini） which is set in high temperature range, on the temperature profile of the interface between PEM （polymer electrolyte membrane） and catalyst layer at the cathode （i.e., the reaction surface） in a single PEFC （polymer electrolyte fuel cell）. A 1D multi-plate heat transfer model based on the temperature data of separator measured using thermograph in a power generation experiment was developed to evaluate the reaction surface temperature （Treact）. This study investigated the effects of flow rate, relative humidity and type of supply gas as well as Tini on the temperature distribution on reaction surface. The results obtained in 02 supply case show that, the temperature rise at the segments near the outlet of cell decreases with increasing Tini irrespective of relative humidity of supply gas （RH）, while it is not seen in air supply case. Regarding the segments except near the outlet in 02 supply case, Treact - Tini increases with increasing Tini for 40% RH. The temperature distribution on reaction surface in 02 supply case is wider with increasing Tini as well as decreasing RH, though that in air supply case is relatively even.
文摘AIM：To examine the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1（LFA-1）expression on canals of Hering （COH）and bile ductules associated with the autoimmune process of bile duct destruction in primary biliary cirrhosis（PBC）．METHODS：Ten wedged liver biopsies of PBC（five cases each of stages 2 and 3）were studied. The liver specimens were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 mouse mAbs.In situ hybridization was done to examine the messenger RNA expression of ICAM-1 in formalin-fixed．paraffin-embedded sections using peptide nucleic acid probes and the catalyzed signal amplification （CSA）technique．Immunogold-silver staining for electron microscopy was Derrormed using anti-ICAM and anti-LFA-1 mouse mAbs．The immunogold particles on epithelial cells of bileductules and cholangiocytes of CoH cells were counted and analyzed semi-quantitatively．Western blotting was performed to confirm ICAM-1 protein expression．RESULTS：In liver tissues of PBC patients．immunohi-stochemistry showed aberrant ICAM-1 expression on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells lining bile ductules，and also on mature cholangiocytes but not on hepatocytes in CoH．LFA-1-positive lymphocytes were closely associated with epithelial cells in bile ductules．ICAM-1 expression at protein level was confirmed by Western blot．In situ hybridization demonstrated ICAM-1 mRNA expression in bile ductules and LFA-1 mRNA in lymphocytes infiltrating the bileductules．By immunoelectron microscopy，ICAM-1 was demonstrated on the basal suface of epithelial cells in bile ductules and on the luminal surfaces of cholangiocytes in damaged COH．Cells with intermediate morphology resembling progenitor cells in Coil were not labeled with ICAM-1 and LFA-1．CONCLUSION：De novo expression of ICAM-1 both on mature cholangiocytes in COH and epithelial cells in bile ductules in PBC implies that lymphoc
文摘A 35-year-old man was admitted due to bloody stool and anemia. The bleeding source could not be detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) revealed a diverticulum-like hole in which coagula stuck in the ileum at 1 meter on the oral side from the ileocecal valve. The adjacent mucosa just to the oral side of the hole was elevated like a submucosal tumor. The lesion was considered the source of bleeding and removed surgically. It was determined to be a cyst with an ileal structure on the mesenteric aspect accompanying gastric mucosa. The diagnosis was a duplication cyst of the ileum,which is a rare entity that can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. In the present case,DBE was used to fi nd the hemorrhagic duplication cyst in the ileum.
文摘There is a long history of studies on the bad influence of smoking on our bodies, with many study results accumulated to date indicating a decline in the smoking rate. However, the smoking rate in Japan is still higher than that in other countries. In order to reveal the various influences due to smoking, we examined the changes in lifestyle and vitality prior to and the following smoking, targeting college students who are at the early age of starting to smoke. The subjects were 213 college students (83 men and 130 women). Smoking frequency as well as sleeping, eating habits, exercise, and vitality as a lifestyle were surveyed through a questionnaire survey. As a result of comparing smoking and lifestyle between the smoking group and non-smoking group, in terms of sleep, the bedtime and wake-up time tended to be late in the smoking group. Regarding eating habits, there was a tendency for the smoking group to have a high rate of skipping breakfast and a high intake rate of midnight snacks. Regarding exercise, the number of people exercising on a daily basis was small in both the smoking group and the non-smoking group, with no significant difference observed. Therefore, this study revealed that smoking has a negative influence on some aspects of lifestyle. There was no significant relationship in terms of the effects of smoking on vitality. Going forward, it will be necessary to clarify the negative effects of smoking on mental health.
文摘BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia with hepatic metastases is a common complication and a poor prognostic factor for colorectal cancer(CRC).Effective drainage is often im-possible before initiating systemic chemotherapy,owing to the liver’s diffuse metastatic involvement.Moreover,an appropriate chemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is currently unavailable.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a man in his 50s,presented with progressive fatigue and severe jaundice.Computed tomography revealed multiple hepatic masses with thick-ened walls in the sigmoid colon,which was pathologically confirmed as a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.No RAS or BRAF mutations were detected.The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status(PS)score was 2.Biliary drainage was impossible due to the absence of a dilated bile duct,and panitumumab monotherapy was promptly initiated.Subsequently,the bilirubin level decreased and then normalized,and the patient’s PS improved to zero ECOG score after four cycles of therapy without significant adverse events.CONCLUSION Anti-EGFR antibody monotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for RAS wild-type CRC and hepatic metastases with severe hyperbilirubinemia.
文摘This paper answers how multiple satellites are seen from the ground. This question is inspired by space-advertising, a public exhibition in the night sky using a dot matrix of satellites that are bright enough to be seen by the naked eye. Thus, it is important for space advertisement that the specific dot matrix is seen. Moreover, the stability of the dot matrix during a visible span is very valuable. To stabilize the dot matrix, this study formulates an apparent position of a dot from a representative dot seen from the ground. The formulation, linear functions of a set of relative orbital elements, reveals the appearance of the dot matrix. The proposed relative variable in the formulation drives the instability of the dot matrix, thereby revealing an initial stable configuration of deputies from a chief. The arbitrary dot matrix designed using the configuration is stable even at low elevations without orbital control during the visible span.
