Chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment that has recently been undergoing rapid development. However, there are still some major challenges, including precise tumor targeting t...Chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment that has recently been undergoing rapid development. However, there are still some major challenges, including precise tumor targeting to avoid off-target or ＂on-target/off-tumor＂ toxicity, adequate T cell infiltration and migration to solid tumors and T cell proliferation and persistence across the physical and biochemical barriers of solid tumors. In this review, we focus on the primary challenges and strafegies to design safe and effective CAR T cells, including using novel cutting-edge technologies for CAR and vecfor designs to increase both the safety and efficacy, further T cell modification to overcome the tumorassociated immune suppression, and using gene editing technologies to generate universal CAR T cells. All these efforts promote the development and evolution of CAR T cell therapy and move toward our ultimate goal--curing cancer with high safety, high efficacy, and low cost.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domesti...A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse + complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control(Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostalilisaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation(for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.展开更多
Using the daily temperature data of 95 meteorological stations from Sichuan-Chongqing Region and its surrounding areas, this paper adopted these methods （e.g., linear regression, trend coefficient, geographical stati...Using the daily temperature data of 95 meteorological stations from Sichuan-Chongqing Region and its surrounding areas, this paper adopted these methods （e.g., linear regression, trend coefficient, geographical statistics, gray relational analysis and spatial analysis functions of GIS） to analyze the relations of temperature variability with topography, latitude and longitude. Moreover, the rank of gray correlation between temperature variability and elevation, longitude, latitude, topographic position and surface roughness also was meas- ured. These results indicated： （1） The elevation affected temperature variability most obviously, followed by latitude, and longitude. The slope of the linear regression between temperature change rate and elevation, latitude and longitude was 0.4142, 0.0293 and -0.3270, respectively （2） The rank of gray correlation between temperature change rate and geographic factors was elevation 〉 latitude 〉 surface roughness 〉 topographic position 〉 longitude. The gray correla- tion degree between temperature change rate and elevation was 0.865, followed by latitude with 0.796, and longitude with 0.671. （3） The rate of temperature change enhanced with the increase of elevation. Especially, the warming trend was significant in the plateau and mountain areas of western Sichuan, and mountain and valley areas of southwestern Sichuan （with the warming rate of 0.74℃/10a during the 1990s）. However, there was a weak warming trend in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding low mountain and hilly areas. （4） The effects of latitude on temperature change rate presented the specific regulation, which the warming rate of low-latitude areas was more significant than that of high-latitude areas. However, they were consistent with the regulation that the increasing of low temperature controlled most of the warming trend, due to the effects of terrain and sically, temperature variability along longitude elevation on annual mean temperature. （5） Ba- direction resulted from t展开更多
Understanding the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) quantitatively is essential to obtain objective knowledge about the concept of KRD and the form reason of KRD, and is useful to restore KRD land. Houzha...Understanding the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) quantitatively is essential to obtain objective knowledge about the concept of KRD and the form reason of KRD, and is useful to restore KRD land. Houzhaihe area located in central plateau in Guizhou Province was studied here as a representative assemblage landform and its KRD’ s evolution and driving factors were studied, based mainly on high-resolution remote sensing image in 1963, 1978, 2005 and 2010. The KRD land comprises light KRD, moderate KRD and severe KRD. The results demonstrated that the evolution process of KRD can be divided into four modes such as unchanged, weakened, fluctuated and aggravated in the study area. The KRD with no changes from 1963 to 2010, namely, unchanged mode, accounted for 43.76% of the total area of the KRD in 2010;it distributed in the area with the slope of 15° - 25° and >25° basically. Furthermore, the severe KRD distributed mainly in the areas within 300 - 600 m distance from settlement;when the distance away from the rural settlements was more than 900 m, the severe KRD declined, and its proportion was 28.6% and 10.6% in 1963 and 2010 respectively. In the peak-cluster depressions, located in central study area, the slope cropland with slope of 15° - 25° was still abounding, and was seriously rocky desertification generally. So, we propose that the existence of a large number of slope croplands is still the major driving factor of land rocky desertification. Therefore, for the rocky desertification control, the authors consider that the focal point is to alter the land use of steep-slope cropland at present.展开更多
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated 9 （CRISPR/Casg） system, an RNA-guided DNA targeting technology, is triggering a revolution in the field of biology. CRISPR/ ...The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated 9 （CRISPR/Casg） system, an RNA-guided DNA targeting technology, is triggering a revolution in the field of biology. CRISPR/ Cas9 has demonstrated great potential for genetic manipulation. In this review, we discuss the current development of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for thera- peutic applications, especially chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy. Different methods used to facilitate efficient CRISPR delivery and gene editing in T cells are compared. The potential of genetic manipulation using CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate universal CAR T cells and potent T cells that are resistant to exhaustion and inhibition is explored. We also address the safety concerns associated with the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and provide potential solutions and future directions of CRISPR application in the field of CAR T cell immunotherapy. As an integration-free gene insertion method, CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise as an efficient gene knock-in platform. Given the tremendous progress that has been made in the past few years, we believe that the CRISPPJ Cas9 technology holds immense promise for advancing immunotherapy.展开更多
A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the...A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0-10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC.展开更多
The poor salt tolerance,thermal stability,and environmental performance of petrochemicals can severely limit their applications in drilling engineering.In this study,cellulose nanofibril(CNF)hydrogels with improved sa...The poor salt tolerance,thermal stability,and environmental performance of petrochemicals can severely limit their applications in drilling engineering.In this study,cellulose nanofibril(CNF)hydrogels with improved salt tolerance and thermal stability were prepared,and their filtration performance was evaluated.The hydrogels were prepared through the simultaneous grafting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid(AMPS)and butyl acrylate(BA)onto the CNF surface through ceric ammoniumnitrate-induced radical polymerization.The modified and original CNF samples were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and rheological measurements.The FT-IR analysis results showed that both AMPS and BA were grafted onto the CNF backbone,affirming the successful preparation of the grafted CNFs.The rheological analysis results showed that the modified CNF hydrogels exhibited significantly improved salt tolerance,thermal stability,and“salt-thickening”effect.Moreover,the results of the fluid loss test showed that the modified CNF hydrogels exhibited a much better fluid loss control than the original CNF hydrogels.In addition,after adding 2%modified CNF hydrogels as a filtrate reducer in the drilling fluids prepared with a 6%combined salt solution,the filtrate loss was significantly reduced even after aging for 72 h at 160℃.展开更多
The 26 plots including natural forestland, secondary forestland, shrub-grassland, sloping cropland, artificial forest and abandoned field, were selected to discuss the impact of land cover on the soil characteristics ...The 26 plots including natural forestland, secondary forestland, shrub-grassland, sloping cropland, artificial forest and abandoned field, were selected to discuss the impact of land cover on the soil characteristics in the three karst districts of Chongqing. The results showed that： （1） After the vegetation turned into secondary vegetation or artificial vegetation, or reclamation, soil physical properties would be degraded. In the surface-layer soil of sloping cropland, the contents of 〉2 mm water-stable aggregates decreased obviously with apparent sandification. （2） The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen are controlled completely by vegetation type and land use intensity. The increasing trend is rather slow in the early days when over-reclamation is stopped and the land is converted to forest and pasture. （3） Herbaceous species increase and woody plants species decrease with the increase of land use intensity, therefore, the soil seed banks degrade more seriously. （4） The soil degradation index has been set up to describe the relative soil degradation degree under the conditions of different vegetation types. （5） Land cover has a significant effect on karst soil characteristics, land degradation in the karst ecosystem is essentially characterized by the different degradation of soil functions that serve as water banks, nutrient banks and soil seed banks.展开更多
Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock che...Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes(CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature(MAT), precipitation(MAP), evapotranspiration(ET), soil water(SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that(1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1), which was higher than the global average(15.77 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink(CCS) was 4772.67×10^(4)t CO_(2), contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×10^(4)km^(-2).(2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and7.27 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)in the southern karst, Qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively.(3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1).(4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance 展开更多
During the 2008 total solar eclipse, the coronal emission lines were observed by using optical fibre spectrometric and polarization imaging system in near infrared waveband. The profiles of the coronal emission lines ...During the 2008 total solar eclipse, the coronal emission lines were observed by using optical fibre spectrometric and polarization imaging system in near infrared waveband. The profiles of the coronal emission lines including Fe XIII 10747 , 10798 and He I 10830 were obtained with dispersion of 0.5 /pix. The intensity of Fe XIII 10747 remained unchanged in the two different coronal regions while the intensity of He I 10830 varied considerably in the two coronal locations no matter whether the prominence appeared or not. The coronal polarization images were observed at Fe XI 7892 with a bandpass of 30 in a series of exposure times.展开更多
Background:Pelvic lymph node dissection(PLND)in radical cystectomy(RC)is of great significance,but the method and scope of PLND remain controversial.Based on the principle of indirect lymphadenography,we designed a me...Background:Pelvic lymph node dissection(PLND)in radical cystectomy(RC)is of great significance,but the method and scope of PLND remain controversial.Based on the principle of indirect lymphadenography,we designed a method to localize the whole pelvic lymph nodes by intradermal injection of indocyanine green(ICG)through the lower limbs and perineum,and to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. Methods:In a single center,54 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC and PLND participated in a prospective clinical trial,which began on February 28,2022 and ended on December 30,2022.ICG solution was injected subcutaneously at the medial malleolus of both lower extremities and at both sides of the midline of the perineum.The fluorescent laparoscopy was used to trace,locate,and remove the targeted areas under the image fusion mode.The consistency of lymph node resection was determined by histopathological diagnosis.The impact of ICG guidance on the surgical time of PLND was compared with that of 11 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC and PLND without ICG injection,serving as the control group. Results:Perineal lower limb combined injection can provide comprehensive visualization of pelvic lymph nodes.This technique reduces PLND surgical time and increases the accuracy of PLND. Conclusion:Intracutaneous injection of ICG into the lower limbs and perineum can specifically mark pelvic lymph nodes.Intraoperative fluores-cence imaging can accurately identify,locate,and resect lymph nodes in the pelvic region,reducing PLND surgical time and increasing the accuracy of PLND.展开更多
With the rapid urbanization process,the space of traditional villages in China is undergoing significant changes.Studying the spatial evolution of traditional villages is significant in promoting rural spatial transfo...With the rapid urbanization process,the space of traditional villages in China is undergoing significant changes.Studying the spatial evolution of traditional villages is significant in promoting rural spatial transformation and realizing rural revitalization and sustainable rural development.Based on the traceability analysis of spatial production theory,this paper constructed an analytical framework for the spatial production evolution of traditional villages,analyzed the spatial evolution process and characteristics of traditional villages by using buffer analysis,spatial syntax,and other research methods,and revealed the characteristics of the spatial production evolution of traditional villages and the driving mechanism.The results show that:(1)The village spatial formation and development follow the village life cycle theory and usually develop from embryonic villages to diversified and integrated villages;(2)The evolution of village spatial production is characterized by the diversity of material space,the sublimation of daily life space,and the integration of social system space and generalization of emotional space;(3)The evolution of village spatial production from backward and poor village to ecologically well-off village is influenced by a combination of factors;(4)The village has formed a spatial structure of"people-land-scape-culture-industry",realized comprehensive reconstruction and spatial reproduction.The study results reflect the spatial evolution characteristics of traditional villages in mountainous areas in a more comprehensive way,which helps to promote the protection and development of traditional villages in mountainous areas and,to a certain extent,provides a reference for the development of rural revitalization.展开更多
As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction o...As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.展开更多
In this article, the application of cellulose and cellulose nanofibers in oil exploration was discussed, and the research status of using cellulose and cellulose nanofibers as oil displacement agents, oil-well cementi...In this article, the application of cellulose and cellulose nanofibers in oil exploration was discussed, and the research status of using cellulose and cellulose nanofibers as oil displacement agents, oil-well cementing additives, and foam stabilizers were summarized.展开更多
Overpressure in deepwater basins not only causes serious soft sediment deformation, but also significantly affects the safety of drilling operations. Therefore, prediction of overpressure in sediments has become an im...Overpressure in deepwater basins not only causes serious soft sediment deformation, but also significantly affects the safety of drilling operations. Therefore, prediction of overpressure in sediments has become an important task in deepwater oil exploration and development. In this study, we analyze the drilling data from ODP Leg 184 Sites 1144, 1146, and 1148, and IODP Leg 349 Sites U1431, U1432, U1433, and U1435 to study the sediment compaction and controls in the northern South China Sea. Sedimentation rate, sediment content, distribution area, and buried depth are the factors that influence sediment compaction in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. Among these factors, the sediment content is the most important. The fitted normal compacted coefficients and mudline porosity for an interval of 50 m shows disciplinary variation versus depth. The pore pressure predicted from different fitted results shows varying overpressure situations. The normal compaction trend from Site 1144 reflects the porosity variation trend in stable deposition basins in the northern South China Sea. The predicted pore pressure shows overpressure at Site 1144, which is attributed to compaction disequilibrium. Nevertheless, the mixed lithology column may influence the predicted overpressure at Site 1148, which is responsible for the confusing result. Above all, we find that sediment compaction should serve as a proxy for pore pressure in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.展开更多
Decreasing the risks and geohazards associated with drilling engineering in high-temperature high-pressure(HTHP) geologic settings begins with the implementation of pre-drilling prediction techniques(PPTs). To improve...Decreasing the risks and geohazards associated with drilling engineering in high-temperature high-pressure(HTHP) geologic settings begins with the implementation of pre-drilling prediction techniques(PPTs). To improve the accuracy of geopressure prediction in HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore Hainan Island, we made a comprehensive summary of current PPTs to identify existing problems and challenges by analyzing the global distribution of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs, the research status of PPTs, and the geologic setting and its HTHP formation mechanism. Our research results indicate that the HTHP formation mechanism in the study area is caused by multiple factors, including rapid loading, diapir intrusions, hydrocarbon generation, and the thermal expansion of pore fluids. Due to this multi-factor interaction, a cloud of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs has developed in the Ying-Qiong Basin, but only traditional PPTs have been implemented, based on the assumption of conditions that do not conform to the actual geologic environment, e.g., Bellotti's law and Eaton's law. In this paper, we focus on these issues, identify some challenges and solutions, and call for further PPT research to address the drawbacks of previous works and meet the challenges associated with the deepwater technology gap. In this way, we hope to contribute to the improved accuracy of geopressure prediction prior to drilling and provide support for future HTHP drilling offshore Hainan Island.展开更多
The performance of nano-cellulose fluid as a"green"flooding agent in enhancing oil recovery was evaluated in our previous study.Expanding upon our prior findings,in this study the physical properties of nano...The performance of nano-cellulose fluid as a"green"flooding agent in enhancing oil recovery was evaluated in our previous study.Expanding upon our prior findings,in this study the physical properties of nano-cellulose were further improved through chemical grafting with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid monomer(AMPS)and alkyl chain.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation indicated that the morphology of the nano-cellulose maintained fibrillar and was not altered after the chemical modification.The thermal stability of the AMPS and alkyl chain grafted nano-cellulose was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).A similar thermal response behavior was observed for the three evaluated samples.Compared to the non-grafted nano-cellulose,the grafted nano-cellulose remained homogenous in an electrolyte solution against storage time,suggesting a superior sanity-tolerance.Rheological analysis also proved the advanced viscoelastic properties of the nano-cellulose dispersion.展开更多
The fluorescence quenching effect of the conjugated polymers P1 and P2 (the molecular recognitions are twisted 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and planar 1,10-phenanthrolin(phen), respectively) films upon the addition of me...The fluorescence quenching effect of the conjugated polymers P1 and P2 (the molecular recognitions are twisted 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and planar 1,10-phenanthrolin(phen), respectively) films upon the addition of metal ions has been studied. And the results showed that P2 exhibited stronger fluorescence quenching ability upon the addition of both transition metal ions and main group metal ions compared with that of P1. The 20° twist angle between the two consecutive pyridine rings of bpy unit in the P1 main chain is the reason for the weaker fluorescence quenching ability compared with P2, in which the planar phen unit can chelate with metal ions relatively freely without the conformational transition. So P2 is a kind of material with better properties for solid film devices, such as sensors for metal ions recognition.展开更多
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes arrays(VACNTs)are a promising candidate for the thermal interface material(TIM)of next-generation electronic devices due to their attractive thermal and mechanical properties.Howeve...Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes arrays(VACNTs)are a promising candidate for the thermal interface material(TIM)of next-generation electronic devices due to their attractive thermal and mechanical properties.However,the environment required for synthesizing VACNTs is harsh and severely incompatible with standard device packaging processes.VACNTs’extremely low in-plane thermal conductivity also limits its performance for cooling hot spots.Here,using a transfer-and-encapsulate strategy,a two-step soldering method is developed to cap both ends of the VACNTs with copper microfoils,forming a standalone Cu-VACNTs-Cu sandwich TIM and avoiding the need to directly grow VACNTs on chip die.This new TIM is fully compatible with standard packaging,with excellent flexibility and high thermal conductivities in both in-plane and through-plane directions.The mechanical compliance behavior and mechanism,which are critical for TIM applications,are investigated in depth using in situ nanoindentation.The thermal performance is further verified in an actual light emitting diode(LED)cooling experiment,demonstrating low thermal resistance,good reliability,and achieving a 17℃ temperature reduction compared with state-of-the-art commercial TIMs.This study provides a viable solution to VACNTs’longstanding problem in device integration and free-end contact resistance,bringing it much closer to application and solving the critical thermal bottleneck in next-generation electronics.展开更多
文摘Chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） T cell therapy is a promising cancer treatment that has recently been undergoing rapid development. However, there are still some major challenges, including precise tumor targeting to avoid off-target or ＂on-target/off-tumor＂ toxicity, adequate T cell infiltration and migration to solid tumors and T cell proliferation and persistence across the physical and biochemical barriers of solid tumors. In this review, we focus on the primary challenges and strafegies to design safe and effective CAR T cells, including using novel cutting-edge technologies for CAR and vecfor designs to increase both the safety and efficacy, further T cell modification to overcome the tumorassociated immune suppression, and using gene editing technologies to generate universal CAR T cells. All these efforts promote the development and evolution of CAR T cell therapy and move toward our ultimate goal--curing cancer with high safety, high efficacy, and low cost.
文摘A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse + complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control(Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostalilisaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation(for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, No.2010JJ0069 Science and Technology Great Special Project on Controlling and Fathering Water Pollution during the National 12th Five-year Plan, No.2012ZX07104-003
文摘Using the daily temperature data of 95 meteorological stations from Sichuan-Chongqing Region and its surrounding areas, this paper adopted these methods （e.g., linear regression, trend coefficient, geographical statistics, gray relational analysis and spatial analysis functions of GIS） to analyze the relations of temperature variability with topography, latitude and longitude. Moreover, the rank of gray correlation between temperature variability and elevation, longitude, latitude, topographic position and surface roughness also was meas- ured. These results indicated： （1） The elevation affected temperature variability most obviously, followed by latitude, and longitude. The slope of the linear regression between temperature change rate and elevation, latitude and longitude was 0.4142, 0.0293 and -0.3270, respectively （2） The rank of gray correlation between temperature change rate and geographic factors was elevation 〉 latitude 〉 surface roughness 〉 topographic position 〉 longitude. The gray correla- tion degree between temperature change rate and elevation was 0.865, followed by latitude with 0.796, and longitude with 0.671. （3） The rate of temperature change enhanced with the increase of elevation. Especially, the warming trend was significant in the plateau and mountain areas of western Sichuan, and mountain and valley areas of southwestern Sichuan （with the warming rate of 0.74℃/10a during the 1990s）. However, there was a weak warming trend in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding low mountain and hilly areas. （4） The effects of latitude on temperature change rate presented the specific regulation, which the warming rate of low-latitude areas was more significant than that of high-latitude areas. However, they were consistent with the regulation that the increasing of low temperature controlled most of the warming trend, due to the effects of terrain and sically, temperature variability along longitude elevation on annual mean temperature. （5） Ba- direction resulted from t
文摘Understanding the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) quantitatively is essential to obtain objective knowledge about the concept of KRD and the form reason of KRD, and is useful to restore KRD land. Houzhaihe area located in central plateau in Guizhou Province was studied here as a representative assemblage landform and its KRD’ s evolution and driving factors were studied, based mainly on high-resolution remote sensing image in 1963, 1978, 2005 and 2010. The KRD land comprises light KRD, moderate KRD and severe KRD. The results demonstrated that the evolution process of KRD can be divided into four modes such as unchanged, weakened, fluctuated and aggravated in the study area. The KRD with no changes from 1963 to 2010, namely, unchanged mode, accounted for 43.76% of the total area of the KRD in 2010;it distributed in the area with the slope of 15° - 25° and >25° basically. Furthermore, the severe KRD distributed mainly in the areas within 300 - 600 m distance from settlement;when the distance away from the rural settlements was more than 900 m, the severe KRD declined, and its proportion was 28.6% and 10.6% in 1963 and 2010 respectively. In the peak-cluster depressions, located in central study area, the slope cropland with slope of 15° - 25° was still abounding, and was seriously rocky desertification generally. So, we propose that the existence of a large number of slope croplands is still the major driving factor of land rocky desertification. Therefore, for the rocky desertification control, the authors consider that the focal point is to alter the land use of steep-slope cropland at present.
文摘The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated 9 （CRISPR/Casg） system, an RNA-guided DNA targeting technology, is triggering a revolution in the field of biology. CRISPR/ Cas9 has demonstrated great potential for genetic manipulation. In this review, we discuss the current development of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for thera- peutic applications, especially chimeric antigen receptor （CAR） T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy. Different methods used to facilitate efficient CRISPR delivery and gene editing in T cells are compared. The potential of genetic manipulation using CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate universal CAR T cells and potent T cells that are resistant to exhaustion and inhibition is explored. We also address the safety concerns associated with the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and provide potential solutions and future directions of CRISPR application in the field of CAR T cell immunotherapy. As an integration-free gene insertion method, CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise as an efficient gene knock-in platform. Given the tremendous progress that has been made in the past few years, we believe that the CRISPPJ Cas9 technology holds immense promise for advancing immunotherapy.
基金Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40231016)
文摘A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0-10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31700514)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin,China(Grant No.18JCYBJC86500)for their financial supports
文摘The poor salt tolerance,thermal stability,and environmental performance of petrochemicals can severely limit their applications in drilling engineering.In this study,cellulose nanofibril(CNF)hydrogels with improved salt tolerance and thermal stability were prepared,and their filtration performance was evaluated.The hydrogels were prepared through the simultaneous grafting of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid(AMPS)and butyl acrylate(BA)onto the CNF surface through ceric ammoniumnitrate-induced radical polymerization.The modified and original CNF samples were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and rheological measurements.The FT-IR analysis results showed that both AMPS and BA were grafted onto the CNF backbone,affirming the successful preparation of the grafted CNFs.The rheological analysis results showed that the modified CNF hydrogels exhibited significantly improved salt tolerance,thermal stability,and“salt-thickening”effect.Moreover,the results of the fluid loss test showed that the modified CNF hydrogels exhibited a much better fluid loss control than the original CNF hydrogels.In addition,after adding 2%modified CNF hydrogels as a filtrate reducer in the drilling fluids prepared with a 6%combined salt solution,the filtrate loss was significantly reduced even after aging for 72 h at 160℃.
基金Supported by the key plan of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee (6759, 7355)
文摘The 26 plots including natural forestland, secondary forestland, shrub-grassland, sloping cropland, artificial forest and abandoned field, were selected to discuss the impact of land cover on the soil characteristics in the three karst districts of Chongqing. The results showed that： （1） After the vegetation turned into secondary vegetation or artificial vegetation, or reclamation, soil physical properties would be degraded. In the surface-layer soil of sloping cropland, the contents of 〉2 mm water-stable aggregates decreased obviously with apparent sandification. （2） The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen are controlled completely by vegetation type and land use intensity. The increasing trend is rather slow in the early days when over-reclamation is stopped and the land is converted to forest and pasture. （3） Herbaceous species increase and woody plants species decrease with the increase of land use intensity, therefore, the soil seed banks degrade more seriously. （4） The soil degradation index has been set up to describe the relative soil degradation degree under the conditions of different vegetation types. （5） Land cover has a significant effect on karst soil characteristics, land degradation in the karst ecosystem is essentially characterized by the different degradation of soil functions that serve as water banks, nutrient banks and soil seed banks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.U22A20619,42077455&42367008)the Western Light Cross-team Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.xbzg-zdsys-202101)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB40000000&XDA23060100)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(Grant No.2022-198)the High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(Grant Nos.GCC[2022]015-1&2016-5648)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Subsidies(Grant Nos.GZ2019SIG&GZ2020SIG)。
文摘Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes(CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature(MAT), precipitation(MAP), evapotranspiration(ET), soil water(SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that(1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1), which was higher than the global average(15.77 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink(CCS) was 4772.67×10^(4)t CO_(2), contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×10^(4)km^(-2).(2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and7.27 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)in the southern karst, Qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively.(3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1).(4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10843003)
文摘During the 2008 total solar eclipse, the coronal emission lines were observed by using optical fibre spectrometric and polarization imaging system in near infrared waveband. The profiles of the coronal emission lines including Fe XIII 10747 , 10798 and He I 10830 were obtained with dispersion of 0.5 /pix. The intensity of Fe XIII 10747 remained unchanged in the two different coronal regions while the intensity of He I 10830 varied considerably in the two coronal locations no matter whether the prominence appeared or not. The coronal polarization images were observed at Fe XI 7892 with a bandpass of 30 in a series of exposure times.
文摘Background:Pelvic lymph node dissection(PLND)in radical cystectomy(RC)is of great significance,but the method and scope of PLND remain controversial.Based on the principle of indirect lymphadenography,we designed a method to localize the whole pelvic lymph nodes by intradermal injection of indocyanine green(ICG)through the lower limbs and perineum,and to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. Methods:In a single center,54 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC and PLND participated in a prospective clinical trial,which began on February 28,2022 and ended on December 30,2022.ICG solution was injected subcutaneously at the medial malleolus of both lower extremities and at both sides of the midline of the perineum.The fluorescent laparoscopy was used to trace,locate,and remove the targeted areas under the image fusion mode.The consistency of lymph node resection was determined by histopathological diagnosis.The impact of ICG guidance on the surgical time of PLND was compared with that of 11 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC and PLND without ICG injection,serving as the control group. Results:Perineal lower limb combined injection can provide comprehensive visualization of pelvic lymph nodes.This technique reduces PLND surgical time and increases the accuracy of PLND. Conclusion:Intracutaneous injection of ICG into the lower limbs and perineum can specifically mark pelvic lymph nodes.Intraoperative fluores-cence imaging can accurately identify,locate,and resect lymph nodes in the pelvic region,reducing PLND surgical time and increasing the accuracy of PLND.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42061035)the Guizhou Provincial Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements([2022]010).
文摘With the rapid urbanization process,the space of traditional villages in China is undergoing significant changes.Studying the spatial evolution of traditional villages is significant in promoting rural spatial transformation and realizing rural revitalization and sustainable rural development.Based on the traceability analysis of spatial production theory,this paper constructed an analytical framework for the spatial production evolution of traditional villages,analyzed the spatial evolution process and characteristics of traditional villages by using buffer analysis,spatial syntax,and other research methods,and revealed the characteristics of the spatial production evolution of traditional villages and the driving mechanism.The results show that:(1)The village spatial formation and development follow the village life cycle theory and usually develop from embryonic villages to diversified and integrated villages;(2)The evolution of village spatial production is characterized by the diversity of material space,the sublimation of daily life space,and the integration of social system space and generalization of emotional space;(3)The evolution of village spatial production from backward and poor village to ecologically well-off village is influenced by a combination of factors;(4)The village has formed a spatial structure of"people-land-scape-culture-industry",realized comprehensive reconstruction and spatial reproduction.The study results reflect the spatial evolution characteristics of traditional villages in mountainous areas in a more comprehensive way,which helps to promote the protection and development of traditional villages in mountainous areas and,to a certain extent,provides a reference for the development of rural revitalization.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40830746,40871075)
文摘As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31700514)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (Grant No. 18JCYBJC86500) for their financial supports
文摘In this article, the application of cellulose and cellulose nanofibers in oil exploration was discussed, and the research status of using cellulose and cellulose nanofibers as oil displacement agents, oil-well cementing additives, and foam stabilizers were summarized.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Program of MOST (No. 2015CB251201)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (No. 2016ASKJ13)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan (No. ZDYF2016215)
文摘Overpressure in deepwater basins not only causes serious soft sediment deformation, but also significantly affects the safety of drilling operations. Therefore, prediction of overpressure in sediments has become an important task in deepwater oil exploration and development. In this study, we analyze the drilling data from ODP Leg 184 Sites 1144, 1146, and 1148, and IODP Leg 349 Sites U1431, U1432, U1433, and U1435 to study the sediment compaction and controls in the northern South China Sea. Sedimentation rate, sediment content, distribution area, and buried depth are the factors that influence sediment compaction in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea. Among these factors, the sediment content is the most important. The fitted normal compacted coefficients and mudline porosity for an interval of 50 m shows disciplinary variation versus depth. The pore pressure predicted from different fitted results shows varying overpressure situations. The normal compaction trend from Site 1144 reflects the porosity variation trend in stable deposition basins in the northern South China Sea. The predicted pore pressure shows overpressure at Site 1144, which is attributed to compaction disequilibrium. Nevertheless, the mixed lithology column may influence the predicted overpressure at Site 1148, which is responsible for the confusing result. Above all, we find that sediment compaction should serve as a proxy for pore pressure in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB251201)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers (No. U1606401)+3 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project financially supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (No. 2016ASKJ13)the Major National Science and Technology Programs (No. 016ZX05024-001-002)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan (No. ZDYF2016215)Key Science and Technology Foundation of Sanya (Nos. 2017PT13, 2017PT2014)
文摘Decreasing the risks and geohazards associated with drilling engineering in high-temperature high-pressure(HTHP) geologic settings begins with the implementation of pre-drilling prediction techniques(PPTs). To improve the accuracy of geopressure prediction in HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore Hainan Island, we made a comprehensive summary of current PPTs to identify existing problems and challenges by analyzing the global distribution of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs, the research status of PPTs, and the geologic setting and its HTHP formation mechanism. Our research results indicate that the HTHP formation mechanism in the study area is caused by multiple factors, including rapid loading, diapir intrusions, hydrocarbon generation, and the thermal expansion of pore fluids. Due to this multi-factor interaction, a cloud of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs has developed in the Ying-Qiong Basin, but only traditional PPTs have been implemented, based on the assumption of conditions that do not conform to the actual geologic environment, e.g., Bellotti's law and Eaton's law. In this paper, we focus on these issues, identify some challenges and solutions, and call for further PPT research to address the drawbacks of previous works and meet the challenges associated with the deepwater technology gap. In this way, we hope to contribute to the improved accuracy of geopressure prediction prior to drilling and provide support for future HTHP drilling offshore Hainan Island.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from PetroChina Innovation Foundation(2015D-5006-0212).
文摘The performance of nano-cellulose fluid as a"green"flooding agent in enhancing oil recovery was evaluated in our previous study.Expanding upon our prior findings,in this study the physical properties of nano-cellulose were further improved through chemical grafting with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid monomer(AMPS)and alkyl chain.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation indicated that the morphology of the nano-cellulose maintained fibrillar and was not altered after the chemical modification.The thermal stability of the AMPS and alkyl chain grafted nano-cellulose was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).A similar thermal response behavior was observed for the three evaluated samples.Compared to the non-grafted nano-cellulose,the grafted nano-cellulose remained homogenous in an electrolyte solution against storage time,suggesting a superior sanity-tolerance.Rheological analysis also proved the advanced viscoelastic properties of the nano-cellulose dispersion.
文摘The fluorescence quenching effect of the conjugated polymers P1 and P2 (the molecular recognitions are twisted 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and planar 1,10-phenanthrolin(phen), respectively) films upon the addition of metal ions has been studied. And the results showed that P2 exhibited stronger fluorescence quenching ability upon the addition of both transition metal ions and main group metal ions compared with that of P1. The 20° twist angle between the two consecutive pyridine rings of bpy unit in the P1 main chain is the reason for the weaker fluorescence quenching ability compared with P2, in which the planar phen unit can chelate with metal ions relatively freely without the conformational transition. So P2 is a kind of material with better properties for solid film devices, such as sensors for metal ions recognition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52076041)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200371)the Nanjing Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation Project(No.202211009)。
文摘Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes arrays(VACNTs)are a promising candidate for the thermal interface material(TIM)of next-generation electronic devices due to their attractive thermal and mechanical properties.However,the environment required for synthesizing VACNTs is harsh and severely incompatible with standard device packaging processes.VACNTs’extremely low in-plane thermal conductivity also limits its performance for cooling hot spots.Here,using a transfer-and-encapsulate strategy,a two-step soldering method is developed to cap both ends of the VACNTs with copper microfoils,forming a standalone Cu-VACNTs-Cu sandwich TIM and avoiding the need to directly grow VACNTs on chip die.This new TIM is fully compatible with standard packaging,with excellent flexibility and high thermal conductivities in both in-plane and through-plane directions.The mechanical compliance behavior and mechanism,which are critical for TIM applications,are investigated in depth using in situ nanoindentation.The thermal performance is further verified in an actual light emitting diode(LED)cooling experiment,demonstrating low thermal resistance,good reliability,and achieving a 17℃ temperature reduction compared with state-of-the-art commercial TIMs.This study provides a viable solution to VACNTs’longstanding problem in device integration and free-end contact resistance,bringing it much closer to application and solving the critical thermal bottleneck in next-generation electronics.
