Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more co...Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA.This study compared the latest cancer profiles,trends,and determinants between China and USA.Methods:This was a comparative study using open-source data.Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations.Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics.Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports.Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.Results:In 2022,there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases,and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA,respectively.The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA,and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both.Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently,but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly.Rates of stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China,but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population,prostate cancer in men,and other seven cancer types in women.Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths,and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:The decreasing cancer burden in liver,stomach,and esophagus,and increasing burden in lung,colorectum,breast,and prostate,mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging.Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden.Progre展开更多
Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and o...Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and other animals such as mice, rats, bovine fetuses, calves, and horses. The levels of miRNAs in serum are stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals of the same species. Employing Solexa, we sequenced all serum miRNAs of healthy Chinese subjects and found over 100 and 91 serum miRNAs in male and female subjects, respectively. We also identified specific expression patterns of serum miRNAs for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and diabetes, providing evidence that serum miRNAs contain fingerprints for various diseases. Two non-small cell lung cancer-specific serum miRNAs obtained by Solexa were further validated in an independent trial of 75 healthy donors and 152 cancer patients, using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Through these analyses, we conclude that serum miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers for the detection of various cancers and other diseases.展开更多
Background： National Central Cancer Registry of China（NCCRC） updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected from all available cancer registries.Methods： In 2017...Background： National Central Cancer Registry of China（NCCRC） updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected from all available cancer registries.Methods： In 2017, 449 cancer registries submitted cancer registry data in 2014, among which 339 registries＇ data met the criteria of quality control and were included in analysis. These cancer registries covered 288,243,347 population, accounting for about 21.07% of the national population in 2014. Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using calculated incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age group and cancer type. The world Segi＇s population was applied for agestandardized rates.Results： A total of 3,804,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed, the crude incidence rate was 278.07/100,000（301.67/100,000 in males, 253.29/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population（ASIRW） was 186.53/100,000. Calculated age-standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas（191.6/100,000 vs. 179.2/100,000）. South China had the highest cancer incidence rate while Southwest China had the lowest incidence rate. Cancer incidence rate was higher in female for population between20 to 54 years but was higher in male for population younger than 20 years or over 54 years. A total of 2,296,000 cancer deaths were reported, the crude mortality rate was 167.89/100,000（207.24/100,000 in males,126.54/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population（ASMRW） was106.09/100,000. Calculated age-standardized mortality rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas（110.3/100,000 vs. 102.5/100,000）. East China had the highest cancer mortality rate while North China had the lowest mortality rate. The mortality rate in male was higher than that in female. Common cancer types and major causes of cancer death differed between age group and se展开更多
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world; almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. In China, based on two national mortality surveys conducted in 197...Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world; almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. In China, based on two national mortality surveys conducted in 1970s and 1990s, there is an obvious clustering of geographical distribution of gastric cancer in the country, with the high mortality being mostly located in rural areas, especially in Gansu, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in the middle-western part of China. Despite a slight increase from the 1970s to early 1990s, remarkable declines in gastric cancer mortality were noticed in almost the entire population during the last decade in China. These declines were largely due to the dramatic improvements in the social-economic environment, lifestyle, nutrition, education and health care system after economic reforms started two decades ago. Nevertheless, gastric cancer will remain a significant cancer burden currently and be one of the key issues in cancer prevention and control strategy in China. It was predicted that, in 2005, 0.3 million deaths and 0.4 million new cases from gastric cancer would rank the third most common cancer. The essential package of the prevention and control strategy for gastric cancer in China would focus on controlling Helicobacter pylori （H pylori infection, improving educational levels, advocating healthy diet and anti-tobacco campaign, searching for cost-effective early detection, diagnosis and treatment programs including approaches for curable management and palliative care.展开更多
Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（N...Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods： There were 347 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR.All those data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality, and qualified data from 255 registries were used for this analysis. According to the proportion of non-agricultural population, we divided cities/counties into 3 levels： high level, with URR equal to 70% and higher; median level, with URR between 30%and 70%; and low level, with URR equal to 30% and less. Cancer incidences and mortalities were calculated,stratified by gender and age groups in different areas. The national population of Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results： Qualified 255 cancer registries covered 226,494,490 populations. The percentage of cases morphologically verified（MV%） and death certificate-only cases（DCO%） were 68.04% and 1.74%, respectively,and the mortality to incidence rate ratio（M/I） was 0.62. A total of 644,487 new cancer cases and 399,275 cancer deaths from the 255 cancer registries were submitted to NCCR in 2013. The incidence rate was 284.55/100,000（314.06/100,000 in males, 254.19/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population（ASIRC） and by world standard population（ASIRW） were 190.10/100,000 and 186.24/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate（0–74 age years old） of 21.60%. The cancer mortality was 176.28/100,000（219.03/100,000 in males, 132.30/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population（ASMRC） and by world standard population（ASMRW） were 110.91/100,000 and 109.92/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate（0–74 age years old） was 12.43%. Low urbanization areas were high 展开更多
The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In th...The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In this study,we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi.A total of 1662 taxa are summarized,and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases.Among the 1662 taxa,1020,692,and 480 are considered to be edible,medicinal and poisonous mushrooms,respectively.A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production.All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species.The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer,followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial.A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity.These species could be treated as“Gold Mushrooms”.Contrarily,193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms.To avoid poisoning caused by these species,ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important.However,the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored.How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.展开更多
In January 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were observed ...In January 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were observed by the ＂Forming Mechanism and Con- trol Strategies of Haze in China＂ group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network. The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollu- tion episodes were discussed. Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （Jing-Jin-Ji） area; the two most severe episodes occurred during 9-15 January and 25-31 January. During these two haze pollution episodes, the maximum hourly PMz5 mass concentrations in Beijing were 680 and 530 ~tg m-3, respectively. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those observed in Beijing. The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atmospheric circulation, the depres- sion of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geographical and meteorological conditions. How- ever, the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols, which contributed to the ＂explosive growth＂ and ＂sustained growth＂ of PM2.5. Particularly, the abnormally high amount of nitric ox- ide （NOx） in the haze episodes, produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulphur dioxide （SO2） to sulphate aerosols. Furthermore, gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles, which can change the particle＇s size and chemical composition. Consequently, the proportion of secondary inorganic ions, such as sulphate and nitrate, gradually incr展开更多
As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, envir...As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, and ultimately human health, timely and higher resolution land cover information is urgently needed to achieve the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.展开更多
The outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan,Hubei province,and rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries.Here we report the epidemiological,clinical,laboratory,an...The outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan,Hubei province,and rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries.Here we report the epidemiological,clinical,laboratory,and radiological characteristics,as well as potential biomarkers for predicting disease severity in 2019-nCoV-infected patients in Shenzhen,China.All 12 cases of the 2019-nCoV-infected patients developed pneumonia and half of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).The most common laboratory abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia,lymphopenia,decreased percentage of lymphocytes (LYM) and neutrophils (NEU),elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and decreased CD8 count.The viral load of 2019-nCoV detected from patient respiratory tracts was positively linked to lung disease severity.ALB,LYM,LYM (%),LDH,NEU (%),and CRP were highly correlated to the acute lung injury.Age,viral load,lung injury score,and blood biochemistry indexes,albumin (ALB),CRP,LDH,LYM (%),LYM,and NEU (%),may be predictors of disease severity.Moreover,the Angiotensin Ⅱlevel in the plasma sample from 2019-nCoV infected patients was markedly elevated and linearly associated to viral load and lung injury.Our results suggest a number of potential diagnosis biomarkers and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs for potential repurposing treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.展开更多
Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, how...Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk 展开更多
Granite is one of the most important components of the continental crust on our Earth; it thus has been an enduring studied subject in geology. According to present knowledge, granite shows a great deal of heterogenei...Granite is one of the most important components of the continental crust on our Earth; it thus has been an enduring studied subject in geology. According to present knowledge, granite shows a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of its texture,structure, mineral species and geochemical compositions at different scales from small dike to large batholith. However, the reasons for these variations are not well understood although numerous interpretations have been proposed. The key point of this debate is whether granitic magma can be effectively differentiated through fractional crystallization, and, if so, what kind of crystallization occurred during the magmatic evolution. Although granitic magma has high viscosity because of its elevated SiO2 content, we agree that fractional crystallization is effectively processed during its evolution based on the evidence from field investigation,mineral species and its chemical variations, and geochemical compositions. These data indicate that crystal settling by gravitation is not the only mechanism dominating granitic differentiation. On the contrary, flow segregation or dynamic sorting may be more important. Accordingly, granite can be divided into unfractionated, fractionated(including weakly fractionated and highly fractionated) and cumulated types, according to the differentiation degree. Highly fractionated granitic magmas are generally high in primary temperature or high with various volatiles during the later stage, which make the fractional crystallization much easier than the common granitic melts. In addition, effective magmatic differentiation can be also expected when the magma emplaced along a large scale of extensional structure. Highly fractionated granitic magma is easily contaminated by country rocks due to its relatively prolonged crystallization time. Thus, granites do not always reflect the characteristics of the source areas and the physical and chemical conditions of the primary magma. We proposed that highly fractionated granites are an important sig展开更多
Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of pro...Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.展开更多
The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of trans...The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis, development of diagnostics, prevention by future vaccination, and treatment by developing new drugs. We report the complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of an isolate (BJ01) of the coronavirus that has been recognized as a pathogen for SARS. The genome is 29725 nt in size and has 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames). It is composed of a stable region encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (composed of 2 ORFs) and a variable region representing 4 CDSs (coding sequences) for viral structural genes (the S, E, M, N proteins) and 5 PUPs (putative uncharacterized proteins). Its gene order is identical to that of other known coronaviruses. The sequence alignment with all known RNA viruses places this virus as a member in the family of Coronaviridae. Thirty putative substitutions have been identified by comparative analysis of the 5 SARS- associated virus genome sequences in GenBank. Fifteen of them lead to possible amino acid changes (non-synonymous mutations) in the proteins. Three amino acid changes, with predicted alteration of physical and chemical features, have been detected in the S protein that is postulated to beinvolved in the immunoreactions between the virus and its host. Two amino acid changes have been detected in the Mprotein, which could be related to viral envelope formation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the possibility of non-human origin of the SARS-associated viruses but provides noevidence that they are man-made. Further efforts should focus on identifying the etiology of the SARS-associated virus and ruling out conclusively the existence of otherpossible SARS-related pathogen(s).展开更多
At present, the actual mechanism of the photoluminescence （PL） of fluorescent carbon dots （CDs） is still an open debate among researchers. Because of the variety of CDs, it is highly important to summarize the PL ...At present, the actual mechanism of the photoluminescence （PL） of fluorescent carbon dots （CDs） is still an open debate among researchers. Because of the variety of CDs, it is highly important to summarize the PL mechanism for these kinds of carbon materials; doing so can guide the development of effective synthesis routes and novel applications. This review will focus on the PL mechanism of CDs. Three types of fluorescent CDs were involved： graphene quantum dots （GQDs）, carbon nanodots （CNDs）, and polymer dots （PDs）. Four reasonable PL mechanisms have been confirmed： the quantum confinement effect or conjugated 7x-domains, which are determined by the carbon core; the surface state, which is determined by hybridization of the carbon backbone and the connected chemical groups; the molecule state, which is determined solely by the fluorescent molecules connected on the surface or interior of the CDs; and the crosslink- enhanced emission （CEE） effect. To give a thorough summary, the category and synthesis routes, as well as the chemical/physical properties for the CDs, are briefly introduced in advance.展开更多
In this paper, results from a pilot study for the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment are reported. Based on analyses of 9 years of pentad and monthly mean data, the climatology of subseasonal features and interannual ...In this paper, results from a pilot study for the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment are reported. Based on analyses of 9 years of pentad and monthly mean data, the climatology of subseasonal features and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian monsoon (SEAM) are documented. The present analysis is focused on the sudden onset of the South China Sea monsoon and its relation to the atmospheric and oceanic processes on the entire Asian monsoon region. \ \ It is found that the onset of the SEAM occurs around mid-May, signaling the earliest stage of the entire Asian summer monsoon system. The establishment of monsoon rainfall over the South China Sea is abrupt, being accompanied by substantial changes in the large scale atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the adjacent oceans. The onset and fluctuations of SEAM involve the interaction and metamorphosis of the large scale convection over the Indo-China, the South China Sea and the southern Bay of Bengal. Results show that the onset time of the SEAM differs greatly from one year to another. The delayed (advanced) onset of the monsoon may be related to basin-wide warm (cold) events of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. We also present evidence showing that the SEAM fluctuations in May may foreshadow the development of the full-scale Asian summer monsoon during the subsequent months.展开更多
Background The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group （IADPSG） recommended new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） after extensive analyses of the Hyperglycemia and...Background The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group （IADPSG） recommended new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） after extensive analyses of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes （HAPO） study. Unfortunately, there was no data from mainland of China in this study. We evaluated the feasibility of IADPSG criteria for GDM diagnosis in China. Methods A large prospective study was conducted. We reviewed medical records of a total of 25 674 pregnant women who underwent GDM screening and diagnosis between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2012 in the Peking University First Hospital. The prevalence of gestational glucose metabolism abnormalities was calculated according to different cut off values defined by the National Diabetes Data Group （NDDG） or the IADPSG, and the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes related to GDM was analyzed. Results According to the cut off values of NDDG and IADPSG criteria, the prevalence of gestational glucose metabolism abnormalities was 8.4% and 18.9% （P 〈0.01） respectively, and the prevalence of cesarean section （52.5% vs. 46.0%, P 〈0.01）, macrosomia （7.5% vs. 6.3%, P 〈0.05）, neonatal hypoglycemia （1.6% vs. 1.0%, P 〈0.01）, and perinatal death （0.5% vs. 0.2%, P 〈0.01）; the prevalence was significantly lower when IADPSG criteria were applied. The prevalence of macrosomia, cesarean section, neonatal hypoglycemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, etc. was also higher in the GDM group than in the normal group. The prevalence of cesarean section （62.3%） and macrosomia （14.8%） was the highest in untreated mild GDM patients. Conclusions Our results indicated that treatment/intervention of women with GDM identified by IADPSG criteria was related to significantly lower risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Such findings provide support for applying IADPSG criteria in China.展开更多
AIM: To detect the expression of PTEN encoding productin normal mucosa, intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia andcarcinoma of the stomach, and to investigate its clinicalimplication in tumorigenesis and progression of...AIM: To detect the expression of PTEN encoding productin normal mucosa, intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia andcarcinoma of the stomach, and to investigate its clinicalimplication in tumorigenesis and progression of gastriccarcinoma.METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens from184 cases of gastric carcinoma, their adjacent normal mucosa,IM and dysplasia were evaluated for PTEN protein expressionby SABC immunohistochemistry. PTEN expression wascompared with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, Lauren'sand WHO's histological classification of gastric carcinoma.Expression of VEGF was also detected in 60 cases of gastriccarcinoma and its correlation with PTEN was concerned.RESULTS: The positive rates of PTEN protein were 100 %(102/102), 98.5 %(65/66), 66.7 % (4/6) and 47.8 %(88/184)in normal mucosa, IM, dysplasia and carcinoma of the stomach,respectively. The positive rates in dysplasia and carcinomawere lower than in normal mucosa and IM (P＜0.01).Advanced gastric cancers expressed less frequent PTEN thanearly gastric cancer (42.9 % v567.6 %, P＜0.01). The positiverate of PTEN protein was lower in gastric cancer with thanwithout lymph node metastasis (40.3 % v563.3 %, P＜0.01).PTEN was less expressed in diffuse-type than in intestinal-type gastric cancer (41.5 % v557.8 %,P＜0.05). Signet ringcell carcinoma showed the expression of PTEN at the lowestlevel (25.0 %, 7/28); less than well and moderatelydifferentiated ones (P＜0.01). Expression of PTEN was notcorrelated with expression of VEGF (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: Loss or reduced expression of PTEN proteinoccures commonly in tumorigenesis and progression of gastriccarcinoma. It is suggested that PTEN can be an objective markerfor pathologically biological behaviors of gastric carcinoma.展开更多
BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satel...BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satellites in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit （IGSO）, and 4 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit （MEO）. In this paper, its basic navigation and positioning performance are evaluated preliminarily by the real data collected in Beijing, including satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision （PDOP） value, the precision of code and carrier phase measurements, the accuracy of single point positioning and differential position- ing and ambiguity resolution （AR） performance, which are also compared with those of GPS. It is shown that the precision of BDS code and carrier phase measurements are about 33 cm and 2 mm, respectively, which are comparable to those of GPS, and the accuracy of BDS single point positioning has satisfied the design requirement. The real-time kinematic positioning is also feasible by BDS alolae in the opening condition, since its fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch dual-frequency AR is comparable to those of GPS. The accuracy of BDS carrier phase differential positioning is better than 1 cm for a very short baseline of 4.2 m and 3 cm for a short baseline of 8.2 km, which is on the same level with that of GPS. For the combined BDS and GPS, the fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch AR and the positioning accuracy are improved significantly. The accu- racy of BDS/GPS carrier phase differential positioning is about 35 and 20 % better than that of GPS for two short baseline tests in this study. The accuracy of BDS code differential positioning is better than 2.5 m. However it is worse than that of GPS, which may result from large code multipath errors of BDS GEO satellite measurements.展开更多
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2021-I2M-1-033)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974492)+1 种基金Jing-jin-ji Special Projects for Basic Research Cooperation(No.J200017)Sanming Project of the Medicine in Shenzhen(No.SZSM201911015)。
文摘Background:The cancer burden in the United States of America(USA)has decreased gradually.However,China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles,with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA.This study compared the latest cancer profiles,trends,and determinants between China and USA.Methods:This was a comparative study using open-source data.Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations.Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics.Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports.Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.Results:In 2022,there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases,and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA,respectively.The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA,and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both.Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently,but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly.Rates of stomach,liver,and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China,but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population,prostate cancer in men,and other seven cancer types in women.Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths,and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.Conclusions:The decreasing cancer burden in liver,stomach,and esophagus,and increasing burden in lung,colorectum,breast,and prostate,mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging.Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden.Progre
基金Acknowledgments We thank Drs Fengyong Liu and Sheng Luan at UC Berkeley, USA, for their discussion and help with the writing of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （no. 30225037, 30471991, 30570731）, National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （no. 2006CB503909, 2004CB518603）, the ＂111＂ Project, and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （no. BK2004082, BK2006714）.
文摘Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and other animals such as mice, rats, bovine fetuses, calves, and horses. The levels of miRNAs in serum are stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals of the same species. Employing Solexa, we sequenced all serum miRNAs of healthy Chinese subjects and found over 100 and 91 serum miRNAs in male and female subjects, respectively. We also identified specific expression patterns of serum miRNAs for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and diabetes, providing evidence that serum miRNAs contain fingerprints for various diseases. Two non-small cell lung cancer-specific serum miRNAs obtained by Solexa were further validated in an independent trial of 75 healthy donors and 152 cancer patients, using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Through these analyses, we conclude that serum miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers for the detection of various cancers and other diseases.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (2014FY121100)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (201612M-2-004)
文摘Background： National Central Cancer Registry of China（NCCRC） updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected from all available cancer registries.Methods： In 2017, 449 cancer registries submitted cancer registry data in 2014, among which 339 registries＇ data met the criteria of quality control and were included in analysis. These cancer registries covered 288,243,347 population, accounting for about 21.07% of the national population in 2014. Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using calculated incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age group and cancer type. The world Segi＇s population was applied for agestandardized rates.Results： A total of 3,804,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed, the crude incidence rate was 278.07/100,000（301.67/100,000 in males, 253.29/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population（ASIRW） was 186.53/100,000. Calculated age-standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas（191.6/100,000 vs. 179.2/100,000）. South China had the highest cancer incidence rate while Southwest China had the lowest incidence rate. Cancer incidence rate was higher in female for population between20 to 54 years but was higher in male for population younger than 20 years or over 54 years. A total of 2,296,000 cancer deaths were reported, the crude mortality rate was 167.89/100,000（207.24/100,000 in males,126.54/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population（ASMRW） was106.09/100,000. Calculated age-standardized mortality rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas（110.3/100,000 vs. 102.5/100,000）. East China had the highest cancer mortality rate while North China had the lowest mortality rate. The mortality rate in male was higher than that in female. Common cancer types and major causes of cancer death differed between age group and se
文摘Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world; almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. In China, based on two national mortality surveys conducted in 1970s and 1990s, there is an obvious clustering of geographical distribution of gastric cancer in the country, with the high mortality being mostly located in rural areas, especially in Gansu, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in the middle-western part of China. Despite a slight increase from the 1970s to early 1990s, remarkable declines in gastric cancer mortality were noticed in almost the entire population during the last decade in China. These declines were largely due to the dramatic improvements in the social-economic environment, lifestyle, nutrition, education and health care system after economic reforms started two decades ago. Nevertheless, gastric cancer will remain a significant cancer burden currently and be one of the key issues in cancer prevention and control strategy in China. It was predicted that, in 2005, 0.3 million deaths and 0.4 million new cases from gastric cancer would rank the third most common cancer. The essential package of the prevention and control strategy for gastric cancer in China would focus on controlling Helicobacter pylori （H pylori infection, improving educational levels, advocating healthy diet and anti-tobacco campaign, searching for cost-effective early detection, diagnosis and treatment programs including approaches for curable management and palliative care.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014FY121100)the National Natural Science Fund (Grant No. 81602931)
文摘Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods： There were 347 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR.All those data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality, and qualified data from 255 registries were used for this analysis. According to the proportion of non-agricultural population, we divided cities/counties into 3 levels： high level, with URR equal to 70% and higher; median level, with URR between 30%and 70%; and low level, with URR equal to 30% and less. Cancer incidences and mortalities were calculated,stratified by gender and age groups in different areas. The national population of Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results： Qualified 255 cancer registries covered 226,494,490 populations. The percentage of cases morphologically verified（MV%） and death certificate-only cases（DCO%） were 68.04% and 1.74%, respectively,and the mortality to incidence rate ratio（M/I） was 0.62. A total of 644,487 new cancer cases and 399,275 cancer deaths from the 255 cancer registries were submitted to NCCR in 2013. The incidence rate was 284.55/100,000（314.06/100,000 in males, 254.19/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population（ASIRC） and by world standard population（ASIRW） were 190.10/100,000 and 186.24/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate（0–74 age years old） of 21.60%. The cancer mortality was 176.28/100,000（219.03/100,000 in males, 132.30/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population（ASMRC） and by world standard population（ASMRW） were 110.91/100,000 and 109.92/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate（0–74 age years old） was 12.43%. Low urbanization areas were high
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.U1802231&31701978)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0503)+2 种基金The Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(2019HJ2096001006)LWZ and ZLY thanks to the financial supports by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2017240)the Yunling scholars funds of Yunnan Provincial Government,respectively.
文摘The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In this study,we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi.A total of 1662 taxa are summarized,and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases.Among the 1662 taxa,1020,692,and 480 are considered to be edible,medicinal and poisonous mushrooms,respectively.A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production.All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species.The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer,followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial.A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity.These species could be treated as“Gold Mushrooms”.Contrarily,193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms.To avoid poisoning caused by these species,ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important.However,the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored.How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program(Grant Nos.XDB05020000 and XDA05100100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230642 and 41021004)
文摘In January 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were observed by the ＂Forming Mechanism and Con- trol Strategies of Haze in China＂ group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network. The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollu- tion episodes were discussed. Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （Jing-Jin-Ji） area; the two most severe episodes occurred during 9-15 January and 25-31 January. During these two haze pollution episodes, the maximum hourly PMz5 mass concentrations in Beijing were 680 and 530 ~tg m-3, respectively. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those observed in Beijing. The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atmospheric circulation, the depres- sion of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geographical and meteorological conditions. How- ever, the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols, which contributed to the ＂explosive growth＂ and ＂sustained growth＂ of PM2.5. Particularly, the abnormally high amount of nitric ox- ide （NOx） in the haze episodes, produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulphur dioxide （SO2） to sulphate aerosols. Furthermore, gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles, which can change the particle＇s size and chemical composition. Consequently, the proportion of secondary inorganic ions, such as sulphate and nitrate, gradually incr
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600103)Delos Living LLCthe Cyrus Tang Foundation
文摘As the world strives to reduce the impact of population growth, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change on food security, energy and water shortage, resource over-exploration, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, and ultimately human health, timely and higher resolution land cover information is urgently needed to achieve the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.
基金This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2017ZX10103011 and 2017ZX10204401)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2017-I2M-1-009)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Research and Development Project(JCYJ20180504165549581 and JCYJ20170413141236903)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019T120147).
文摘The outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection began in December 2019 in Wuhan,Hubei province,and rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries.Here we report the epidemiological,clinical,laboratory,and radiological characteristics,as well as potential biomarkers for predicting disease severity in 2019-nCoV-infected patients in Shenzhen,China.All 12 cases of the 2019-nCoV-infected patients developed pneumonia and half of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).The most common laboratory abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia,lymphopenia,decreased percentage of lymphocytes (LYM) and neutrophils (NEU),elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and decreased CD8 count.The viral load of 2019-nCoV detected from patient respiratory tracts was positively linked to lung disease severity.ALB,LYM,LYM (%),LDH,NEU (%),and CRP were highly correlated to the acute lung injury.Age,viral load,lung injury score,and blood biochemistry indexes,albumin (ALB),CRP,LDH,LYM (%),LYM,and NEU (%),may be predictors of disease severity.Moreover,the Angiotensin Ⅱlevel in the plasma sample from 2019-nCoV infected patients was markedly elevated and linearly associated to viral load and lung injury.Our results suggest a number of potential diagnosis biomarkers and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs for potential repurposing treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
文摘Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41130313)by the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB03010200)
文摘Granite is one of the most important components of the continental crust on our Earth; it thus has been an enduring studied subject in geology. According to present knowledge, granite shows a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of its texture,structure, mineral species and geochemical compositions at different scales from small dike to large batholith. However, the reasons for these variations are not well understood although numerous interpretations have been proposed. The key point of this debate is whether granitic magma can be effectively differentiated through fractional crystallization, and, if so, what kind of crystallization occurred during the magmatic evolution. Although granitic magma has high viscosity because of its elevated SiO2 content, we agree that fractional crystallization is effectively processed during its evolution based on the evidence from field investigation,mineral species and its chemical variations, and geochemical compositions. These data indicate that crystal settling by gravitation is not the only mechanism dominating granitic differentiation. On the contrary, flow segregation or dynamic sorting may be more important. Accordingly, granite can be divided into unfractionated, fractionated(including weakly fractionated and highly fractionated) and cumulated types, according to the differentiation degree. Highly fractionated granitic magmas are generally high in primary temperature or high with various volatiles during the later stage, which make the fractional crystallization much easier than the common granitic melts. In addition, effective magmatic differentiation can be also expected when the magma emplaced along a large scale of extensional structure. Highly fractionated granitic magma is easily contaminated by country rocks due to its relatively prolonged crystallization time. Thus, granites do not always reflect the characteristics of the source areas and the physical and chemical conditions of the primary magma. We proposed that highly fractionated granites are an important sig
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81602931)Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2014FY121100)State Key Projects Specialized on Infectious Diseases(No.2012ZX10002008)
文摘Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.
文摘The genome sequence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-associated virus provides essential information for the identification of pathogen(s), exploration of etiology and evolution, interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis, development of diagnostics, prevention by future vaccination, and treatment by developing new drugs. We report the complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of an isolate (BJ01) of the coronavirus that has been recognized as a pathogen for SARS. The genome is 29725 nt in size and has 11 ORFs (Open Reading Frames). It is composed of a stable region encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (composed of 2 ORFs) and a variable region representing 4 CDSs (coding sequences) for viral structural genes (the S, E, M, N proteins) and 5 PUPs (putative uncharacterized proteins). Its gene order is identical to that of other known coronaviruses. The sequence alignment with all known RNA viruses places this virus as a member in the family of Coronaviridae. Thirty putative substitutions have been identified by comparative analysis of the 5 SARS- associated virus genome sequences in GenBank. Fifteen of them lead to possible amino acid changes (non-synonymous mutations) in the proteins. Three amino acid changes, with predicted alteration of physical and chemical features, have been detected in the S protein that is postulated to beinvolved in the immunoreactions between the virus and its host. Two amino acid changes have been detected in the Mprotein, which could be related to viral envelope formation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the possibility of non-human origin of the SARS-associated viruses but provides noevidence that they are man-made. Further efforts should focus on identifying the etiology of the SARS-associated virus and ruling out conclusively the existence of otherpossible SARS-related pathogen(s).
文摘At present, the actual mechanism of the photoluminescence （PL） of fluorescent carbon dots （CDs） is still an open debate among researchers. Because of the variety of CDs, it is highly important to summarize the PL mechanism for these kinds of carbon materials; doing so can guide the development of effective synthesis routes and novel applications. This review will focus on the PL mechanism of CDs. Three types of fluorescent CDs were involved： graphene quantum dots （GQDs）, carbon nanodots （CNDs）, and polymer dots （PDs）. Four reasonable PL mechanisms have been confirmed： the quantum confinement effect or conjugated 7x-domains, which are determined by the carbon core; the surface state, which is determined by hybridization of the carbon backbone and the connected chemical groups; the molecule state, which is determined solely by the fluorescent molecules connected on the surface or interior of the CDs; and the crosslink- enhanced emission （CEE） effect. To give a thorough summary, the category and synthesis routes, as well as the chemical/physical properties for the CDs, are briefly introduced in advance.
文摘In this paper, results from a pilot study for the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment are reported. Based on analyses of 9 years of pentad and monthly mean data, the climatology of subseasonal features and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian monsoon (SEAM) are documented. The present analysis is focused on the sudden onset of the South China Sea monsoon and its relation to the atmospheric and oceanic processes on the entire Asian monsoon region. \ \ It is found that the onset of the SEAM occurs around mid-May, signaling the earliest stage of the entire Asian summer monsoon system. The establishment of monsoon rainfall over the South China Sea is abrupt, being accompanied by substantial changes in the large scale atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the adjacent oceans. The onset and fluctuations of SEAM involve the interaction and metamorphosis of the large scale convection over the Indo-China, the South China Sea and the southern Bay of Bengal. Results show that the onset time of the SEAM differs greatly from one year to another. The delayed (advanced) onset of the monsoon may be related to basin-wide warm (cold) events of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. We also present evidence showing that the SEAM fluctuations in May may foreshadow the development of the full-scale Asian summer monsoon during the subsequent months.
文摘Background The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group （IADPSG） recommended new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） after extensive analyses of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes （HAPO） study. Unfortunately, there was no data from mainland of China in this study. We evaluated the feasibility of IADPSG criteria for GDM diagnosis in China. Methods A large prospective study was conducted. We reviewed medical records of a total of 25 674 pregnant women who underwent GDM screening and diagnosis between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2012 in the Peking University First Hospital. The prevalence of gestational glucose metabolism abnormalities was calculated according to different cut off values defined by the National Diabetes Data Group （NDDG） or the IADPSG, and the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes related to GDM was analyzed. Results According to the cut off values of NDDG and IADPSG criteria, the prevalence of gestational glucose metabolism abnormalities was 8.4% and 18.9% （P 〈0.01） respectively, and the prevalence of cesarean section （52.5% vs. 46.0%, P 〈0.01）, macrosomia （7.5% vs. 6.3%, P 〈0.05）, neonatal hypoglycemia （1.6% vs. 1.0%, P 〈0.01）, and perinatal death （0.5% vs. 0.2%, P 〈0.01）; the prevalence was significantly lower when IADPSG criteria were applied. The prevalence of macrosomia, cesarean section, neonatal hypoglycemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, etc. was also higher in the GDM group than in the normal group. The prevalence of cesarean section （62.3%） and macrosomia （14.8%） was the highest in untreated mild GDM patients. Conclusions Our results indicated that treatment/intervention of women with GDM identified by IADPSG criteria was related to significantly lower risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Such findings provide support for applying IADPSG criteria in China.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.30070845"Outstanding Research Training Program",Ministry of Education No.[1999] 2Science Foundation of Liaoning Education Bureau No.20121031
文摘AIM: To detect the expression of PTEN encoding productin normal mucosa, intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia andcarcinoma of the stomach, and to investigate its clinicalimplication in tumorigenesis and progression of gastriccarcinoma.METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens from184 cases of gastric carcinoma, their adjacent normal mucosa,IM and dysplasia were evaluated for PTEN protein expressionby SABC immunohistochemistry. PTEN expression wascompared with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, Lauren'sand WHO's histological classification of gastric carcinoma.Expression of VEGF was also detected in 60 cases of gastriccarcinoma and its correlation with PTEN was concerned.RESULTS: The positive rates of PTEN protein were 100 %(102/102), 98.5 %(65/66), 66.7 % (4/6) and 47.8 %(88/184)in normal mucosa, IM, dysplasia and carcinoma of the stomach,respectively. The positive rates in dysplasia and carcinomawere lower than in normal mucosa and IM (P＜0.01).Advanced gastric cancers expressed less frequent PTEN thanearly gastric cancer (42.9 % v567.6 %, P＜0.01). The positiverate of PTEN protein was lower in gastric cancer with thanwithout lymph node metastasis (40.3 % v563.3 %, P＜0.01).PTEN was less expressed in diffuse-type than in intestinal-type gastric cancer (41.5 % v557.8 %,P＜0.05). Signet ringcell carcinoma showed the expression of PTEN at the lowestlevel (25.0 %, 7/28); less than well and moderatelydifferentiated ones (P＜0.01). Expression of PTEN was notcorrelated with expression of VEGF (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION: Loss or reduced expression of PTEN proteinoccures commonly in tumorigenesis and progression of gastriccarcinoma. It is suggested that PTEN can be an objective markerfor pathologically biological behaviors of gastric carcinoma.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41020144004,41374019,41104022)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013AA122501)
文摘BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satellites in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit （IGSO）, and 4 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit （MEO）. In this paper, its basic navigation and positioning performance are evaluated preliminarily by the real data collected in Beijing, including satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision （PDOP） value, the precision of code and carrier phase measurements, the accuracy of single point positioning and differential position- ing and ambiguity resolution （AR） performance, which are also compared with those of GPS. It is shown that the precision of BDS code and carrier phase measurements are about 33 cm and 2 mm, respectively, which are comparable to those of GPS, and the accuracy of BDS single point positioning has satisfied the design requirement. The real-time kinematic positioning is also feasible by BDS alolae in the opening condition, since its fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch dual-frequency AR is comparable to those of GPS. The accuracy of BDS carrier phase differential positioning is better than 1 cm for a very short baseline of 4.2 m and 3 cm for a short baseline of 8.2 km, which is on the same level with that of GPS. For the combined BDS and GPS, the fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch AR and the positioning accuracy are improved significantly. The accu- racy of BDS/GPS carrier phase differential positioning is about 35 and 20 % better than that of GPS for two short baseline tests in this study. The accuracy of BDS code differential positioning is better than 2.5 m. However it is worse than that of GPS, which may result from large code multipath errors of BDS GEO satellite measurements.
