Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion ...Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion devices for micro-nano satellites. However, the detection of certain aspects, such as the evolution process of the liquid cone and the physical quantities at the cone apex, proves challenging due to the minute size of the needle tip and the vacuum environment in which they operate. Consequently, this paper introduces a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to gain insight into the formation process of the liquid cone on the tip apex of indium FEEP. The CFD model is based on electrohydrodynamic(EHD) equations and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The entire cone formation process can be divided into three stages, and the time-dependent characteristics of the physical quantities at the cone apex are investigated. The influences of film thickness, apex radius size and applied voltage are compared.The results indicate a gradual increase in the values of electrostatic stress and surface tension stress at the cone apex over an initial period, followed by a rapid escalation within a short duration.Apex configurations featuring a small radius, thick film and high voltage exhibit a propensity for liquid cone formation, and the cone growth time decreases as the film thickness increases.Moreover, some unstable behavior is observed during the cone formation process.展开更多
氮肥是作物产量增加最主要的驱动因素,然而氮肥滥用会造成生态环境的严重破坏。因此,提高作物氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)对未来农业可持续发展至关重要。产量性状对氮素的敏感性是衡量作物氮素利用效率的重要指标。禾...氮肥是作物产量增加最主要的驱动因素,然而氮肥滥用会造成生态环境的严重破坏。因此,提高作物氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)对未来农业可持续发展至关重要。产量性状对氮素的敏感性是衡量作物氮素利用效率的重要指标。禾本科作物的分蘖数、穗粒数和粒重是产量的直接决定因子,虽然影响三者本身的分子机制已有大量研究,但氮素对这些性状的调控机理仍知之甚少。分蘖数是对氮素响应最为敏感的性状之一,也是氮肥促进作物增产的关键要素。因此,研究氮素如何调控水稻的分蘖发育对于提高作物产量尤为重要。本文总结了水稻氮素利用效率的影响因素和分蘖发育的调控机理,聚焦氮素如何调控水稻分蘖发育的机制,并对该领域未来研究工作进行了展望,以期为作物氮高效精准改良提供参考。展开更多
小鼠孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞携带一套来源于精子的遗传物质,与二倍体胚胎干细胞相似,拥有干细胞的自我更新和多向分化等特性,能够在体外长期稳定地培养。重要的是,该细胞能够代替精子在注入到卵母细胞中后,产生半克隆小鼠。因其兼具干细...小鼠孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞携带一套来源于精子的遗传物质,与二倍体胚胎干细胞相似,拥有干细胞的自我更新和多向分化等特性,能够在体外长期稳定地培养。重要的是,该细胞能够代替精子在注入到卵母细胞中后,产生半克隆小鼠。因其兼具干细胞和精子特性,故又被称为“人造精子”细胞或者类精子干细胞。将孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞与CRISPR-Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9)等新型基因编辑技术结合起来,能够在细胞水平和动物个体水平进行精准、复杂和高通量的遗传改造,为基因的功能研究提供了强有力的工具。本文综述了孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞的建立,及其在印记基因功能研究、遗传筛选、人类疾病模拟和蛋白质标签打靶等方面的应用。展开更多
In this study, based on the simulated discharge results of chemical disinfectants, hypocotyl germination concentration gradient pre-test and concentration gradient determination experiment were set up respectively. La...In this study, based on the simulated discharge results of chemical disinfectants, hypocotyl germination concentration gradient pre-test and concentration gradient determination experiment were set up respectively. Laboratory cultivation was conducted to compare and analyze the root germination and germination indexes, three mangrove hypocotyls of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. Rhynchopetalas’ efficiency of cumulative root germination, cumulative germination and the cumulative expansion of the second pair of leaves, one-way analysis of variance was used to obtain the tolerance threshold of three mangrove hypocotyls to strong chlorin disinfectant. The study determined that the by-products of strong chlorin disinfectant, the toxic threshold concentrations of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala are close to 0.55 mg/L, 0.55 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. This concentration range is lower than the average concentration of 1.183 mg/L of active chlorine emitted from strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing in high-level shrimp ponds, indicating that transient emissions of strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing can have a toxic effect on mangrove plants. The strength of tolerance of the embryonic axes of the three mangrove species to effective chlorine contamination was, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. stronger than Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala, and Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce is the weakest.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075334)。
文摘Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion devices for micro-nano satellites. However, the detection of certain aspects, such as the evolution process of the liquid cone and the physical quantities at the cone apex, proves challenging due to the minute size of the needle tip and the vacuum environment in which they operate. Consequently, this paper introduces a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to gain insight into the formation process of the liquid cone on the tip apex of indium FEEP. The CFD model is based on electrohydrodynamic(EHD) equations and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The entire cone formation process can be divided into three stages, and the time-dependent characteristics of the physical quantities at the cone apex are investigated. The influences of film thickness, apex radius size and applied voltage are compared.The results indicate a gradual increase in the values of electrostatic stress and surface tension stress at the cone apex over an initial period, followed by a rapid escalation within a short duration.Apex configurations featuring a small radius, thick film and high voltage exhibit a propensity for liquid cone formation, and the cone growth time decreases as the film thickness increases.Moreover, some unstable behavior is observed during the cone formation process.
文摘氮肥是作物产量增加最主要的驱动因素,然而氮肥滥用会造成生态环境的严重破坏。因此,提高作物氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)对未来农业可持续发展至关重要。产量性状对氮素的敏感性是衡量作物氮素利用效率的重要指标。禾本科作物的分蘖数、穗粒数和粒重是产量的直接决定因子,虽然影响三者本身的分子机制已有大量研究,但氮素对这些性状的调控机理仍知之甚少。分蘖数是对氮素响应最为敏感的性状之一,也是氮肥促进作物增产的关键要素。因此,研究氮素如何调控水稻的分蘖发育对于提高作物产量尤为重要。本文总结了水稻氮素利用效率的影响因素和分蘖发育的调控机理,聚焦氮素如何调控水稻分蘖发育的机制,并对该领域未来研究工作进行了展望,以期为作物氮高效精准改良提供参考。
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20501130200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51402342 and 61775201)the National Defense Technology Innovation Special Zone Project.
文摘小鼠孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞携带一套来源于精子的遗传物质,与二倍体胚胎干细胞相似,拥有干细胞的自我更新和多向分化等特性,能够在体外长期稳定地培养。重要的是,该细胞能够代替精子在注入到卵母细胞中后,产生半克隆小鼠。因其兼具干细胞和精子特性,故又被称为“人造精子”细胞或者类精子干细胞。将孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞与CRISPR-Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9)等新型基因编辑技术结合起来,能够在细胞水平和动物个体水平进行精准、复杂和高通量的遗传改造,为基因的功能研究提供了强有力的工具。本文综述了孤雄单倍体胚胎干细胞的建立,及其在印记基因功能研究、遗传筛选、人类疾病模拟和蛋白质标签打靶等方面的应用。
文摘In this study, based on the simulated discharge results of chemical disinfectants, hypocotyl germination concentration gradient pre-test and concentration gradient determination experiment were set up respectively. Laboratory cultivation was conducted to compare and analyze the root germination and germination indexes, three mangrove hypocotyls of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. Rhynchopetalas’ efficiency of cumulative root germination, cumulative germination and the cumulative expansion of the second pair of leaves, one-way analysis of variance was used to obtain the tolerance threshold of three mangrove hypocotyls to strong chlorin disinfectant. The study determined that the by-products of strong chlorin disinfectant, the toxic threshold concentrations of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala are close to 0.55 mg/L, 0.55 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. This concentration range is lower than the average concentration of 1.183 mg/L of active chlorine emitted from strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing in high-level shrimp ponds, indicating that transient emissions of strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing can have a toxic effect on mangrove plants. The strength of tolerance of the embryonic axes of the three mangrove species to effective chlorine contamination was, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. stronger than Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala, and Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce is the weakest.
