Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to ...Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to the China Registry of Hepatitis B.Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with different stages of chronic HBV infection and complete key data.Exclusion criteria were patients with hepatocellular car-cinoma.The baseline clinical,laboratory and treatment pro-files were analyzed.Results: Finally,40,431 patients were included.The median age was 43 years,with 65.2%being men and 51.3%being positive for hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg).The most common initial diagnosis was chronic hep-atitis B(81.0%),followed by cirrhosis(9.3%),inactive carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)(6.7%),and immune tolerant phase of hepatitis B infection(3.0%).Among the 21,228 patients who were on treatment,88.0%,10.0%and 2.0%received nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs),interferon or combination of NAs and interferon,respectively.The propor-tion of patients who received preferred NAs(entecavir or te-nofovir disoproxil fumarate)had increased from 13.5%in 2003 to 79.7%in 2016.Conclusions: We concluded that middle-aged men accounted for most of the patients with chronic hepatitis B in this cross-sectional study.About half of the patients were HBeAg-positive.NAs were the most com-monly used therapy,and use of the preferred NAs had steadily increased in the past decade.展开更多
The sluggish reaction kinetics of alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)is one of the key challenges for anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).To achieve robust alkaline HOR with minimized cost,we developed a ...The sluggish reaction kinetics of alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)is one of the key challenges for anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).To achieve robust alkaline HOR with minimized cost,we developed a single atom-cluster multiscale structure with isolated Pt single atoms anchored on Ru nanoclusters supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets(Pt1-Ru/NC).The well-defined structure not only provides multiple sites with varied affinity with the intermediates but also enables simultaneous modulation of different sites via interfacial interaction.In addition to weakening Ru–H bond strength,the isolated Pt sites are heavily involved in hydrogen adsorption and synergistically accelerate the Volmer step with the help of Ru sites.Furthermore,this catalyst configuration inhibits the excessive occupancy of oxygen-containing species on Ru sites and facilitates the HOR at elevated potentials.The Pt1-Ru/NC catalyst exhibits superior alkaline HOR performance with extremely high activity and excellent CO-tolerance.An AEMFC with a 0.1 mg·cmPGM^(−2)loading of Pt1-Ru/NC anode catalyst achieves a peak powder density of 1172 mW·cm^(−2),which is 2.17 and 1.55 times higher than that of Pt/C and PtRu/C,respectively.This work provides a new catalyst concept to address the sluggish kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions containing multiple intermediates and elemental steps.展开更多
In rice production,the prevention and management of pests and diseases have always received special attention.Traditional methods require human experts,which is costly and time-consuming.Due to the complexity of the s...In rice production,the prevention and management of pests and diseases have always received special attention.Traditional methods require human experts,which is costly and time-consuming.Due to the complexity of the structure of rice diseases and pests,quickly and reliably recognizing and locating them is difficult.Recently,deep learning technology has been employed to detect and identify rice diseases and pests.This paper introduces common publicly available datasets;summarizes the applications on rice diseases and pests from the aspects of image recognition,object detection,image segmentation,attention mechanism,and few-shot learning methods according to the network structure differences;and compares the performances of existing studies.Finally,the current issues and challenges are explored fromthe perspective of data acquisition,data processing,and application,providing possible solutions and suggestions.This study aims to review various DL models and provide improved insight into DL techniques and their cutting-edge progress in the prevention and management of rice diseases and pests.展开更多
Cemented paste backfill(CPB)is one of the effective methods for resource utilization of tailings,but the high cost of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)limits its utilization.Considering the poor performance of Na_(2)CO_(3...Cemented paste backfill(CPB)is one of the effective methods for resource utilization of tailings,but the high cost of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)limits its utilization.Considering the poor performance of Na_(2)CO_(3)-activated binders,in this work,supplementary materials,including CaO,MgO,and calcined layered double hydroxide(CLDH),were used to modify their properties with the aim of finding an alternative binder to OPC.Isothermal calorimetry,X-ray diffraction,and thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to explore the reaction kinetics and phase assembles of the binder.The properties of the CPB samples,such as flowability,strength development,and heavy metal immobilization effects,were then investigated.The results show that the coupling utilization of MgO and CLDH showed good performance.The strength of the Mg_(2)-CLDH_(3) sample was approximately 2.94 MPa after curing for 56 d,which was higher than that of the OPC-based sample.Moreover the cost of the modified Na_(2)CO_(3)-activated binder was lower than that of the OPC-based binder.Modified sample showed satisfactory heavy metal immobilization effects.These findings demonstrate that carbonate-activated binder modified by supplementary materials can be suitable in CPB.展开更多
Timing of the precipitation optimum in the Holocene for the semi-arid northern China affects our understanding of the temporal-patterns of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and its connection with precipitation in the mon...Timing of the precipitation optimum in the Holocene for the semi-arid northern China affects our understanding of the temporal-patterns of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and its connection with precipitation in the monsoon fringe area.Discrepancies about when this occurs(early Holocene or mid-Holocene)exist in paleoclimate records based on various proxies and models.展开更多
Surface properties of a catalyst, especially exposed crystal facets and coordination states, directly affect the catalyst's performance. Herein, we illustrate how reaction conditions direct the fabrication of a we...Surface properties of a catalyst, especially exposed crystal facets and coordination states, directly affect the catalyst's performance. Herein, we illustrate how reaction conditions direct the fabrication of a wellbehaved catalyst with desired structures in the case of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Stable adsorbed PtClxions on CNTs are in situ electrochemically reduced into a unique Pt nanosheet structure enclosed by high-index(311) and low-index(200) and(111) facets during HER process. Experimental results and density functional theory(DFT) calculation disclose the function mechanism between these unique structures and reactants. The adsorbed H2 O and reactive species act as capping agents protecting the(311) facet where the dissociation of water molecule is promoted, and the produced H*intermediates favorably combine and release on the nearby low-index Pt sites. The joint collaborations of these active sites afford Pt nanosheets comparable activity to 20 wt% Pt/C and a 12.7-fold over mass activity. These findings provide novel insight into the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with high specificity.展开更多
Whether there has been water on the Moon or not is a heated debate.A very detailed examination of satellite photographs of the Tycho Meteorite Crater shows what appears to be a lake(A-Lake).
文摘Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)in-fection remains a major public health problem globally.Here,we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment pro-files of HBV-infected patients recruited to the China Registry of Hepatitis B.Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with different stages of chronic HBV infection and complete key data.Exclusion criteria were patients with hepatocellular car-cinoma.The baseline clinical,laboratory and treatment pro-files were analyzed.Results: Finally,40,431 patients were included.The median age was 43 years,with 65.2%being men and 51.3%being positive for hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg).The most common initial diagnosis was chronic hep-atitis B(81.0%),followed by cirrhosis(9.3%),inactive carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)(6.7%),and immune tolerant phase of hepatitis B infection(3.0%).Among the 21,228 patients who were on treatment,88.0%,10.0%and 2.0%received nucleos(t)ide analogues(NAs),interferon or combination of NAs and interferon,respectively.The propor-tion of patients who received preferred NAs(entecavir or te-nofovir disoproxil fumarate)had increased from 13.5%in 2003 to 79.7%in 2016.Conclusions: We concluded that middle-aged men accounted for most of the patients with chronic hepatitis B in this cross-sectional study.About half of the patients were HBeAg-positive.NAs were the most com-monly used therapy,and use of the preferred NAs had steadily increased in the past decade.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171224 and 92261119)J.M.W.acknowledges support from Zhejiang Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.ZJ2022003)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733020).
文摘The sluggish reaction kinetics of alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)is one of the key challenges for anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs).To achieve robust alkaline HOR with minimized cost,we developed a single atom-cluster multiscale structure with isolated Pt single atoms anchored on Ru nanoclusters supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets(Pt1-Ru/NC).The well-defined structure not only provides multiple sites with varied affinity with the intermediates but also enables simultaneous modulation of different sites via interfacial interaction.In addition to weakening Ru–H bond strength,the isolated Pt sites are heavily involved in hydrogen adsorption and synergistically accelerate the Volmer step with the help of Ru sites.Furthermore,this catalyst configuration inhibits the excessive occupancy of oxygen-containing species on Ru sites and facilitates the HOR at elevated potentials.The Pt1-Ru/NC catalyst exhibits superior alkaline HOR performance with extremely high activity and excellent CO-tolerance.An AEMFC with a 0.1 mg·cmPGM^(−2)loading of Pt1-Ru/NC anode catalyst achieves a peak powder density of 1172 mW·cm^(−2),which is 2.17 and 1.55 times higher than that of Pt/C and PtRu/C,respectively.This work provides a new catalyst concept to address the sluggish kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions containing multiple intermediates and elemental steps.
基金funded by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant Numbers(2022JJ50016,2023JJ50096)Innovation Platform Open Fund of Hengyang Normal University Grant 2021HSKFJJ039Hengyang Science and Technology Plan Guiding Project with Number 202222025902.
文摘In rice production,the prevention and management of pests and diseases have always received special attention.Traditional methods require human experts,which is costly and time-consuming.Due to the complexity of the structure of rice diseases and pests,quickly and reliably recognizing and locating them is difficult.Recently,deep learning technology has been employed to detect and identify rice diseases and pests.This paper introduces common publicly available datasets;summarizes the applications on rice diseases and pests from the aspects of image recognition,object detection,image segmentation,attention mechanism,and few-shot learning methods according to the network structure differences;and compares the performances of existing studies.Finally,the current issues and challenges are explored fromthe perspective of data acquisition,data processing,and application,providing possible solutions and suggestions.This study aims to review various DL models and provide improved insight into DL techniques and their cutting-edge progress in the prevention and management of rice diseases and pests.
基金financially supported by the Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines,Northeastern University (No.2017SMDM-KFA01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.N2101043)。
文摘Cemented paste backfill(CPB)is one of the effective methods for resource utilization of tailings,but the high cost of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)limits its utilization.Considering the poor performance of Na_(2)CO_(3)-activated binders,in this work,supplementary materials,including CaO,MgO,and calcined layered double hydroxide(CLDH),were used to modify their properties with the aim of finding an alternative binder to OPC.Isothermal calorimetry,X-ray diffraction,and thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to explore the reaction kinetics and phase assembles of the binder.The properties of the CPB samples,such as flowability,strength development,and heavy metal immobilization effects,were then investigated.The results show that the coupling utilization of MgO and CLDH showed good performance.The strength of the Mg_(2)-CLDH_(3) sample was approximately 2.94 MPa after curing for 56 d,which was higher than that of the OPC-based sample.Moreover the cost of the modified Na_(2)CO_(3)-activated binder was lower than that of the OPC-based binder.Modified sample showed satisfactory heavy metal immobilization effects.These findings demonstrate that carbonate-activated binder modified by supplementary materials can be suitable in CPB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41988101 and 41877459)the Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Timing of the precipitation optimum in the Holocene for the semi-arid northern China affects our understanding of the temporal-patterns of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and its connection with precipitation in the monsoon fringe area.Discrepancies about when this occurs(early Holocene or mid-Holocene)exist in paleoclimate records based on various proxies and models.
基金Financial supports from the Key Program Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (LZ18B060002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21802120, 21872121)。
文摘Surface properties of a catalyst, especially exposed crystal facets and coordination states, directly affect the catalyst's performance. Herein, we illustrate how reaction conditions direct the fabrication of a wellbehaved catalyst with desired structures in the case of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Stable adsorbed PtClxions on CNTs are in situ electrochemically reduced into a unique Pt nanosheet structure enclosed by high-index(311) and low-index(200) and(111) facets during HER process. Experimental results and density functional theory(DFT) calculation disclose the function mechanism between these unique structures and reactants. The adsorbed H2 O and reactive species act as capping agents protecting the(311) facet where the dissociation of water molecule is promoted, and the produced H*intermediates favorably combine and release on the nearby low-index Pt sites. The joint collaborations of these active sites afford Pt nanosheets comparable activity to 20 wt% Pt/C and a 12.7-fold over mass activity. These findings provide novel insight into the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with high specificity.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(grant No.2016YFC060110602)the China-Germany Cooperation Fund(grant No.41761134096)“The Application and Research of the Scientific Data of Lunar Exploration Project”(grant No.2010AA12220105)from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(“863”Program)
文摘Whether there has been water on the Moon or not is a heated debate.A very detailed examination of satellite photographs of the Tycho Meteorite Crater shows what appears to be a lake(A-Lake).
