Sustainable development and continued prosperity of humanity hinge on the availability of renewable energy sources on a terawatts scale. In the long run, solar energy is the only source that can meet this daunting dem...Sustainable development and continued prosperity of humanity hinge on the availability of renewable energy sources on a terawatts scale. In the long run, solar energy is the only source that can meet this daunting demand. Widespread utilization of solar energy faces challenges as a result of its diffusive （hence low energy density） and intermittent nature. How to effectively harvest, concentrate, store and redistribute solar energy constitutes a fundamental challenge that the scientific community needs to address. Photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting is a process that can directly convert solar energy into chemical energy and store it in chemical bonds, by producing hydrogen as a clean fuel source. It has received significant research attention lately. Here we provide a concise review of the key issues encountered in carrying out PEC water splitting. Our focus is on the balance of considerations such as stability, earth abundance, and efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the combination of photoelectrodes with electrocatalysts, especially on the interfaces between different components.展开更多
Basic research on heavy ion cancer therapy such as radiobiology, medicalphysics, and therapeutic technique has been conducted at the Institute ofModern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1995. Based on t...Basic research on heavy ion cancer therapy such as radiobiology, medicalphysics, and therapeutic technique has been conducted at the Institute ofModern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1995. Based on theachievements acquired in the basic research and the requirements for a heavyion accelerator for radiotherapy purposes, a dedicated heavy ion therapy facilitynamed Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) was designed at IMP andconstructed in Wuwei, China. The HIMM facility consists of two electroncyclotron resonance ion sources, one cyclotron as the injector and onesynchrotron as the main accelerator, and four different treatment roomsequipped with passive or active beam delivery systems, and accelerates carbonions up to 400 MeV/u. After the performance inspection of HIMM organized bythe National Medical Device Inspection Center, preclinical tests like cell andanimal radiobiological experiments and dosimetric verification using anthropomorphicphantoms for elucidating the biophysical properties of the carbon ionbeams provided by HIMM were carried out. According to the Chinese medicaldevice regulations, a clinical trial in which 46 tumor patients were recruited andtwo hospitals participated was conducted in the HIMM facility, aiming atevaluating the treatment safety and short-term efficacy of the medical device.The success of the clinical trial helped the HIMM facility be authorized by theChinese government as a class III medical device. In this paper, all the aspectsmentioned above are introduced and discussed, and implications for futureimprovements are also given.展开更多
文摘Sustainable development and continued prosperity of humanity hinge on the availability of renewable energy sources on a terawatts scale. In the long run, solar energy is the only source that can meet this daunting demand. Widespread utilization of solar energy faces challenges as a result of its diffusive （hence low energy density） and intermittent nature. How to effectively harvest, concentrate, store and redistribute solar energy constitutes a fundamental challenge that the scientific community needs to address. Photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting is a process that can directly convert solar energy into chemical energy and store it in chemical bonds, by producing hydrogen as a clean fuel source. It has received significant research attention lately. Here we provide a concise review of the key issues encountered in carrying out PEC water splitting. Our focus is on the balance of considerations such as stability, earth abundance, and efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the combination of photoelectrodes with electrocatalysts, especially on the interfaces between different components.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2401503)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11875299)West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.xbzg-zdsys-201920).
文摘Basic research on heavy ion cancer therapy such as radiobiology, medicalphysics, and therapeutic technique has been conducted at the Institute ofModern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1995. Based on theachievements acquired in the basic research and the requirements for a heavyion accelerator for radiotherapy purposes, a dedicated heavy ion therapy facilitynamed Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) was designed at IMP andconstructed in Wuwei, China. The HIMM facility consists of two electroncyclotron resonance ion sources, one cyclotron as the injector and onesynchrotron as the main accelerator, and four different treatment roomsequipped with passive or active beam delivery systems, and accelerates carbonions up to 400 MeV/u. After the performance inspection of HIMM organized bythe National Medical Device Inspection Center, preclinical tests like cell andanimal radiobiological experiments and dosimetric verification using anthropomorphicphantoms for elucidating the biophysical properties of the carbon ionbeams provided by HIMM were carried out. According to the Chinese medicaldevice regulations, a clinical trial in which 46 tumor patients were recruited andtwo hospitals participated was conducted in the HIMM facility, aiming atevaluating the treatment safety and short-term efficacy of the medical device.The success of the clinical trial helped the HIMM facility be authorized by theChinese government as a class III medical device. In this paper, all the aspectsmentioned above are introduced and discussed, and implications for futureimprovements are also given.
