Syncope belongs to the transient loss of consciousness(TLOC), characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. It is common in children and adolescents, accounting for 1% to 2% of eme...Syncope belongs to the transient loss of consciousness(TLOC), characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. It is common in children and adolescents, accounting for 1% to 2% of emergency department visits.Recurrent syncope can seriously affect children's physical and mental health, learning ability and quality of life and sometimes cardiac syncope even poses a risk of sudden death. The present guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents was developed for guiding a better clinical management of pediatric syncope. Based on the globally recent development and the evidence-based data in China, 2018 Chinese Pediatric Cardiology Society(CPCS) guideline for diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents was jointly prepared by the Pediatric Cardiology Society, Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association(CMA)/Committee on Pediatric Syncope, Pediatricians Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)/Committee on Pediatric Cardiology, Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians, Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)/Pediatric Cardiology Society, Beijing Pediatric Society, Beijing Medical Association(BMA). The present guideline includes the underlying diseases of syncope in children and adolescents, the diagnostic procedures, methodology and clinical significance of standing test and headup tilt test, the clinical diagnosis vasovagal syncope, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic hypertension, and the treatment of syncope as well as follow-up.展开更多
Bone metastasis is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients,for which there is currently no effective treatment.Since the bone microenvironment plays an important role in this process,attentions have bee...Bone metastasis is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients,for which there is currently no effective treatment.Since the bone microenvironment plays an important role in this process,attentions have been directed to the interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment,including osteoclasts,osteoblasts,and bone stromal cells.Here,we explained the mechanism of interactions between prostate cancer cells and metastasis-associated cells within the bone microenvironment and further discussed the recent advances in targeted therapy of prostate cancer bone metastasis.This review also summarized the effects of bone microenvironment on prostate cancer metastasis and the related mechanisms,and provides insights for future prostate cancer metastasis studies.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)has become a global disease with accelerating incidence worldwide in the 21st century while its accurate etiology remains unclear.In the past decade,gut microbiota dysbiosis has consiste...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)has become a global disease with accelerating incidence worldwide in the 21st century while its accurate etiology remains unclear.In the past decade,gut microbiota dysbiosis has consistently been associated with IBD.Although many IBDassociated dysbiosis have not been proven to be a cause or an effect of IBD,it is often hypothesized that at least some of alteration in microbiome is protective or causative.In this article,we selectively reviewed the hypothesis supported by both association studies in human and pathogenesis studies in biological models.Specifically,we reviewed the potential protective bacterial pathways and species against IBD,as well as the potential causative bacterial pathways and species of IBD.We also reviewed the potential roles of some members of mycobiome and virome in IBD.Lastly,we covered the current status of therapeutic approaches targeting microbiome,which is a promising strategy to alleviate and cure this inflammatory disease.展开更多
Visible light communication(VLC)is a promising solution to the increasing demands for wireless connectivity.Gallium nitride micro-sized light emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)are strong candidates for VLC due to their high ...Visible light communication(VLC)is a promising solution to the increasing demands for wireless connectivity.Gallium nitride micro-sized light emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)are strong candidates for VLC due to their high bandwidths.Segmented violet micro-LEDs are reported in this work with electrical-to-optical bandwidths up to 655 MHz.An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based VLC system with adaptive bit and energy loading is demonstrated,and a data transmission rate of 11.95 Gb/s is achieved with a violet micro-LED,when the nonlinear distortion of the micro-LED is the dominant noise source of the VLC system.A record 7.91 Gb/s data transmission rate is reported below the forward error correction threshold using a single pixel of the segmented array when all the noise sources of the VLC system are present.展开更多
Background:To compare the efficacy and safety of surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation(SR-RFA)with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)beyond the Mil...Background:To compare the efficacy and safety of surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation(SR-RFA)with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)beyond the Milan criteria.Methods:From 2009 to 2015,a total of 469 consecutive patients with multifocal HCC beyond the Milan criteria(≤5 nodules)treated with SR-RFA(n=59)or TACE(n=410)were analyzed.Their overall survival(OS)rate was compared through propensity score matching(PSM)analysis at a ratio of 1:2,and 141 patients were identified(SR-RFA,n=47;TACE,n=94).Subgroup analysis was conducted according to factors associated with treatment options.Results:Before PSM,the 1-,2-and 3-year OS rates were 81.5%,68.3%and 64.3%in the SR-RFA group and 58.7%,35.5%and 24.4%in the TACE group,respectively(all P<0.001).After PSM,the 1-,2-and 3-year OS rates in the SR-RFA group were 81.8%,68.7%and 63.4%,whereas those in the TACE group were 59.3%,36.1%and 19.4%,respectively(all P<0.001).Subgroup analysis also revealed a survival advantage of SR-RFA over TACE in each subgroup.The 30-day mortality rate was 1.22%in the TACE group and nil in the SR-RFA group(P=0.861).Conclusions:SR-RFA provides better a long-term survival rate than TACE for patients with multifocal HCC beyond the Milan criteria.SR-RFA may serve as an alternative treatment for patients with multifocal HCC in a selected patient population.展开更多
Current construction engineering management suffers numerous challenges in terms of the trust,information sharing, and process automation. Blockchain which is a decentralised transaction and data management technology...Current construction engineering management suffers numerous challenges in terms of the trust,information sharing, and process automation. Blockchain which is a decentralised transaction and data management technology, has attracted increasing interests from both academic and industrial aspects since 2008. However,most of the existing research and practices are focused on the blockchain itself(i.e. technical challenges and limitations) or its applications in the finance service sector(i.e.Bitcoin). This paper aims to investigate the potential of applying blockchain technology in the construction sector.Three types of blockchain-enabled applications are proposed to improve the current processes of contract management, supply chain management, and equipment leasing, respectively. Challenges of blockchain implementation are also discussed in this paper.展开更多
According to the World Health Organization(WHO)newly updated situation report on March 18th,2020,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has confirmed 191,127 cases and claimed 7807 deaths worldwide.1 The etiol...According to the World Health Organization(WHO)newly updated situation report on March 18th,2020,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has confirmed 191,127 cases and claimed 7807 deaths worldwide.1 The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been identified as a novel coronavirus,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),belonging to Sarbecovirus subgenus(genus Betacoronavirus,family Coronaviridae)and showing 79.6 and 96.2%sequence identity in nucleotide to SARS-CoV and a bat coronavirus(BatCoV RaTG13),respectively.2–4 Like SARS-CoV infection,a substantial fraction of COVID-19 patients exhibits severe respiratory symptoms and has to be hospitalized in intensive care unit.5–8 Although the mortality rate of COVID-19 is significantly lower than that of SARS-CoV infection,SARS-CoV-2 shows much higher human-to-human transmission rate,rapidly leading to a global pandemic declared by WHO on March 11th,2020.展开更多
The extraction of rolling bearing fault features using traditional diagnostic methods is not sufficiently comprehensive and the features are often chosen subjectively and depend on human experience. In this paper, an ...The extraction of rolling bearing fault features using traditional diagnostic methods is not sufficiently comprehensive and the features are often chosen subjectively and depend on human experience. In this paper, an improved deep convolutional process is used to extract a set of features adaptively. The hidden multi-layer feature of deep convolutional neural networks is also exploited to improve the extraction features. A deterministic detection of low-confidence samples is performed to ensure the reliability of the recognition results and to decrease the rate of false positives by evaluating the diagnosis of the deep convolutional neural network. To improve the efficiency of the continuous learning elements of the rolling bearing fault diagnosis, a clone learning strategy based on cloning and mutation operations is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed deep convolutional neural network model can extract multiple rolling bearing fault features, improve classification and detection accuracy by reducing the false positive rate when diagnosing rolling bearing faults, and accelerate learning efficiency when using low-confidence rolling bearing fault samples.展开更多
This study established a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage by injecting autologous anticoagulated blood. Rat models were intragastrically administered 5, 10, 20 g/kg Poxue Huayu and Tianjing Busui Decoction, supplement...This study established a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage by injecting autologous anticoagulated blood. Rat models were intragastrically administered 5, 10, 20 g/kg Poxue Huayu and Tianjing Busui Decoction, supplemented with Hirudo, raw rhubarb, raw Pollen Typhae, gadfly, Fructrs Trichosanthis, Radix Notoginseng, Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii, and glue of tortoise plastron, once a day, for 14 consecutive days. Results demonstrated that brain water content significantly reduced in rats with cerebral hemorrhage, and intracerebral hematoma volume markedly reduced after treat- ment. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase B and vascular endothelial growth factor expression noticeably increased around the sur- rounding hematoma. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B mRNA expression significantly increased around the surrounding hematoma. Neurologic impairment obviously reduced. These results indicated that Poxue Huayu and Tianjing Busui Decoction exert therapeutic effects on cerebral hemorrhage by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.展开更多
The disturbance of maternal immune tolerance to a semiallogeneic fetus is recognized as one of the key pathologies of preeclampsia(PE),in which an imbalance between the inflammation-limiting regulatory T cells(Tregs)a...The disturbance of maternal immune tolerance to a semiallogeneic fetus is recognized as one of the key pathologies of preeclampsia(PE),in which an imbalance between the inflammation-limiting regulatory T cells(Tregs)and the inflammationmediating Th17 cells plays an essential role.Previously,we reported that the abnormal upregulation of tetraspannin CD81 in trophoblast cells(fetal component)participated in the pathogenesis of PE.However,as one of the potential immune regulatory molecules,whether CD81 induces PE by interfering with the balance of the maternal immune system has not yet been clarified.Thus,we investigated the relationship between the upregulation of CD81 in trophoblast cells and the imbalance of Treg and Th17 cells in mothers.Here,we demonstrated that upregulation of CD81 in trophoblast cells was accompanied by a decrease in Treg cells and an increase in Th17 cells in both the basal plate(placental maternal side)and peripheral blood of patients with PE.In vitro culture of naïve T cells with medium from the CD81-overexpressing trophoblast cell line HTR-8 resulted in enhanced differentiation of T cells into Th17 cells and decreased the formation of Tregs,which was dependent on the paracrine signaling of IL-6 in trophocytes,induced by CD81.In a CD81-induced PE rat model,we found a significant shift of T cell differentiation towards Th17 cells,and administration of IL-6 antibody mitigated the PE phenotype and the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 cells.These results define a vital regulatory cascade involving trophocyte-derived CD81,IL-6,and maternal Treg/Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of PE and suggests new therapeutic approaches based on CD81 and IL-6 downregulation to prevent human PE.展开更多
Catalytic fast pyrolysis （CFP） of Kraft lignins with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatics was investigated using analytical pyrolysis methods. Two Kraft lignins were fast pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of H...Catalytic fast pyrolysis （CFP） of Kraft lignins with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatics was investigated using analytical pyrolysis methods. Two Kraft lignins were fast pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of HZSM-5 in a Curie-point pyrolyzer. Without the catalyst, fast pyrolysis of lignin predominantly produced phenols and guaiacols that were derived from the subunits of lignin. However, the presence of HZSM-5 changed the product distribution dramatically. As the SiO2/ A1203 ratio of HZSM-5 decreased from 200 to 25 and the catalyst-to-lignin ratio increased from 1 to 20, the lignin- derived oxygenates progressively decreased to trace and the aromatics increased substantially. The aromatic yield increased considerably as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500~C to 650~C, but then decreased with yet further increase of pyrolysis temperature. Under optimal reaction conditions, the aromatic yields were 2.0 wt.% and 5.2 wt.% for the two lignins that had effective hydrogen indexes of 0.08 and 0.35.展开更多
In thin-film lubrication(TFL), generally, the viscosity of the lubricant and its coefficient of friction(Co F) increase. Finding a method to reduce the Co F in TFL is a significant challenge for tribologists. In the p...In thin-film lubrication(TFL), generally, the viscosity of the lubricant and its coefficient of friction(Co F) increase. Finding a method to reduce the Co F in TFL is a significant challenge for tribologists. In the present work, we report a robust superlubricity attained by using polyalkylene glycols(PAGs, polar molecules) and poly-α-olefins(PAOs, nonpolar molecules) as lubricants on steel/steel friction pairs that have been pre-treated by wearing-in with polyethylene glycol aqueous solution(PEG(aq)). A steady superlubricity state with a Co F of 0.0045 for PAG100 and 0.006 for PAO6 could be maintained for at least 1 h. Various affecting factors, including the sliding velocity, normal load, and viscosity of the lubricants, were investigated. Element analysis proved that composite tribochemical layers were deposited on the worn region after the treatment with PEG(aq). These layers were formed by the tribochemical reactions between PEG and steel and composed of various substances including oxides, iron oxides, Fe OOH, and Fe(OH)3, which contributed to the superlubricity. In addition to the tribochemical layers, ordered layers and a fluid layer were formed by the PAGs and PAOs during the superlubricity periods. All the three types of layers contributed to the superlubricity, indicating that it was attained in the TFL regime. Accordingly, a mechanism was proposed for the superlubricity of the PAGs and PAOs in the TFL regime in this work. This study will increase the scientific understanding of the superlubricity in the TFL regime and reveal, in the future, the potential for designing superlubricity systems on steel surfaces for industrial applications.展开更多
Pharmacokinetics(PK)is the study of the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)processes of a drug.Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development and precision medication.In this review w...Pharmacokinetics(PK)is the study of the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)processes of a drug.Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development and precision medication.In this review we provided an overview of recent research on PK with focus on the following aspects:(1)an update on drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the determination of PK,as well as advances in xenobiotic receptors and noncoding RNAs(ncRNAs)in the modulation of PK,providing new understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that result in inter-individual variations in pharmacotherapy;(2)current status and trends in assessing drug-drug interactions,especially interactions between drugs and herbs,between drugs and therapeutic biologies,and microbiota-mediated interactions:(3)advances in understanding the effects of diseases on PK,particularly changes in metabolizing enzymes and transporters with disease progression;(4)trends in mathematical modeling including physiologically-based PK modeling and novel animal models such as CRISPR/Cas9-based animal models for DMPK studies:(5)emerging non-classical xenobiotic metabolic pathways and the involvement of novel metabolic enzymes,especially non-P450s.Existing challenges and perspectives on future directions are discussed,and may stimulate the development of new research models,technologies,and strategies towards the development of better drugs and improved clinical practice.展开更多
In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With su...In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With such methods as numerical simulation and field testing, the distribution law of the displacement, stress and plastic zone in the surrounding rocks was analyzed. The deformation and failure mechanisms of coal roadways in deep tectonic areas were revealed: under high tectonic stress, two sides will slide along the roof or floor; while the plastic zone of the two sides will extend along the roof or floor,leading to more serious deformation and failure in the corner of two sides and the bolt supporting the corners is readily cut off by the shear force or tension force. Aimed at controlling the large slippage deformation of the two sides, serious deformation and failure in the corners of the two sides and massive bolt breakage, a ‘‘controlling and yielding coupling support'' control technology is proposed. Firstly, bolts which do not pass through the bedding plane should be used in the corners of the roadway, allowing the two sides to have some degree of sliding to achieve the purpose of ‘‘yielding'' support, and which avoid breakage of the bolts in the corner. After yielding support, bolts in the corner of the roadway and which pass through the bedding plane should be used to control the deformation and failure of the coal in the corner. ‘‘Controlling and yielding coupling support'' technology has been successfully applied in engineering practice, and the stability of deep coal roadway has been greatly improved.展开更多
MXenes, a new family of multifunctional two dimensional(2D) solid crystals integrating high electroconductivity and rich surface chemistries, are promising candidates for electrolysis, which, however, have rarely been...MXenes, a new family of multifunctional two dimensional(2D) solid crystals integrating high electroconductivity and rich surface chemistries, are promising candidates for electrolysis, which, however, have rarely been reported. Herein, free-standing ultrathin 2D MXene nanosheets were successfully fabricated from bulky and rigid MAX phase ceramics by liquid exfoliation with HF etching(delamination) and TPAOH intercalation(disintegration).The high oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) performance has been obtained, due to the extremely small thickness of the asfabricated Ti3C2 around 0.5–2.0 nm, equivalent to the dimensions of single-layer or double-layer Ti3C2 nanosheets in thickness. The ORR performance of the obtained Ti3C2 MXene-based catalyst exhibits desirable activity and stability in alkaline media. This study demonstrates the potential of earth-abundant 2D MXenes for constructing high-performance and cost-effective electrocatalysts.展开更多
Recent recognition of colloid and colloidassociated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in fractured rocks highlights the importance of exploring the transport behavior of colloids under conditions prevailing i...Recent recognition of colloid and colloidassociated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in fractured rocks highlights the importance of exploring the transport behavior of colloids under conditions prevailing in the field.The rapid transport of colloids through fractured rocks-as affected by the hydraulic properties of the flow system,the properties of fracture surface and the geochemical conditionshas not been sufficiently elucidated,and predictions of colloid transport through fractures have encountered difficulties,particularly at the field scale.This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms and modeling of colloid transport and retention in fractured rocks.Commonly used experimental techniques and approaches for conducting colloid transport experiments at different scales,ranging from the laboratory to the field scale,are summarized and commented upon.The importance of various interactions(e.g.,dissolution,colloid deposition,generation,mobilization and deposition of filling materials within fractures) between the flowing solution and the fracture walls(in many cases,with skin or coating on the host rock at the liquid-solid interface) has been stressed.Colloid transport through fractures of high heterogeneity has not yet been well understood and modeled at the field scale.Here,we summarize the current knowledge and understanding accumulated in the last two decades in regard to colloid and colloidassociated transport through fractures.Future research needs are also discussed.展开更多
The Heihe River Basin is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Here,the terrestrial ecosystem is vulnerable,making it necessary to identify the factors that could affect the ecosystem.In this st...The Heihe River Basin is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Here,the terrestrial ecosystem is vulnerable,making it necessary to identify the factors that could affect the ecosystem.In this study,MODIS-NDVI data with a 250-m resolution were used as a proxy for the terrestrial ecosystem.By combining these with environmental factors,we were able to explore the spatial features of NDVI and identify the factors influencing the NDVI distribution in the Heihe River Basin during the period of 2000–2016.A geographical detector(Geodetector) was employed to examine the spatial heterogeneity of the NDVI and to explore the factors that could potentially influence the NDVI distribution.The results indicate that:(1) the NDVI in the Heihe River Basin appeared high in the southeast while being low in the north,showing spatial heterogeneity with a q-statistic of 0.38.The spatial trend of the vegetation in the three sub-basins generally increased in the growing seasons from 2000 to 2016;(2) The results obtained by the Geodetector(as denoted by the q-statistic as well as the degree of spatial association between the NDVI and environmental factors) showed spatial heterogeneity in the associations between the NDVI and the environmental factors for the overall basin as well as the sub-basins.Precipitation was the dominant factor for the overall basin.In the upper basin,elevation was found to be the dominant factor.The dominant factor in the middle basin was precipitation,closely followed by the soil type.In the lower basin,the dominant factor was soil type with a lower q-statistic of 0.13,and the dominant interaction between the elevation and soil type was nonlinearly enhanced(q-statistic = 0.22).展开更多
This paper studies the problem of a functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate subjected to a uniform electric potential difference between the upper and lower surfaces. By assuming the generalized displacements...This paper studies the problem of a functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate subjected to a uniform electric potential difference between the upper and lower surfaces. By assuming the generalized displacements in appropriate forms,five differential equations governing the generalized displacement functions are derived from the equilibrium equations. These displacement functions are then obtained in an explicit form,which still involve four undetermined integral constants,through a step-by-step integration which properly incorporates the boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces. The boundary conditions at the cylindrical surface are then used to determine the integral constants. Hence,three-dimen sional analytical solutions for electrically loaded functionally graded piezoelectric circular plates with free or simply-supported edge are completely determined. These solutions can account for an arbitrary material variation along the thickness,and thus can be readily degenerated into those for a homogenous plate. A numerical example is finally given to show the validity of the analysis,and the effect of material inhomogeneity on the elastic and electric fields is discussed.展开更多
Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in ...Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.展开更多
文摘Syncope belongs to the transient loss of consciousness(TLOC), characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. It is common in children and adolescents, accounting for 1% to 2% of emergency department visits.Recurrent syncope can seriously affect children's physical and mental health, learning ability and quality of life and sometimes cardiac syncope even poses a risk of sudden death. The present guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents was developed for guiding a better clinical management of pediatric syncope. Based on the globally recent development and the evidence-based data in China, 2018 Chinese Pediatric Cardiology Society(CPCS) guideline for diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents was jointly prepared by the Pediatric Cardiology Society, Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association(CMA)/Committee on Pediatric Syncope, Pediatricians Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)/Committee on Pediatric Cardiology, Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians, Chinese Medical Doctor Association(CMDA)/Pediatric Cardiology Society, Beijing Pediatric Society, Beijing Medical Association(BMA). The present guideline includes the underlying diseases of syncope in children and adolescents, the diagnostic procedures, methodology and clinical significance of standing test and headup tilt test, the clinical diagnosis vasovagal syncope, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic hypertension, and the treatment of syncope as well as follow-up.
基金This work was supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81803097 and 81602727)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2017QH005).
文摘Bone metastasis is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients,for which there is currently no effective treatment.Since the bone microenvironment plays an important role in this process,attentions have been directed to the interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment,including osteoclasts,osteoblasts,and bone stromal cells.Here,we explained the mechanism of interactions between prostate cancer cells and metastasis-associated cells within the bone microenvironment and further discussed the recent advances in targeted therapy of prostate cancer bone metastasis.This review also summarized the effects of bone microenvironment on prostate cancer metastasis and the related mechanisms,and provides insights for future prostate cancer metastasis studies.
基金This work has been supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC1308800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(19ykzd33,Sun Yat-sen University)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31900056).
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)has become a global disease with accelerating incidence worldwide in the 21st century while its accurate etiology remains unclear.In the past decade,gut microbiota dysbiosis has consistently been associated with IBD.Although many IBDassociated dysbiosis have not been proven to be a cause or an effect of IBD,it is often hypothesized that at least some of alteration in microbiome is protective or causative.In this article,we selectively reviewed the hypothesis supported by both association studies in human and pathogenesis studies in biological models.Specifically,we reviewed the potential protective bacterial pathways and species against IBD,as well as the potential causative bacterial pathways and species of IBD.We also reviewed the potential roles of some members of mycobiome and virome in IBD.Lastly,we covered the current status of therapeutic approaches targeting microbiome,which is a promising strategy to alleviate and cure this inflammatory disease.
基金Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)(EP/K00042X/1,EP/M506515/1)
文摘Visible light communication(VLC)is a promising solution to the increasing demands for wireless connectivity.Gallium nitride micro-sized light emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)are strong candidates for VLC due to their high bandwidths.Segmented violet micro-LEDs are reported in this work with electrical-to-optical bandwidths up to 655 MHz.An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based VLC system with adaptive bit and energy loading is demonstrated,and a data transmission rate of 11.95 Gb/s is achieved with a violet micro-LED,when the nonlinear distortion of the micro-LED is the dominant noise source of the VLC system.A record 7.91 Gb/s data transmission rate is reported below the forward error correction threshold using a single pixel of the segmented array when all the noise sources of the VLC system are present.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81372650,No.81572296)Zhongshan Science&Technology Innovation Fund(2015).
文摘Background:To compare the efficacy and safety of surgical resection plus radiofrequency ablation(SR-RFA)with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)beyond the Milan criteria.Methods:From 2009 to 2015,a total of 469 consecutive patients with multifocal HCC beyond the Milan criteria(≤5 nodules)treated with SR-RFA(n=59)or TACE(n=410)were analyzed.Their overall survival(OS)rate was compared through propensity score matching(PSM)analysis at a ratio of 1:2,and 141 patients were identified(SR-RFA,n=47;TACE,n=94).Subgroup analysis was conducted according to factors associated with treatment options.Results:Before PSM,the 1-,2-and 3-year OS rates were 81.5%,68.3%and 64.3%in the SR-RFA group and 58.7%,35.5%and 24.4%in the TACE group,respectively(all P<0.001).After PSM,the 1-,2-and 3-year OS rates in the SR-RFA group were 81.8%,68.7%and 63.4%,whereas those in the TACE group were 59.3%,36.1%and 19.4%,respectively(all P<0.001).Subgroup analysis also revealed a survival advantage of SR-RFA over TACE in each subgroup.The 30-day mortality rate was 1.22%in the TACE group and nil in the SR-RFA group(P=0.861).Conclusions:SR-RFA provides better a long-term survival rate than TACE for patients with multifocal HCC beyond the Milan criteria.SR-RFA may serve as an alternative treatment for patients with multifocal HCC in a selected patient population.
文摘Current construction engineering management suffers numerous challenges in terms of the trust,information sharing, and process automation. Blockchain which is a decentralised transaction and data management technology, has attracted increasing interests from both academic and industrial aspects since 2008. However,most of the existing research and practices are focused on the blockchain itself(i.e. technical challenges and limitations) or its applications in the finance service sector(i.e.Bitcoin). This paper aims to investigate the potential of applying blockchain technology in the construction sector.Three types of blockchain-enabled applications are proposed to improve the current processes of contract management, supply chain management, and equipment leasing, respectively. Challenges of blockchain implementation are also discussed in this paper.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.31825011 to L.Y.)the Chongqing Special Research Project for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control(No.cstc2020jscx-2 to L.Y.,No.cstc2020jscx-fyzx0074 to Y.C.,cstc2020jscx-fyzx0135 to Y.C.).
文摘According to the World Health Organization(WHO)newly updated situation report on March 18th,2020,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has confirmed 191,127 cases and claimed 7807 deaths worldwide.1 The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been identified as a novel coronavirus,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),belonging to Sarbecovirus subgenus(genus Betacoronavirus,family Coronaviridae)and showing 79.6 and 96.2%sequence identity in nucleotide to SARS-CoV and a bat coronavirus(BatCoV RaTG13),respectively.2–4 Like SARS-CoV infection,a substantial fraction of COVID-19 patients exhibits severe respiratory symptoms and has to be hospitalized in intensive care unit.5–8 Although the mortality rate of COVID-19 is significantly lower than that of SARS-CoV infection,SARS-CoV-2 shows much higher human-to-human transmission rate,rapidly leading to a global pandemic declared by WHO on March 11th,2020.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61472271)
文摘The extraction of rolling bearing fault features using traditional diagnostic methods is not sufficiently comprehensive and the features are often chosen subjectively and depend on human experience. In this paper, an improved deep convolutional process is used to extract a set of features adaptively. The hidden multi-layer feature of deep convolutional neural networks is also exploited to improve the extraction features. A deterministic detection of low-confidence samples is performed to ensure the reliability of the recognition results and to decrease the rate of false positives by evaluating the diagnosis of the deep convolutional neural network. To improve the efficiency of the continuous learning elements of the rolling bearing fault diagnosis, a clone learning strategy based on cloning and mutation operations is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed deep convolutional neural network model can extract multiple rolling bearing fault features, improve classification and detection accuracy by reducing the false positive rate when diagnosing rolling bearing faults, and accelerate learning efficiency when using low-confidence rolling bearing fault samples.
基金supported by the National Chinese Medicine Research Center Foundation (Stroke),No.2012B02Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation in China,No.201015211
文摘This study established a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage by injecting autologous anticoagulated blood. Rat models were intragastrically administered 5, 10, 20 g/kg Poxue Huayu and Tianjing Busui Decoction, supplemented with Hirudo, raw rhubarb, raw Pollen Typhae, gadfly, Fructrs Trichosanthis, Radix Notoginseng, Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii, and glue of tortoise plastron, once a day, for 14 consecutive days. Results demonstrated that brain water content significantly reduced in rats with cerebral hemorrhage, and intracerebral hematoma volume markedly reduced after treat- ment. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase B and vascular endothelial growth factor expression noticeably increased around the sur- rounding hematoma. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B mRNA expression significantly increased around the surrounding hematoma. Neurologic impairment obviously reduced. These results indicated that Poxue Huayu and Tianjing Busui Decoction exert therapeutic effects on cerebral hemorrhage by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81571462,81600353,and 81701472)Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Center(YXZXB2016004)+1 种基金Jiangsu Biobank of Clinical Resources(BM2015004)Jiangsu Province Grant for Science and Technology(BK20161106).
文摘The disturbance of maternal immune tolerance to a semiallogeneic fetus is recognized as one of the key pathologies of preeclampsia(PE),in which an imbalance between the inflammation-limiting regulatory T cells(Tregs)and the inflammationmediating Th17 cells plays an essential role.Previously,we reported that the abnormal upregulation of tetraspannin CD81 in trophoblast cells(fetal component)participated in the pathogenesis of PE.However,as one of the potential immune regulatory molecules,whether CD81 induces PE by interfering with the balance of the maternal immune system has not yet been clarified.Thus,we investigated the relationship between the upregulation of CD81 in trophoblast cells and the imbalance of Treg and Th17 cells in mothers.Here,we demonstrated that upregulation of CD81 in trophoblast cells was accompanied by a decrease in Treg cells and an increase in Th17 cells in both the basal plate(placental maternal side)and peripheral blood of patients with PE.In vitro culture of naïve T cells with medium from the CD81-overexpressing trophoblast cell line HTR-8 resulted in enhanced differentiation of T cells into Th17 cells and decreased the formation of Tregs,which was dependent on the paracrine signaling of IL-6 in trophocytes,induced by CD81.In a CD81-induced PE rat model,we found a significant shift of T cell differentiation towards Th17 cells,and administration of IL-6 antibody mitigated the PE phenotype and the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 cells.These results define a vital regulatory cascade involving trophocyte-derived CD81,IL-6,and maternal Treg/Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of PE and suggests new therapeutic approaches based on CD81 and IL-6 downregulation to prevent human PE.
文摘Catalytic fast pyrolysis （CFP） of Kraft lignins with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatics was investigated using analytical pyrolysis methods. Two Kraft lignins were fast pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of HZSM-5 in a Curie-point pyrolyzer. Without the catalyst, fast pyrolysis of lignin predominantly produced phenols and guaiacols that were derived from the subunits of lignin. However, the presence of HZSM-5 changed the product distribution dramatically. As the SiO2/ A1203 ratio of HZSM-5 decreased from 200 to 25 and the catalyst-to-lignin ratio increased from 1 to 20, the lignin- derived oxygenates progressively decreased to trace and the aromatics increased substantially. The aromatic yield increased considerably as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500~C to 650~C, but then decreased with yet further increase of pyrolysis temperature. Under optimal reaction conditions, the aromatic yields were 2.0 wt.% and 5.2 wt.% for the two lignins that had effective hydrogen indexes of 0.08 and 0.35.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51775295, 51405256, and 51527901)
文摘In thin-film lubrication(TFL), generally, the viscosity of the lubricant and its coefficient of friction(Co F) increase. Finding a method to reduce the Co F in TFL is a significant challenge for tribologists. In the present work, we report a robust superlubricity attained by using polyalkylene glycols(PAGs, polar molecules) and poly-α-olefins(PAOs, nonpolar molecules) as lubricants on steel/steel friction pairs that have been pre-treated by wearing-in with polyethylene glycol aqueous solution(PEG(aq)). A steady superlubricity state with a Co F of 0.0045 for PAG100 and 0.006 for PAO6 could be maintained for at least 1 h. Various affecting factors, including the sliding velocity, normal load, and viscosity of the lubricants, were investigated. Element analysis proved that composite tribochemical layers were deposited on the worn region after the treatment with PEG(aq). These layers were formed by the tribochemical reactions between PEG and steel and composed of various substances including oxides, iron oxides, Fe OOH, and Fe(OH)3, which contributed to the superlubricity. In addition to the tribochemical layers, ordered layers and a fluid layer were formed by the PAGs and PAOs during the superlubricity periods. All the three types of layers contributed to the superlubricity, indicating that it was attained in the TFL regime. Accordingly, a mechanism was proposed for the superlubricity of the PAGs and PAOs in the TFL regime in this work. This study will increase the scientific understanding of the superlubricity in the TFL regime and reveal, in the future, the potential for designing superlubricity systems on steel surfaces for industrial applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants:81573489,81522047,81730103,81320108027,81660618,and 81773808)the National Key Research and Development Program(grant:2017YFE0109900 and 2017YFC0909303,China)+5 种基金the 111 project(grant:B16047,China)the Key Laboratory Foundation of Guangdong Province(grant:2017B030314030,China)Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(2017BT01Y093,China)National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New drug Druggability Evaluation(Seed Program of Guangdong Province,2017B090903004,China)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(grant:2017A030311018 and 2015A030313124,China)National Institutes of Health(grants No.R01CA225958 and R01GM113888 to Ai-Ming Yu,USA).
文摘Pharmacokinetics(PK)is the study of the absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion(ADME)processes of a drug.Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development and precision medication.In this review we provided an overview of recent research on PK with focus on the following aspects:(1)an update on drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the determination of PK,as well as advances in xenobiotic receptors and noncoding RNAs(ncRNAs)in the modulation of PK,providing new understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that result in inter-individual variations in pharmacotherapy;(2)current status and trends in assessing drug-drug interactions,especially interactions between drugs and herbs,between drugs and therapeutic biologies,and microbiota-mediated interactions:(3)advances in understanding the effects of diseases on PK,particularly changes in metabolizing enzymes and transporters with disease progression;(4)trends in mathematical modeling including physiologically-based PK modeling and novel animal models such as CRISPR/Cas9-based animal models for DMPK studies:(5)emerging non-classical xenobiotic metabolic pathways and the involvement of novel metabolic enzymes,especially non-P450s.Existing challenges and perspectives on future directions are discussed,and may stimulate the development of new research models,technologies,and strategies towards the development of better drugs and improved clinical practice.
基金Financial support for this work, provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51204166)the Henan Polytechnic University Doctor Foundation (No. B2012-081)
文摘In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With such methods as numerical simulation and field testing, the distribution law of the displacement, stress and plastic zone in the surrounding rocks was analyzed. The deformation and failure mechanisms of coal roadways in deep tectonic areas were revealed: under high tectonic stress, two sides will slide along the roof or floor; while the plastic zone of the two sides will extend along the roof or floor,leading to more serious deformation and failure in the corner of two sides and the bolt supporting the corners is readily cut off by the shear force or tension force. Aimed at controlling the large slippage deformation of the two sides, serious deformation and failure in the corners of the two sides and massive bolt breakage, a ‘‘controlling and yielding coupling support'' control technology is proposed. Firstly, bolts which do not pass through the bedding plane should be used in the corners of the roadway, allowing the two sides to have some degree of sliding to achieve the purpose of ‘‘yielding'' support, and which avoid breakage of the bolts in the corner. After yielding support, bolts in the corner of the roadway and which pass through the bedding plane should be used to control the deformation and failure of the coal in the corner. ‘‘Controlling and yielding coupling support'' technology has been successfully applied in engineering practice, and the stability of deep coal roadway has been greatly improved.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0203700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51702099, 51672303 and 51722211)+5 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (18XD1404300)Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST (2015QNRC001)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013169)Shanghai Sailing Program (17YF1403800)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (2017M611500)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure (SKL201702SIC)
文摘MXenes, a new family of multifunctional two dimensional(2D) solid crystals integrating high electroconductivity and rich surface chemistries, are promising candidates for electrolysis, which, however, have rarely been reported. Herein, free-standing ultrathin 2D MXene nanosheets were successfully fabricated from bulky and rigid MAX phase ceramics by liquid exfoliation with HF etching(delamination) and TPAOH intercalation(disintegration).The high oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) performance has been obtained, due to the extremely small thickness of the asfabricated Ti3C2 around 0.5–2.0 nm, equivalent to the dimensions of single-layer or double-layer Ti3C2 nanosheets in thickness. The ORR performance of the obtained Ti3C2 MXene-based catalyst exhibits desirable activity and stability in alkaline media. This study demonstrates the potential of earth-abundant 2D MXenes for constructing high-performance and cost-effective electrocatalysts.
基金supported by the "Hundred Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 724)the National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011BAC09B05)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists(No. 2011T1Z27)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41171372)
文摘Recent recognition of colloid and colloidassociated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in fractured rocks highlights the importance of exploring the transport behavior of colloids under conditions prevailing in the field.The rapid transport of colloids through fractured rocks-as affected by the hydraulic properties of the flow system,the properties of fracture surface and the geochemical conditionshas not been sufficiently elucidated,and predictions of colloid transport through fractures have encountered difficulties,particularly at the field scale.This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms and modeling of colloid transport and retention in fractured rocks.Commonly used experimental techniques and approaches for conducting colloid transport experiments at different scales,ranging from the laboratory to the field scale,are summarized and commented upon.The importance of various interactions(e.g.,dissolution,colloid deposition,generation,mobilization and deposition of filling materials within fractures) between the flowing solution and the fracture walls(in many cases,with skin or coating on the host rock at the liquid-solid interface) has been stressed.Colloid transport through fractures of high heterogeneity has not yet been well understood and modeled at the field scale.Here,we summarize the current knowledge and understanding accumulated in the last two decades in regard to colloid and colloidassociated transport through fractures.Future research needs are also discussed.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,No.2017YFA0604704
文摘The Heihe River Basin is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Here,the terrestrial ecosystem is vulnerable,making it necessary to identify the factors that could affect the ecosystem.In this study,MODIS-NDVI data with a 250-m resolution were used as a proxy for the terrestrial ecosystem.By combining these with environmental factors,we were able to explore the spatial features of NDVI and identify the factors influencing the NDVI distribution in the Heihe River Basin during the period of 2000–2016.A geographical detector(Geodetector) was employed to examine the spatial heterogeneity of the NDVI and to explore the factors that could potentially influence the NDVI distribution.The results indicate that:(1) the NDVI in the Heihe River Basin appeared high in the southeast while being low in the north,showing spatial heterogeneity with a q-statistic of 0.38.The spatial trend of the vegetation in the three sub-basins generally increased in the growing seasons from 2000 to 2016;(2) The results obtained by the Geodetector(as denoted by the q-statistic as well as the degree of spatial association between the NDVI and environmental factors) showed spatial heterogeneity in the associations between the NDVI and the environmental factors for the overall basin as well as the sub-basins.Precipitation was the dominant factor for the overall basin.In the upper basin,elevation was found to be the dominant factor.The dominant factor in the middle basin was precipitation,closely followed by the soil type.In the lower basin,the dominant factor was soil type with a lower q-statistic of 0.13,and the dominant interaction between the elevation and soil type was nonlinearly enhanced(q-statistic = 0.22).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10472102 and 10432030) the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20060335107)
文摘This paper studies the problem of a functionally graded piezoelectric circular plate subjected to a uniform electric potential difference between the upper and lower surfaces. By assuming the generalized displacements in appropriate forms,five differential equations governing the generalized displacement functions are derived from the equilibrium equations. These displacement functions are then obtained in an explicit form,which still involve four undetermined integral constants,through a step-by-step integration which properly incorporates the boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces. The boundary conditions at the cylindrical surface are then used to determine the integral constants. Hence,three-dimen sional analytical solutions for electrically loaded functionally graded piezoelectric circular plates with free or simply-supported edge are completely determined. These solutions can account for an arbitrary material variation along the thickness,and thus can be readily degenerated into those for a homogenous plate. A numerical example is finally given to show the validity of the analysis,and the effect of material inhomogeneity on the elastic and electric fields is discussed.
基金supported by the "Hundred Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 724)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41171372)the National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No. 2011BAC09B05)
文摘Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.
