Hypoglossal motor neurons(HMNs) innervate tongue muscles and play key roles in a variety of physiological functions,including swallowing,mastication,suckling,vocalization,and respiration.Dysfunction of HMNs is associa...Hypoglossal motor neurons(HMNs) innervate tongue muscles and play key roles in a variety of physiological functions,including swallowing,mastication,suckling,vocalization,and respiration.Dysfunction of HMNs is associated with several diseases,such as obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and sudden infant death syndrome.OS A is a serious breathing disorder associated with the activity of HMNs during different sleep-wake states.Identifying the neural mechanisms by which the statedependent activities of HMNs are controlled may be helpful in providing a theoretical basis for effective therapy for OSA.However,the presynaptic partners governing the activity of HMNs remain to be elucidated.In the present study,we used a cell-type-specific retrograde tracing system based on a modified rabies virus along with a Cre/loxP gene-expression strategy to map the whole-brain monosynaptic inputs to HMNs in mice.We identified 53 nuclei targeting HMNs from six brain regions:the amygdala,hypothalamus,midbrain,pons,medulla,and cerebellum.We discovered that GAB Aergic neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus,as well as calretinin neurons in the parasubthalamic nucleus,sent monosynaptic projections to HMNs.In addition,HMNs received direct inputs from several regions associated with respiration,such as the preBotzinger complex,parabrachial nucleus,nucleus of the solitary tract,and hypothalamus.Some regions engaged in sleep-wake regulation(the parafacial zone,parabrachial nucleus,ventral medulla,sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus,dorsal raphe nucleus,periaqueductal gray,and hypothalamus) also provided primary inputs to HMNs.These results contribute to further elucidating the neural circuits underlying disorders caused by the dysfunction of HMNs.展开更多
The orientation of the nano-columnar ZnO films grown on sapphire using the technique of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） exhibits deviation because of the mismatch between the crystal lattices of the ...The orientation of the nano-columnar ZnO films grown on sapphire using the technique of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） exhibits deviation because of the mismatch between the crystal lattices of the films and the sapphire substrate. A high-throughout X-ray diffraction method was employed to determine the crystal orientation of the ZnO films at a time scale of the order of minutes based on the general area detection diffraction system （GADDS）. This rapid, effective, and ready method, adapted for characterizing the orientation of the nano-columnar crystals is used to directly explain the results of observation of the X-ray diffraction images, by the measurements of the orientations of the crystal columns of the ZnO films along c-axis and in parallel to ab plane.展开更多
ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses, grown on Al2O3 （006） substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition（ MOCVD）, were etched by Ar ion beams. The samples were examined by D8 X-ray diffraction, scan...ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses, grown on Al2O3 （006） substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition（ MOCVD）, were etched by Ar ion beams. The samples were examined by D8 X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and photoluminescence（PL） spectrometry. The structural properties vary with the increasing thickness of the films. When the film thickness is thin, the phi（Φ） scanning curves for ZnO（103） and sapphire（116） substrate show the existence of two kinds of orientation relationships between ZnO films and sapphire, which are ZnO（002）//Al2O3 （006）, ZnO（ 100）//Al2O3 （110） and ZnO（002）//Al2O3 （006）, ZnO（ 110）//Al2O3 （110）. When the thickness increases to 500 nm there is only one orientation relationship, which is ZnO（002）// Al2O3 （006）, ZnO [ 100]//Al2O3 [ 110]. Their photoluminescence（PL） spectra at room temperature show that the optical properties of ZnO films have been greatly improved when increasing the thickness of films is increased.展开更多
ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses ranging from 7 to 300 nm were grown on sapphire（006） substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The two-dimensional（2D） planar layer and the three...ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses ranging from 7 to 300 nm were grown on sapphire（006） substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The two-dimensional（2D） planar layer and the three-dimensional（3D） island layer were studied by using of X-ray diffraction（XRD） rocking curves and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The room temperature photoluminescence （PL） spectra show a blue shift of the peak positions of the uhraviolet（UV） emission with increasing film thickness. The blue shift is remarkably high（393-380 nm） when an increase in film thickness（7-15 nm） is accompanied by the change of structure from a 2D planar layer to a 3D island layer. The PL spectra at 77 K also indicate that there are different transition mechanisms in the film thickness from a 2D planar layer to a 3D island layer near the 2D layer region.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31530035,81420108015, 31671099,31871072,81570081,81770083 and 31971110)the National Basic Research Development Program of China (2015CB856401)+2 种基金the Program for Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders (to ZLH)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2018SHZDZX01)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1313600)。
文摘Hypoglossal motor neurons(HMNs) innervate tongue muscles and play key roles in a variety of physiological functions,including swallowing,mastication,suckling,vocalization,and respiration.Dysfunction of HMNs is associated with several diseases,such as obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and sudden infant death syndrome.OS A is a serious breathing disorder associated with the activity of HMNs during different sleep-wake states.Identifying the neural mechanisms by which the statedependent activities of HMNs are controlled may be helpful in providing a theoretical basis for effective therapy for OSA.However,the presynaptic partners governing the activity of HMNs remain to be elucidated.In the present study,we used a cell-type-specific retrograde tracing system based on a modified rabies virus along with a Cre/loxP gene-expression strategy to map the whole-brain monosynaptic inputs to HMNs in mice.We identified 53 nuclei targeting HMNs from six brain regions:the amygdala,hypothalamus,midbrain,pons,medulla,and cerebellum.We discovered that GAB Aergic neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus,as well as calretinin neurons in the parasubthalamic nucleus,sent monosynaptic projections to HMNs.In addition,HMNs received direct inputs from several regions associated with respiration,such as the preBotzinger complex,parabrachial nucleus,nucleus of the solitary tract,and hypothalamus.Some regions engaged in sleep-wake regulation(the parafacial zone,parabrachial nucleus,ventral medulla,sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus,dorsal raphe nucleus,periaqueductal gray,and hypothalamus) also provided primary inputs to HMNs.These results contribute to further elucidating the neural circuits underlying disorders caused by the dysfunction of HMNs.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.20071013 and 20301007)
文摘The orientation of the nano-columnar ZnO films grown on sapphire using the technique of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） exhibits deviation because of the mismatch between the crystal lattices of the films and the sapphire substrate. A high-throughout X-ray diffraction method was employed to determine the crystal orientation of the ZnO films at a time scale of the order of minutes based on the general area detection diffraction system （GADDS）. This rapid, effective, and ready method, adapted for characterizing the orientation of the nano-columnar crystals is used to directly explain the results of observation of the X-ray diffraction images, by the measurements of the orientations of the crystal columns of the ZnO films along c-axis and in parallel to ab plane.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 20071013 and 20301007).
文摘ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses, grown on Al2O3 （006） substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition（ MOCVD）, were etched by Ar ion beams. The samples were examined by D8 X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and photoluminescence（PL） spectrometry. The structural properties vary with the increasing thickness of the films. When the film thickness is thin, the phi（Φ） scanning curves for ZnO（103） and sapphire（116） substrate show the existence of two kinds of orientation relationships between ZnO films and sapphire, which are ZnO（002）//Al2O3 （006）, ZnO（ 100）//Al2O3 （110） and ZnO（002）//Al2O3 （006）, ZnO（ 110）//Al2O3 （110）. When the thickness increases to 500 nm there is only one orientation relationship, which is ZnO（002）// Al2O3 （006）, ZnO [ 100]//Al2O3 [ 110]. Their photoluminescence（PL） spectra at room temperature show that the optical properties of ZnO films have been greatly improved when increasing the thickness of films is increased.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 20071013 and 20301007).
文摘ZnO（002） films with different thicknesses ranging from 7 to 300 nm were grown on sapphire（006） substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The two-dimensional（2D） planar layer and the three-dimensional（3D） island layer were studied by using of X-ray diffraction（XRD） rocking curves and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The room temperature photoluminescence （PL） spectra show a blue shift of the peak positions of the uhraviolet（UV） emission with increasing film thickness. The blue shift is remarkably high（393-380 nm） when an increase in film thickness（7-15 nm） is accompanied by the change of structure from a 2D planar layer to a 3D island layer. The PL spectra at 77 K also indicate that there are different transition mechanisms in the film thickness from a 2D planar layer to a 3D island layer near the 2D layer region.
