Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effector...Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthera capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase （PPlase）. Overexpression of PcAvr3a 12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum （ER）-Iocalized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant （fkbp15-2）, RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPlase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-Iocalized PPlase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.展开更多
目的:建立列线图预测模型于术前预测甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary carcinoma of the thyroid,PTC)患者出现颈部中央区淋巴结转移(central lymph node metastasis,CLNM)的风险,减少术后并发症的发生概率,达到精准治疗的目的。方法:选择364例...目的:建立列线图预测模型于术前预测甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary carcinoma of the thyroid,PTC)患者出现颈部中央区淋巴结转移(central lymph node metastasis,CLNM)的风险,减少术后并发症的发生概率,达到精准治疗的目的。方法:选择364例PTC患者为研究对象,根据术后中央淋巴结病理学检查结果进行分组。收集患者的一般临床资料及超声资料,利用最小绝对收缩与选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回归进行因素选择,多因素logistic回归筛选CLNM的独立影响因素,建立列线图模型以预测CLNM的风险,并通过内部验证评价列线图的应用价值。结果:多因素logistic回归分析示年龄<45岁、结节前后径超过1 cm、结节形态不规则、病灶多发、超声发现可疑淋巴结是PTC患者出现CLNM的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。根据多因素回归结果构建列线图预测模型,其在内部验证中表现出良好的区分度及校准度。列线图模型准确度(0.730,95%CI 0.681~0.775)较单一颈部淋巴结超声(0.638,95%CI 0.586~0.688)显著提高(P<0.001)。结论:基于临床及超声特征建立的列线图能实现PTC患者CLNM的术前预测,有望为临床制订治疗方案提供指导意见。展开更多
目的系统评价中国HIV相关神经认知障碍(HAND)患病率。方法检索The cocharane library、PubMed、Ovid、Web of Science、知网、万方、维普和CBM数据库,收集建库至2020年5月中国HAND患病率有关的横断面研究,经文献筛选、资料提取和质量评...目的系统评价中国HIV相关神经认知障碍(HAND)患病率。方法检索The cocharane library、PubMed、Ovid、Web of Science、知网、万方、维普和CBM数据库,收集建库至2020年5月中国HAND患病率有关的横断面研究,经文献筛选、资料提取和质量评价后采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入16篇文献,中国HAND患病率为41%(95%CI:27%~54%)。亚组分析显示:采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)<26分筛查患病率较神经心理学(NP)测试诊断高7%。ART人群患病率(40%)高于未ART人群(34%)。无症状神经认知损害(ANI)、轻度神经认知障碍(MND)和HIV相关痴呆症(HAD)的患病率分别为17%、12%、7%,其中轻型HAND(ANI和MND)占81%。患病率与年龄、性别、受教育年限、疾病阶段、CD4细胞、HIV感染时间相关。结论HIV感染者中HAND患病率较高,应在临床护理中重视HAND筛查和防治工作。展开更多
A novel photocatalytic cement based material was prepared. The distribution of TiO2 on the surface of cement was characterized by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）, which showed the rela...A novel photocatalytic cement based material was prepared. The distribution of TiO2 on the surface of cement was characterized by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）, which showed the relationship of photocatalysis and presence of TiO2. TiO2 also had an impact on cement hydration, which was studied by thermal analysis. With 300 W UV illuminations, formaldehyde and benzene were degraded efficiently by the prepared photocatalytic cement based materials. 15wt% TiO2/cement showed the highest degradation efficiency and capability. The results show that formaldehyde and benzene can be degraded within 4 and 9 hours, respectively. Besides, inorganic ions can induce TiO2 agglomeration. As a result, the presence of inorganic ions in cement is unfavorable for degradation. The photocatalytic cement based materials were fabricated and the degradation efficiency of formaldehyde was measured on building roof under sunlight illumination. Formaldehyde in glass chamber can be degraded thoroughly within 10 days.展开更多
The retromer complex,composed of the cargo-selective complex(CSC)Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 in complex with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5-Vps17,mediates the sorting and retrograde transport of cargo proteins from the endosomes ...The retromer complex,composed of the cargo-selective complex(CSC)Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 in complex with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5-Vps17,mediates the sorting and retrograde transport of cargo proteins from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotic cells.Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases and regulate many trafficking events including vesicle formation,budding,transport,tethering,docking and fusion with target membranes.Herein,we investigated the potential functional relationship between the retromer complex and the 11 Rab proteins that exist in Fusarium graminearum using genetic and high-resolution laser confocal microscopic approaches.We found that only FgRab5(FgRab5A and FgRab5B)and FgRab7 associate with the retromer complex.Both FgVps35-GFP and FgVps17-GFP are mis-localized and appear diffused in the cytoplasm ofΔFgrab5A,ΔFgrab5B andΔFgrab7 mutants as compared to their punctate localization within the endosomes of the wild-type.FgRab7 and FgRab5B were found to co-localize with the retromer on endosomal membranes.Most strikingly,we found that these three Rab GTPases are indispensable for endosome biogenesis as both early and late endosomes could not be detected in the cells of the mutants after FM4-64 staining of the cells,while they were very clearly seen in the wild-type PH-1.Furthermore,FgRab7 was found to recruit FgVps35 but not FgVps17 to the endosomal membranes,whereas FgRab5B recruits both FgVps35 and FgVps17 to the membranes.Thus,we conclude that the Rab proteins FgRab5A,FgRab5B and FgRab7 play critical roles in the biogenesis of endosomes and in regulating retromer-mediated trafficking in F.graminearum.展开更多
The toxicity and environmental toxicity of high risk adjuvants in pesticide and their harms to human were introduced,and the detection methods of pesticide adjuvant residues in food in recent years were reviewed.The m...The toxicity and environmental toxicity of high risk adjuvants in pesticide and their harms to human were introduced,and the detection methods of pesticide adjuvant residues in food in recent years were reviewed.The management status of pesticide adjuvants in various countries was also summarized.In view of risk monitoring results of pesticide(EC)adjuvants in Chongqing market,the potential effects of pesticide adjuvants on agricultural products were focused,to protect environment and prevent human from toxic pesticide adjuvants that missing risk assessments.展开更多
In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs), regulates diverse processes,includingstressandimmune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS(Ser-Gly-Pro-Se...In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs), regulates diverse processes,includingstressandimmune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS(Ser-Gly-Pro-Ser) motif-containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid(SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89-amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2-GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P.parasiticacolonization,andNbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight-amino-acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C-terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20-residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C-terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and up-regulation of the defense genes Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase(FRK) and WRKY DNA-binding protein 33(WRKY33). The NbPPI1-induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase 1(BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana;this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the China Agriculture Research System （CARS-09）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31125022 and 31561143007）, and the Program of Introducing Talents of Innovative Discipline to Universities （Project 111） from the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs （#B18042）.
文摘Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthera capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase （PPlase）. Overexpression of PcAvr3a 12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum （ER）-Iocalized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant （fkbp15-2）, RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPlase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-Iocalized PPlase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51478370 and 51461135005)
文摘A novel photocatalytic cement based material was prepared. The distribution of TiO2 on the surface of cement was characterized by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）, which showed the relationship of photocatalysis and presence of TiO2. TiO2 also had an impact on cement hydration, which was studied by thermal analysis. With 300 W UV illuminations, formaldehyde and benzene were degraded efficiently by the prepared photocatalytic cement based materials. 15wt% TiO2/cement showed the highest degradation efficiency and capability. The results show that formaldehyde and benzene can be degraded within 4 and 9 hours, respectively. Besides, inorganic ions can induce TiO2 agglomeration. As a result, the presence of inorganic ions in cement is unfavorable for degradation. The photocatalytic cement based materials were fabricated and the degradation efficiency of formaldehyde was measured on building roof under sunlight illumination. Formaldehyde in glass chamber can be degraded thoroughly within 10 days.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772106)and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2021J06015).The funders had no role in the study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘The retromer complex,composed of the cargo-selective complex(CSC)Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 in complex with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5-Vps17,mediates the sorting and retrograde transport of cargo proteins from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotic cells.Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases and regulate many trafficking events including vesicle formation,budding,transport,tethering,docking and fusion with target membranes.Herein,we investigated the potential functional relationship between the retromer complex and the 11 Rab proteins that exist in Fusarium graminearum using genetic and high-resolution laser confocal microscopic approaches.We found that only FgRab5(FgRab5A and FgRab5B)and FgRab7 associate with the retromer complex.Both FgVps35-GFP and FgVps17-GFP are mis-localized and appear diffused in the cytoplasm ofΔFgrab5A,ΔFgrab5B andΔFgrab7 mutants as compared to their punctate localization within the endosomes of the wild-type.FgRab7 and FgRab5B were found to co-localize with the retromer on endosomal membranes.Most strikingly,we found that these three Rab GTPases are indispensable for endosome biogenesis as both early and late endosomes could not be detected in the cells of the mutants after FM4-64 staining of the cells,while they were very clearly seen in the wild-type PH-1.Furthermore,FgRab7 was found to recruit FgVps35 but not FgVps17 to the endosomal membranes,whereas FgRab5B recruits both FgVps35 and FgVps17 to the membranes.Thus,we conclude that the Rab proteins FgRab5A,FgRab5B and FgRab7 play critical roles in the biogenesis of endosomes and in regulating retromer-mediated trafficking in F.graminearum.
基金Supported by Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2017jxjl0144)
文摘The toxicity and environmental toxicity of high risk adjuvants in pesticide and their harms to human were introduced,and the detection methods of pesticide adjuvant residues in food in recent years were reviewed.The management status of pesticide adjuvants in various countries was also summarized.In view of risk monitoring results of pesticide(EC)adjuvants in Chongqing market,the potential effects of pesticide adjuvants on agricultural products were focused,to protect environment and prevent human from toxic pesticide adjuvants that missing risk assessments.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31125022 and 31930094)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-09)the Program of Introducing Talents of Innovative Discipline to Universities(Project 111)from the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs(#B18042)。
文摘In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs), regulates diverse processes,includingstressandimmune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS(Ser-Gly-Pro-Ser) motif-containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid(SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89-amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2-GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P.parasiticacolonization,andNbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight-amino-acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C-terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20-residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C-terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and up-regulation of the defense genes Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase(FRK) and WRKY DNA-binding protein 33(WRKY33). The NbPPI1-induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase 1(BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana;this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.
