Heart failure(HF)remains a rising global epidemic worldwide[1,2].It is widely recognized that immune cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of HF.The hearts of HF patients are characterized by persistent low-g...Heart failure(HF)remains a rising global epidemic worldwide[1,2].It is widely recognized that immune cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of HF.The hearts of HF patients are characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation,which has been linked to adverse ventricular remodeling as it promotes interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte dysfunction and loss.展开更多
Purpose:This study compares doctor staffing level and the scale of medical education in China with those of other countries and proposes policy recommendations for future adjustments to the scale of China's medica...Purpose:This study compares doctor staffing level and the scale of medical education in China with those of other countries and proposes policy recommendations for future adjustments to the scale of China's medical education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study employs a literature review and descriptive analysis.Findings:China had 1.98 medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018,ranking 85th out of the 193 member-states of the World Health Organization(WHO).In 2017,China had I.99 practicing doctors per I,oo0 people,only ranking above Turkey(1.88)in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.China had only 10.28 medical graduates per 100,000 people placing in the bottom third of OECD countries.China's provision of 1.4 medical schools per IO million people was also significantly lower than the global average(3.9).However,the average number of students enrolled in medical schools(509)in China was significantly higher than the global average(160).Originality/Value:Although the scale of admission in undergraduate medical education must be expanded in China,this needs to be achieved while controlling the average number of medical students per school and reducing enrollment in low-quality medical schools.Furthermore,it is necessary to establish new medical schools while improving the operating level of existing ones.展开更多
From Jan</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2013 to Nov</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.<...From Jan</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2013 to Nov</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2018, we carried out the investigation on vegetation studies in the ecological monitoring programs, Shenzhen</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> totally researched 170 plant communities of mountain areas etc., </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">few areas of street regions and parks etc., for communities’ structural characteristics and plant diversity. We comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level and the main affected factors. We also researched and analyzed these communities’ structural characteristics and pant diversity, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level, the main affected factors;researched and analyzed the relationship between plant community structure characteristics with the absorbing ability to PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pollutants. The result showed that the structure and plant diversity of natural </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forest </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obviously better than</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, the semi-natural forest w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the middle level of the forests, In the indices of height, DBH, coverage and crow width etc. of tree layer, natural forests and semi-natural forests were obvious higher than that of artificial disturbed for展开更多
Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's...Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's medical schools conducted to review the development of undergraduate medical education over a five-year period(2013-2018).Design/Approach/Methods:The National Center for Health Professions Education Development implemented the China Medical Education College Survey.Approximately 64%of the targeted medical schools participated in the survey,constituting a representative sample of higher education institutions offering educational programs in clinical medicine in China.Findings:Following new policy orientations,medical schools showed positive developments in terms of the types of medical education programs offered,teaching and assessment methods,medical education resources,participation in accreditation,and quality of incoming students.However,the survey also revealed several worrying trends,including the coexistence of various types of education programs,significant regional differences in educational resources,dominance of traditional teaching and assessment methods,inconsistencies in quality,and an increase in graduates seeking employment in professions outside healthcare.Originality/Value:Findings of the first national survey of China's medical schools show that there is still a long way to go to ensure high quality and efficient medical education on a national level.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82030016,82230011,82170394,82300447 and 82170282)the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2023AFA113).
文摘Heart failure(HF)remains a rising global epidemic worldwide[1,2].It is widely recognized that immune cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of HF.The hearts of HF patients are characterized by persistent low-grade inflammation,which has been linked to adverse ventricular remodeling as it promotes interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte dysfunction and loss.
基金This work was supported by the Department of Scientific and Technological Education,National Health Commission of China(grant number N/A).
文摘Purpose:This study compares doctor staffing level and the scale of medical education in China with those of other countries and proposes policy recommendations for future adjustments to the scale of China's medical education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study employs a literature review and descriptive analysis.Findings:China had 1.98 medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018,ranking 85th out of the 193 member-states of the World Health Organization(WHO).In 2017,China had I.99 practicing doctors per I,oo0 people,only ranking above Turkey(1.88)in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.China had only 10.28 medical graduates per 100,000 people placing in the bottom third of OECD countries.China's provision of 1.4 medical schools per IO million people was also significantly lower than the global average(3.9).However,the average number of students enrolled in medical schools(509)in China was significantly higher than the global average(160).Originality/Value:Although the scale of admission in undergraduate medical education must be expanded in China,this needs to be achieved while controlling the average number of medical students per school and reducing enrollment in low-quality medical schools.Furthermore,it is necessary to establish new medical schools while improving the operating level of existing ones.
文摘From Jan</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2013 to Nov</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2018, we carried out the investigation on vegetation studies in the ecological monitoring programs, Shenzhen</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> totally researched 170 plant communities of mountain areas etc., </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">few areas of street regions and parks etc., for communities’ structural characteristics and plant diversity. We comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level and the main affected factors. We also researched and analyzed these communities’ structural characteristics and pant diversity, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">comparatively analyzed natural forests, semi-natural forest and artificial forest composition and structural characters and family, genus and species diversity level, the main affected factors;researched and analyzed the relationship between plant community structure characteristics with the absorbing ability to PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pollutants. The result showed that the structure and plant diversity of natural </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">forest </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obviously better than</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> artificial disturbed forest or artificial forest, the semi-natural forest w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the middle level of the forests, In the indices of height, DBH, coverage and crow width etc. of tree layer, natural forests and semi-natural forests were obvious higher than that of artificial disturbed for
文摘Purpose:China recently proposed a series of important policies intended to reform and improve the quality of medical education on the national level.This paper presents the findings of a national survey of China's medical schools conducted to review the development of undergraduate medical education over a five-year period(2013-2018).Design/Approach/Methods:The National Center for Health Professions Education Development implemented the China Medical Education College Survey.Approximately 64%of the targeted medical schools participated in the survey,constituting a representative sample of higher education institutions offering educational programs in clinical medicine in China.Findings:Following new policy orientations,medical schools showed positive developments in terms of the types of medical education programs offered,teaching and assessment methods,medical education resources,participation in accreditation,and quality of incoming students.However,the survey also revealed several worrying trends,including the coexistence of various types of education programs,significant regional differences in educational resources,dominance of traditional teaching and assessment methods,inconsistencies in quality,and an increase in graduates seeking employment in professions outside healthcare.Originality/Value:Findings of the first national survey of China's medical schools show that there is still a long way to go to ensure high quality and efficient medical education on a national level.
