Background Lipid abnormalities are often complicated by renal dysfunction. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the first-line choice for lowering cholesterol levels. The present ...Background Lipid abnormalities are often complicated by renal dysfunction. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the first-line choice for lowering cholesterol levels. The present study was designed to investigate whether statins could prevent and invert the development of renal injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits and to find the possible mechanism of their effects by detecting gene and protein expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in the renal artery.Methods Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: (1) control group, regular granules chow; (2) HC-diet group, granules chow with 1% cholesterol and 5% lard oil; and (3) fluvastatin group, 1% cholesterol and 5% lard oil diet plus fluvastatin (10 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ) . After 16 weeks, serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured. Renal hemodynamics and function, mainly including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in vivo were quantified using 99m Tc-DTPA single photon emission computed tomograph ( 99m Tc-DTPA SPECT). The thickness of the renal artery intima was quantitated in HE-stained segments by histomorphometry. Gene expression of LOX-1 in the renal artery was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and its protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results High cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemia (HC) complicated by renal dysfunction with increased levels of serum lipid and Cr, decreased GFR and delayed excretion and extensively thickened renal arterial intima in the HC-diet group. Rabbits in the control group showed a minimal LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein) in the endothelium and neointima of the renal artery. Intimal proliferation of the renal artery in the HC-diet group was associated with a marked increase of LOX-1 expression (protein and mRNA). Treatment with fluvastatin improved renal function, attenuated intimal proliferation of the renal artery and ma展开更多
The multi-stage geological evolution and extensive continental deformations during the course of its history make the Central Asian metallogenic region（CAMR） a unique and complicated large-scale metal domain. New ge...The multi-stage geological evolution and extensive continental deformations during the course of its history make the Central Asian metallogenic region（CAMR） a unique and complicated large-scale metal domain. New geological observations and precise age-data allow an improved reconstruction of the geological evolution of the CAMR. This paper summarizes the Paleozoic orogenic evolution and related ore formation in the core part of the CAMR based on the geological data published both during the Soviet period and the last decades. Four ore-formation provinces（Altay, BalkhashJunggar, Chu-Yili-Tianshan, and Southwest Tianshan） could be classified. The Balkhash-Junggar and Chu-Yili-Tianshan provinces are the major topics of this paper. The Balkhash-Junggar province consists of 4 huge ore-forming belts（Zharma-Saur, Tarbahtay-Xiemistay, Aktogay-Baerluke, Balkhashwestern Junggar） with 11 large ore-college areas. The Chu-Yili-Tianshan province consists of 4 huge ore-forming belts（Alatau-Sairimu, Chu-Yili-Bolehuole, Issyk-Awulale, Kazharman-Nalaty） with 22 large ore-college areas. Formation of large ore-college area corresponds to a specific stage of continental crust growth. Comparison of geology and ore deposits in the CAMR provides rich information for future exploration and understanding of ore-forming processes. The Paleo-Junggar Ocean closed at Early Devonian in the Balkhash-western Junggar ore-forming belt. Afterwards, widespread volcanic- sedimentary rocks formed at extensional stage due to delamination of the thick lower crust formed during previous accretionary processes. Felsic magma intrusion caused formation of porphyry Cu-Au deposit at ~310 Ma and related hydrothermal gold deposits about 10 Ma later. For example, in the Hatu-Baobei-Sartohay Au-Cr ore-college area in the Balkhash-western Junggar ore-forming belt, small granitic to diorite plutons and various dykes（312–277 Ma） and large granite bodies（~300 Ma） intruded into the Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary basin. T展开更多
Cellular automata are the discrete dynamical systems of simple construction but with complex and varied behaviors.In this paper,the elementary cellular automaton of rule 22 is studied by the tools of formal language t...Cellular automata are the discrete dynamical systems of simple construction but with complex and varied behaviors.In this paper,the elementary cellular automaton of rule 22 is studied by the tools of formal language theory and symbolic dynamics.Its temporal evolution orbits are coarse grained into evolution sequences and the evolution languages are defined.It is proved that for every n ≥2 its width n evolution language is not regular.展开更多
Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence th...Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(SiTPSs)and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses.Totally,ten SiTPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized.SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells.Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups(I and II),which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses.Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of SiTPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses.SiTPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses.Most group II SiTPS genes(SiTPS4-SiTPS10)were strongly induced by drought,salt,waterlogging,and osmotic stress.Particularly,SiTPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses,indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting SiTPS genes’functions.展开更多
Cervical spinal canal narrowing can lead to injury of the spinal cord and neurological symptoms including neck pain,headache,weakness and parasthesisas.According to previous and recent clinical researches,we investiga...Cervical spinal canal narrowing can lead to injury of the spinal cord and neurological symptoms including neck pain,headache,weakness and parasthesisas.According to previous and recent clinical researches,we investigated the geometric parameters of normal cervical spinal canal including the sagittal and transverse diameters as well as Torg ratio.The mean sagittal diameter of cervical spinal canal at C1 to C7 ranges from 15.33 mm to 20.46 mm,the mean transverse diameter at the same levels ranges from 24.45 mm to 27.00 mm and the mean value of Torg ratio is 0.96.With respect to narrow cervical spinal canal,the following charaterstics are found：firstly,extension of the cervical spine results in statistically significant stenosis as compared with the flexed or neutral positions; secondly,females sustain cervical spinal canal narrowing more easily than males;finally,the consistent narrowest cervical canal level is at C4 for all ethnicity,but there is a slight variation in the sagittal diameter of cervical spinal stenosis（≤ 14 mm in Whites,≤12 mm in Japanese,≤ 13.7 mm in Chinese）.Narrow sagittal cervical canal diameter brings about an increased risk of neurological injuries in traumatic,degenerative and inflammatory conditions and is related with extension of cervical spine,gender,as well as ethnicity.It is hoped that this review will be helpful in diagnosing spinal cord and neurological injuries with the geometric parameters of cervical spine in the future.展开更多
In early of 1960s, I was a graduate student studying on tRNA biochemistry. In the course of the research, the magnesium ions stabilized the tertiary structure of tRNA, resulting in its resistance to enzymatic degradat...In early of 1960s, I was a graduate student studying on tRNA biochemistry. In the course of the research, the magnesium ions stabilized the tertiary structure of tRNA, resulting in its resistance to enzymatic degradation was discovered independently. The experiment of deaminated (denatured) tRNA obtained from native tRNA was designed and conducted and further proved the validity of this finding. It was found that magnesium ions could stabilize the tertiary structure of the natrive tRNA but could not stabilize structure of the deaminated tRNA. In term of the methodology, this stabilization technique has been widely applied in sequencing analysis of RNA and has greatly promoted the progress in the study of primary structure of RNA. More importantly, the stabilization of the tertiary structure of RNA by magnesium ions plays a key role both in the processing of messenger RNAs and the ribozyme activity. After our first article in Chinese was published in 1963, a paper of Nishimura & Novelli came into our note. The received date of their paper was March 22 of 1963, only 4 days earlier than that of our first paper. Thus, we and Nishimura & Novelli made almost at the same time the earliest discovery of the role of magnesium ions on stabilizing the tertiary structure of the transfer RNA and thus resulted in resistance of tRNA degradation by enzymes. However, this discovery was not initially appreciated for a period of time but was finally “visualized” and proved by X-ray crystal structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA, which has provided more accurate information on the geometry of the magnesium-binding sites in tRNA.展开更多
IgA nephropathy(IgAN)is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease(CKD),which are commonly accompanied by dyslipidemia.Obesity is also associated with dyslipidemia and risk of CKD,but the relation of the dyslipidemia p...IgA nephropathy(IgAN)is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease(CKD),which are commonly accompanied by dyslipidemia.Obesity is also associated with dyslipidemia and risk of CKD,but the relation of the dyslipidemia patterns with obesity and disease progression in IgAN patients remains unknown.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and the combined treatment with corticosteroids and TCM have been shown to be of benefit for IgAN patients,but predictive markers for guiding these treatments are lacking.Here,we quantified 545 lipid species in the plasma from 196 participants,including 140 IgAN patients and 56 healthy volunteers,and revealed an altered plasma lipidome in IgAN patients as compared to healthy participants.Association analysis showed that a subgroup of glycerides,particularly triacylglycerols(TGs)containing docosahexaenoic acid,were positively associated with high body mass index(BMI)in under-or normal-weight IgAN patients,while several free fatty acids and sphingomyelins were positively associated with high BMI in overweight or obese IgAN patients.Further,our study suggested that elevated levels of eight lipids,mainly TG species containing linolenic acid,were independent risk factors for IgAN progression and also reported the prospective association of circulating lipids with treatment outcomes in IgAN.Taken together,our findings may not only help to achieve precision medicine but also provide a knowledge base for dietary intervention in the treatment of IgAN.展开更多
AIM: To study the effect of ginsenoside Rgl and Rhl on the anti - tumor activity of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS: Effect of Rgl and Rhl on the production of IL- 12 p40 protein was detected by ELISA, and the IL- 12 p4...AIM: To study the effect of ginsenoside Rgl and Rhl on the anti - tumor activity of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS: Effect of Rgl and Rhl on the production of IL- 12 p40 protein was detected by ELISA, and the IL- 12 p40 mRNA level of DC was monitored by RT- PCR. Anti - tumor activity of DC- LPAK was detemnined by neutral red staining assay. RESULTS: The results of ELLSA showed that Rgl and Rhl significantly enhanced the production of IL- 12 p40 of DC. Rgl at 1 mg/L and Rhl at 100 mg/L upregulated the IL- 12 p40 mRNA level. Rgl and Rhl enhanced the anti - tumor ability of DC, induced lyrnphokine and PHA activated killer (DC-LPAK) on human papillate tumor cell line. Each dose of Rgl can obviously accelerate the eytotoxity to L929 at the E: T ratio of 5 : 1 (P<0.05,0.01 ), while only Rhl 10 mg/L enhanced the eytotoxity ability of DC- LPAK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rgl and Rhl enhanced the production of IL-12 p40. This effect may be mediated by the increase in the mRNA level. As a result, Rg1 and Rhl oromote the ability of DC to stimulate the cytotoxitie aetieity of DC - LPAK.展开更多
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test u...Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test using a single-edge notched tensile specimen. The results showed that SCC could occur in all media, and the threshold stress intensity factor of SCC in water and formamide, KISCC, revealed anisotropy. The KISCC for poling direction parallel to the crack plane, was greater than that perpendicular to the crack plane, similar to the anisotropy of fracture toughness KIC; however, the anisotropy factor of KISCC, which was =1.8 (in formamide) and 2.1 (in water), was larger than that of KIC, which is =1.4. The stress-induced 90° domain switching causes the anisotropy of KIC and KISCC, besides, the resistance of SCC also has anisotropy.展开更多
文摘Background Lipid abnormalities are often complicated by renal dysfunction. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the first-line choice for lowering cholesterol levels. The present study was designed to investigate whether statins could prevent and invert the development of renal injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits and to find the possible mechanism of their effects by detecting gene and protein expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in the renal artery.Methods Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: (1) control group, regular granules chow; (2) HC-diet group, granules chow with 1% cholesterol and 5% lard oil; and (3) fluvastatin group, 1% cholesterol and 5% lard oil diet plus fluvastatin (10 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ) . After 16 weeks, serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured. Renal hemodynamics and function, mainly including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in vivo were quantified using 99m Tc-DTPA single photon emission computed tomograph ( 99m Tc-DTPA SPECT). The thickness of the renal artery intima was quantitated in HE-stained segments by histomorphometry. Gene expression of LOX-1 in the renal artery was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and its protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results High cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemia (HC) complicated by renal dysfunction with increased levels of serum lipid and Cr, decreased GFR and delayed excretion and extensively thickened renal arterial intima in the HC-diet group. Rabbits in the control group showed a minimal LOX-1 expression (mRNA and protein) in the endothelium and neointima of the renal artery. Intimal proliferation of the renal artery in the HC-diet group was associated with a marked increase of LOX-1 expression (protein and mRNA). Treatment with fluvastatin improved renal function, attenuated intimal proliferation of the renal artery and ma
基金Financial support from NSFC (Nos. 41372062, 41330210)the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2010DFB23390) is greatly appreciated
文摘The multi-stage geological evolution and extensive continental deformations during the course of its history make the Central Asian metallogenic region（CAMR） a unique and complicated large-scale metal domain. New geological observations and precise age-data allow an improved reconstruction of the geological evolution of the CAMR. This paper summarizes the Paleozoic orogenic evolution and related ore formation in the core part of the CAMR based on the geological data published both during the Soviet period and the last decades. Four ore-formation provinces（Altay, BalkhashJunggar, Chu-Yili-Tianshan, and Southwest Tianshan） could be classified. The Balkhash-Junggar and Chu-Yili-Tianshan provinces are the major topics of this paper. The Balkhash-Junggar province consists of 4 huge ore-forming belts（Zharma-Saur, Tarbahtay-Xiemistay, Aktogay-Baerluke, Balkhashwestern Junggar） with 11 large ore-college areas. The Chu-Yili-Tianshan province consists of 4 huge ore-forming belts（Alatau-Sairimu, Chu-Yili-Bolehuole, Issyk-Awulale, Kazharman-Nalaty） with 22 large ore-college areas. Formation of large ore-college area corresponds to a specific stage of continental crust growth. Comparison of geology and ore deposits in the CAMR provides rich information for future exploration and understanding of ore-forming processes. The Paleo-Junggar Ocean closed at Early Devonian in the Balkhash-western Junggar ore-forming belt. Afterwards, widespread volcanic- sedimentary rocks formed at extensional stage due to delamination of the thick lower crust formed during previous accretionary processes. Felsic magma intrusion caused formation of porphyry Cu-Au deposit at ~310 Ma and related hydrothermal gold deposits about 10 Ma later. For example, in the Hatu-Baobei-Sartohay Au-Cr ore-college area in the Balkhash-western Junggar ore-forming belt, small granitic to diorite plutons and various dykes（312–277 Ma） and large granite bodies（~300 Ma） intruded into the Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary basin. T
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (1 0 1 0 1 0 1 6) Tian Yuan Founda-tion(1 0 1 2 60 2 0 )
文摘Cellular automata are the discrete dynamical systems of simple construction but with complex and varied behaviors.In this paper,the elementary cellular automaton of rule 22 is studied by the tools of formal language theory and symbolic dynamics.Its temporal evolution orbits are coarse grained into evolution sequences and the evolution languages are defined.It is proved that for every n ≥2 its width n evolution language is not regular.
基金funded by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)the Key Research Projects of Hubei province(2020BBA045,2020BHB028)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(Y2022XK11).the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.China.(KF2022002)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14).
文摘Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(SiTPSs)and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses.Totally,ten SiTPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized.SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells.Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups(I and II),which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses.Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of SiTPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses.SiTPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses.Most group II SiTPS genes(SiTPS4-SiTPS10)were strongly induced by drought,salt,waterlogging,and osmotic stress.Particularly,SiTPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses,indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting SiTPS genes’functions.
文摘Cervical spinal canal narrowing can lead to injury of the spinal cord and neurological symptoms including neck pain,headache,weakness and parasthesisas.According to previous and recent clinical researches,we investigated the geometric parameters of normal cervical spinal canal including the sagittal and transverse diameters as well as Torg ratio.The mean sagittal diameter of cervical spinal canal at C1 to C7 ranges from 15.33 mm to 20.46 mm,the mean transverse diameter at the same levels ranges from 24.45 mm to 27.00 mm and the mean value of Torg ratio is 0.96.With respect to narrow cervical spinal canal,the following charaterstics are found：firstly,extension of the cervical spine results in statistically significant stenosis as compared with the flexed or neutral positions; secondly,females sustain cervical spinal canal narrowing more easily than males;finally,the consistent narrowest cervical canal level is at C4 for all ethnicity,but there is a slight variation in the sagittal diameter of cervical spinal stenosis（≤ 14 mm in Whites,≤12 mm in Japanese,≤ 13.7 mm in Chinese）.Narrow sagittal cervical canal diameter brings about an increased risk of neurological injuries in traumatic,degenerative and inflammatory conditions and is related with extension of cervical spine,gender,as well as ethnicity.It is hoped that this review will be helpful in diagnosing spinal cord and neurological injuries with the geometric parameters of cervical spine in the future.
文摘In early of 1960s, I was a graduate student studying on tRNA biochemistry. In the course of the research, the magnesium ions stabilized the tertiary structure of tRNA, resulting in its resistance to enzymatic degradation was discovered independently. The experiment of deaminated (denatured) tRNA obtained from native tRNA was designed and conducted and further proved the validity of this finding. It was found that magnesium ions could stabilize the tertiary structure of the natrive tRNA but could not stabilize structure of the deaminated tRNA. In term of the methodology, this stabilization technique has been widely applied in sequencing analysis of RNA and has greatly promoted the progress in the study of primary structure of RNA. More importantly, the stabilization of the tertiary structure of RNA by magnesium ions plays a key role both in the processing of messenger RNAs and the ribozyme activity. After our first article in Chinese was published in 1963, a paper of Nishimura & Novelli came into our note. The received date of their paper was March 22 of 1963, only 4 days earlier than that of our first paper. Thus, we and Nishimura & Novelli made almost at the same time the earliest discovery of the role of magnesium ions on stabilizing the tertiary structure of the transfer RNA and thus resulted in resistance of tRNA degradation by enzymes. However, this discovery was not initially appreciated for a period of time but was finally “visualized” and proved by X-ray crystal structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA, which has provided more accurate information on the geometry of the magnesium-binding sites in tRNA.
文摘IgA nephropathy(IgAN)is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease(CKD),which are commonly accompanied by dyslipidemia.Obesity is also associated with dyslipidemia and risk of CKD,but the relation of the dyslipidemia patterns with obesity and disease progression in IgAN patients remains unknown.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and the combined treatment with corticosteroids and TCM have been shown to be of benefit for IgAN patients,but predictive markers for guiding these treatments are lacking.Here,we quantified 545 lipid species in the plasma from 196 participants,including 140 IgAN patients and 56 healthy volunteers,and revealed an altered plasma lipidome in IgAN patients as compared to healthy participants.Association analysis showed that a subgroup of glycerides,particularly triacylglycerols(TGs)containing docosahexaenoic acid,were positively associated with high body mass index(BMI)in under-or normal-weight IgAN patients,while several free fatty acids and sphingomyelins were positively associated with high BMI in overweight or obese IgAN patients.Further,our study suggested that elevated levels of eight lipids,mainly TG species containing linolenic acid,were independent risk factors for IgAN progression and also reported the prospective association of circulating lipids with treatment outcomes in IgAN.Taken together,our findings may not only help to achieve precision medicine but also provide a knowledge base for dietary intervention in the treatment of IgAN.
文摘AIM: To study the effect of ginsenoside Rgl and Rhl on the anti - tumor activity of dendritic cells (DC). METHODS: Effect of Rgl and Rhl on the production of IL- 12 p40 protein was detected by ELISA, and the IL- 12 p40 mRNA level of DC was monitored by RT- PCR. Anti - tumor activity of DC- LPAK was detemnined by neutral red staining assay. RESULTS: The results of ELLSA showed that Rgl and Rhl significantly enhanced the production of IL- 12 p40 of DC. Rgl at 1 mg/L and Rhl at 100 mg/L upregulated the IL- 12 p40 mRNA level. Rgl and Rhl enhanced the anti - tumor ability of DC, induced lyrnphokine and PHA activated killer (DC-LPAK) on human papillate tumor cell line. Each dose of Rgl can obviously accelerate the eytotoxity to L929 at the E: T ratio of 5 : 1 (P<0.05,0.01 ), while only Rhl 10 mg/L enhanced the eytotoxity ability of DC- LPAK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rgl and Rhl enhanced the production of IL-12 p40. This effect may be mediated by the increase in the mRNA level. As a result, Rg1 and Rhl oromote the ability of DC to stimulate the cytotoxitie aetieity of DC - LPAK.
文摘Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test using a single-edge notched tensile specimen. The results showed that SCC could occur in all media, and the threshold stress intensity factor of SCC in water and formamide, KISCC, revealed anisotropy. The KISCC for poling direction parallel to the crack plane, was greater than that perpendicular to the crack plane, similar to the anisotropy of fracture toughness KIC; however, the anisotropy factor of KISCC, which was =1.8 (in formamide) and 2.1 (in water), was larger than that of KIC, which is =1.4. The stress-induced 90° domain switching causes the anisotropy of KIC and KISCC, besides, the resistance of SCC also has anisotropy.
