Objective: Echinococcosis is a major parasitic zoonosis of public health importance in western China. In 2004, the Chinese Ministry of Health estimated that 380,000 people had the disease in the region. The Qinghai-Ti...Objective: Echinococcosis is a major parasitic zoonosis of public health importance in western China. In 2004, the Chinese Ministry of Health estimated that 380,000 people had the disease in the region. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is highly co-endemic with both alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). In the past years, the Chinese government has been increasing the financial support to control the diseases in this region. Therefore, it is very important to identify the significant risk factors of the diseases by reviewing studies done in the region in the past decade to help policymakers design appropriate control strategies. Review: Selection criteria for which literature to review were firstly defined. Medline, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), and Google Scholar were systematically searched for literature published between January 2000 and July 2011. Significant risk factors found by single factor and/or multiple factors analysis were listed, counted, and summarized. Literature was examined to check the comparability of the data;age and sex specific prevalence with same data structures were merged and used for further analysis. A variety of assumed social, economical, behavioral, and ecological risk factors were studied on the Plateau. Those most at risk were Tibetan herdsmen, the old and female in particular. By analyzing merged comparable data, it was found that females had a significant higher prevalence, and a positive linearity relationship existed between echinococcosis prevalence and increasing age. In terms of behavioral risk factors, playing with dogs was mostly correlated with CE and/or AE prevalence. In terms of hygiene, employing ground water as the drinking water source was significantly correlated with CE and AE prevalence. For definitive hosts, dog related factors were most frequently identified with prevalence of CE or/and AE;fox was a potential risk factor for AE prevalence only. Overgrazing and deforestation were significant for AE prevalence only. Conclusion:展开更多
Background Overgrazing was assumed to increase the population density of small mammals that are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis, the pathogen of alveolar echinococcosis in the Qinghai Tibet Plate...Background Overgrazing was assumed to increase the population density of small mammals that are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis, the pathogen of alveolar echinococcosis in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. This research tested the hypothesis that overgrazing might promote Echinococcus multilocularis transmission through increasing populations of small mammal, intermediate hosts in Tibetan pastoral communities. Methods Grazing practices, small mammal indices and dog Echinococcus multilocularis infection data were collected to analyze the relation between overgrazing and Echinococcus multilocularis transmission using nonparametric tests and multiple stepwise logistic regression. Results In the investigated area, raising livestock was a key industry. The communal pastures existed and the available forage was deficient for grazing. Open （common） pastures were overgrazed and had higher burrow density of small mammals compared with neighboring fenced （private） pastures; this high overgrazing pressure on the open pastures measured by neighboring fenced area led to higher burrow density of small mammals in open pastures. The median burrow density of small mammals in open pastures was independently associated with nearby canine Echinococcus multilocularis infection （P=-0.003, OR=1.048）. Conclusion Overgrazing may promote the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis through increasing the population density of small mammals.展开更多
AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MA...AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MAPKs and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）expression were measured in the liver of patients withalveolar echinococcosis （AE）. MAPKs, MEK1/2 [MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （ERK）kinase] and ribosomal S6 kinase （RSK） phosphorylationwere detected in primary cultures of rat hepatocytesin contact in vitro with （1） E. multilocu/aris vesicle fluid（EmF）, （2）E. multilocularis-conditioned medium （EmCM）.RESULTS： In the liver of AE patients, ERK 1/2 andp38 MAPK were activated and PCNA expression wasincreased, especially in the vicinity of the metacestode.Upon exposure to EmF, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK） and ERK1/2 were also activated in hepatocytesin vitro, as well as MEK1/2 and RSK, in the absenceof any toxic effect. Upon exposure to EmCM, only JNKwas up-regulated.CONCLUSION： Previous studies have demonstratedan influence of the host on the MAPK cascade inE. multilocularis. Our data suggest that the reverse,i.e. parasite-derived signals efficiently acting onMAPK signaling pathways in host liver ceils, is actuallyoperating.展开更多
Background Alveolar echinococcosis is a major zoonosis of public health significance in western China. Overgrazing was recently assumed as a potential risk factor for transmission of alveolar echinococcosis. The resea...Background Alveolar echinococcosis is a major zoonosis of public health significance in western China. Overgrazing was recently assumed as a potential risk factor for transmission of alveolar echinococcosis. The research was designed to further test the overgrazing hypothesis by investigating how overgrazing influenced the burrow density of intermediate host small mammals and how the burrow density of small mammals was associated with dog Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Methods The study sites were chosen by previous studies which found areas where the alveolar echinococcosis was prevalent. The data, including grass height, burrow density of intermediate host small mammals, dog and fox fecal samples as well as Global Positioning System （GPS） position, were collected from field investigations in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, China. The fecal samples were analyzed using copro-PCR. The worms, teeth, bones and hairs in the fecal samples were visually examined. Single factor and multifactor analyses tools including chi square and generalized linear models were applied to these data. Results By using grass height as a proxy of grazing grass in the pasture led to lower small mammals＇ pressure in the homogenous pasture, this study found that taller burrow density （X2=4.670, P=0.031, coefficient=-1.570）. The Echinococcus multilocularis worm burden in dogs was statistically significantly related to the maximum density of the intermediate host Ochotona spp. （X2=5.250, P=-0.022, coefficient=0.028）. The prevalence in owned dogs was positively correlated to the number of stray dogs seen within a 200 meter radius （Wald X2=8.375, P=-0.004, odds ratio=1.198）. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that overgrazing promotes transmission of alveolar echinococcosis and confirm the role of stray dogs in the transmission of alveolar echinococcosis.展开更多
Objective To investigate the association between histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles and alveolar echinococcosis (AE).Methods Thirty-five patients with AE in high prevalence areas in Gansu Province...Objective To investigate the association between histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles and alveolar echinococcosis (AE).Methods Thirty-five patients with AE in high prevalence areas in Gansu Province of China were tested for the HLA-DRB1 gene using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique. The results were compared with those of 104 healthy individuals.Results The frequency of the HLA-DRB1*040x gene was 26% in the patient group,which was significantly higher than that in the control group (9.62%) with a relative risk (RR) of 4.45 (χ 2 =13.67, P <0.01),and an etiological fraction (EF) of 0.20. The frequency of the HLA-DRB1 *0701 allele was significantly lower in the patient group (2.86%) as compared to the control group (13.94%; χ 2=6.67,P <0.05) with a preventable fraction (PF) of 0.30. The frequencies of other DRB1 alleles were not significantly different.Conclusion Susceptibility to AE is significantly associated with the HLA-DRB1*040x. HLA-DRB1 *0701 gene might confer protection against AE in humans.展开更多
Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveola...Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis （AE） have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis （＂hydatid disease＂） and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the ＂dualists＂, who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the ＂unicists＂, who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the ＂dualist＂ theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus （E.） multilocularis species, and that AE-Iooking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The i展开更多
AIM: To approach the relationship between alveolar echinococcosis (AE) pathology and level of sIL-2R,TNF-α and IFN-γ in sera and the significance of cytokines in development of AE.METHODS: After 23 patients with AE ...AIM: To approach the relationship between alveolar echinococcosis (AE) pathology and level of sIL-2R,TNF-α and IFN-γ in sera and the significance of cytokines in development of AE.METHODS: After 23 patients with AE were confirmed by ELISA and ultrasound, their sera were collected and the concentrations of sIL-2R,TNF-α and IFN-γ were detected by double antibody sandwich. Twelve healthy adults served as controls. According to the status of livers of AE patients by ultrasound scanning, they were divided into 4 groups: P2,P3, P4 groups and C group (control). Average of concentrations of sIL-2R, TNF-α and IFN-yin homologous group was statistically analyzed by both ANOV and Newman-Keuls, respectively.RESULTS: The mean of sIL-2R in P2 group was 97±29, P3:226±80, P4:194±23 and control group (111±30)×10^3 u/L(P<0.01). The mean of TNF-α in P2 group was 1.12±0.20, P3:3.67±1.96, P4:1.30±0.25 and control group 0.40±0.19 μg/L(P<0.01). The mean of IFN-γ in P2 group was 360±20, P3:486±15, P4:259±19 and control group: 16±2 ng/L (P<0.01).Judged by ANOV and Newman-Keuls, the mean concentrations of sIL-2R, TNF-α and IFN-γ had a significant difference among groups. Except for P2group, the mean sIL-2R between other groups of AE patients had a significant difference (P<0.05). The mean of TNF-α concentration in P3 group was the highest (P<0.01). The mean of IFN-γ concentration in all patients was higher than that in control group (P<0.01),but there was no difference between AE groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Low sIL-2R level indicates an early stage of AE or stable status, per contra, a progression stage. Higher level of TNF-α might be related to the lesion of liver. The role of single IFN-γ is limited in immunological defense against AE and it can not fully block pathological progression.展开更多
This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one...This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one or more optimized wheel profiles according to train operators’needs,e.g.,reducing wheel wear,mitigating the development of wheel out-of-roundness(OOR),improving the shape stability of the wheel profile.Specifically,WPFTS includes four modules:(I)a wheel profile generation module based on the rotary-scaling finetuning(RSFT)method;(II)a multi-objective generation module consisting of a rigid multi-body dynamics simulation(MBS)model,an analytical model,and a rigid–flexible MBS model,for generating 11 objectives related to wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort;(III)a weight assignment module consisting of an adaptive weight assignment strategy and a manual weight assignment strategy;and(IV)an optimization module based on radial basis function(RBF)and particle swarm optimization(PSO).Finally,three cases are introduced to show how WPTFS recommends a wheel profile according to train operators’needs.Among them,a wheel profile with high shape stability,a wheel profile for mitigating the development of wheel OOR,and a wheel profile considering hunting stability and derailment safety are developed,respectively.展开更多
B 超对肝占位性病变的诊断具有直观和定位准确的特点,已被用作临床病理分型的主要手段.随着 B 超在泡球蚴病诊断和流行病学中应用的普及,泡球蚴病超声象的分型及临床分型日益受到重视.但直到现在对其声象类型仍有分歧.Hadni 参照肝癌的...B 超对肝占位性病变的诊断具有直观和定位准确的特点,已被用作临床病理分型的主要手段.随着 B 超在泡球蚴病诊断和流行病学中应用的普及,泡球蚴病超声象的分型及临床分型日益受到重视.但直到现在对其声象类型仍有分歧.Hadni 参照肝癌的分型标准,将泡球蚴分为3种临床类型。展开更多
文摘Objective: Echinococcosis is a major parasitic zoonosis of public health importance in western China. In 2004, the Chinese Ministry of Health estimated that 380,000 people had the disease in the region. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is highly co-endemic with both alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). In the past years, the Chinese government has been increasing the financial support to control the diseases in this region. Therefore, it is very important to identify the significant risk factors of the diseases by reviewing studies done in the region in the past decade to help policymakers design appropriate control strategies. Review: Selection criteria for which literature to review were firstly defined. Medline, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), and Google Scholar were systematically searched for literature published between January 2000 and July 2011. Significant risk factors found by single factor and/or multiple factors analysis were listed, counted, and summarized. Literature was examined to check the comparability of the data;age and sex specific prevalence with same data structures were merged and used for further analysis. A variety of assumed social, economical, behavioral, and ecological risk factors were studied on the Plateau. Those most at risk were Tibetan herdsmen, the old and female in particular. By analyzing merged comparable data, it was found that females had a significant higher prevalence, and a positive linearity relationship existed between echinococcosis prevalence and increasing age. In terms of behavioral risk factors, playing with dogs was mostly correlated with CE and/or AE prevalence. In terms of hygiene, employing ground water as the drinking water source was significantly correlated with CE and AE prevalence. For definitive hosts, dog related factors were most frequently identified with prevalence of CE or/and AE;fox was a potential risk factor for AE prevalence only. Overgrazing and deforestation were significant for AE prevalence only. Conclusion:
基金the Health Department of Sichuan Province the Ecology of Infectious Diseases Program from USA National Institutes of Health (No. 1565)the French Embassy in Beijing
文摘Background Overgrazing was assumed to increase the population density of small mammals that are the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis, the pathogen of alveolar echinococcosis in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. This research tested the hypothesis that overgrazing might promote Echinococcus multilocularis transmission through increasing populations of small mammal, intermediate hosts in Tibetan pastoral communities. Methods Grazing practices, small mammal indices and dog Echinococcus multilocularis infection data were collected to analyze the relation between overgrazing and Echinococcus multilocularis transmission using nonparametric tests and multiple stepwise logistic regression. Results In the investigated area, raising livestock was a key industry. The communal pastures existed and the available forage was deficient for grazing. Open （common） pastures were overgrazed and had higher burrow density of small mammals compared with neighboring fenced （private） pastures; this high overgrazing pressure on the open pastures measured by neighboring fenced area led to higher burrow density of small mammals in open pastures. The median burrow density of small mammals in open pastures was independently associated with nearby canine Echinococcus multilocularis infection （P=-0.003, OR=1.048）. Conclusion Overgrazing may promote the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis through increasing the population density of small mammals.
基金Supported by A PhD grant from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (French Embassy in Beijing) to Ren-Yong Linby a project grant from the "Foundation Transplantation" (2005-2006)+1 种基金by a grant from NSFC, No. 30860253 and 30760239by the Xinjiang Key-Lab project grants on Echinococcosis, No. XJDX0202-2005-01 and XJDX0202-2007-04
文摘AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MAPKs and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）expression were measured in the liver of patients withalveolar echinococcosis （AE）. MAPKs, MEK1/2 [MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （ERK）kinase] and ribosomal S6 kinase （RSK） phosphorylationwere detected in primary cultures of rat hepatocytesin contact in vitro with （1） E. multilocu/aris vesicle fluid（EmF）, （2）E. multilocularis-conditioned medium （EmCM）.RESULTS： In the liver of AE patients, ERK 1/2 andp38 MAPK were activated and PCNA expression wasincreased, especially in the vicinity of the metacestode.Upon exposure to EmF, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK） and ERK1/2 were also activated in hepatocytesin vitro, as well as MEK1/2 and RSK, in the absenceof any toxic effect. Upon exposure to EmCM, only JNKwas up-regulated.CONCLUSION： Previous studies have demonstratedan influence of the host on the MAPK cascade inE. multilocularis. Our data suggest that the reverse,i.e. parasite-derived signals efficiently acting onMAPK signaling pathways in host liver ceils, is actuallyoperating.
文摘Background Alveolar echinococcosis is a major zoonosis of public health significance in western China. Overgrazing was recently assumed as a potential risk factor for transmission of alveolar echinococcosis. The research was designed to further test the overgrazing hypothesis by investigating how overgrazing influenced the burrow density of intermediate host small mammals and how the burrow density of small mammals was associated with dog Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Methods The study sites were chosen by previous studies which found areas where the alveolar echinococcosis was prevalent. The data, including grass height, burrow density of intermediate host small mammals, dog and fox fecal samples as well as Global Positioning System （GPS） position, were collected from field investigations in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, China. The fecal samples were analyzed using copro-PCR. The worms, teeth, bones and hairs in the fecal samples were visually examined. Single factor and multifactor analyses tools including chi square and generalized linear models were applied to these data. Results By using grass height as a proxy of grazing grass in the pasture led to lower small mammals＇ pressure in the homogenous pasture, this study found that taller burrow density （X2=4.670, P=0.031, coefficient=-1.570）. The Echinococcus multilocularis worm burden in dogs was statistically significantly related to the maximum density of the intermediate host Ochotona spp. （X2=5.250, P=-0.022, coefficient=0.028）. The prevalence in owned dogs was positively correlated to the number of stray dogs seen within a 200 meter radius （Wald X2=8.375, P=-0.004, odds ratio=1.198）. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that overgrazing promotes transmission of alveolar echinococcosis and confirm the role of stray dogs in the transmission of alveolar echinococcosis.
文摘Objective To investigate the association between histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles and alveolar echinococcosis (AE).Methods Thirty-five patients with AE in high prevalence areas in Gansu Province of China were tested for the HLA-DRB1 gene using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) technique. The results were compared with those of 104 healthy individuals.Results The frequency of the HLA-DRB1*040x gene was 26% in the patient group,which was significantly higher than that in the control group (9.62%) with a relative risk (RR) of 4.45 (χ 2 =13.67, P <0.01),and an etiological fraction (EF) of 0.20. The frequency of the HLA-DRB1 *0701 allele was significantly lower in the patient group (2.86%) as compared to the control group (13.94%; χ 2=6.67,P <0.05) with a preventable fraction (PF) of 0.30. The frequencies of other DRB1 alleles were not significantly different.Conclusion Susceptibility to AE is significantly associated with the HLA-DRB1*040x. HLA-DRB1 *0701 gene might confer protection against AE in humans.
文摘Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis （AE） have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis （＂hydatid disease＂） and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the ＂dualists＂, who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the ＂unicists＂, who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the ＂dualist＂ theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus （E.） multilocularis species, and that AE-Iooking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The i
基金Supported by the STD3 Programme of the EC,No.TS3-CT94-0270
文摘AIM: To approach the relationship between alveolar echinococcosis (AE) pathology and level of sIL-2R,TNF-α and IFN-γ in sera and the significance of cytokines in development of AE.METHODS: After 23 patients with AE were confirmed by ELISA and ultrasound, their sera were collected and the concentrations of sIL-2R,TNF-α and IFN-γ were detected by double antibody sandwich. Twelve healthy adults served as controls. According to the status of livers of AE patients by ultrasound scanning, they were divided into 4 groups: P2,P3, P4 groups and C group (control). Average of concentrations of sIL-2R, TNF-α and IFN-yin homologous group was statistically analyzed by both ANOV and Newman-Keuls, respectively.RESULTS: The mean of sIL-2R in P2 group was 97±29, P3:226±80, P4:194±23 and control group (111±30)×10^3 u/L(P<0.01). The mean of TNF-α in P2 group was 1.12±0.20, P3:3.67±1.96, P4:1.30±0.25 and control group 0.40±0.19 μg/L(P<0.01). The mean of IFN-γ in P2 group was 360±20, P3:486±15, P4:259±19 and control group: 16±2 ng/L (P<0.01).Judged by ANOV and Newman-Keuls, the mean concentrations of sIL-2R, TNF-α and IFN-γ had a significant difference among groups. Except for P2group, the mean sIL-2R between other groups of AE patients had a significant difference (P<0.05). The mean of TNF-α concentration in P3 group was the highest (P<0.01). The mean of IFN-γ concentration in all patients was higher than that in control group (P<0.01),but there was no difference between AE groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Low sIL-2R level indicates an early stage of AE or stable status, per contra, a progression stage. Higher level of TNF-α might be related to the lesion of liver. The role of single IFN-γ is limited in immunological defense against AE and it can not fully block pathological progression.
基金This work was supported by China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201707000113).
文摘This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one or more optimized wheel profiles according to train operators’needs,e.g.,reducing wheel wear,mitigating the development of wheel out-of-roundness(OOR),improving the shape stability of the wheel profile.Specifically,WPFTS includes four modules:(I)a wheel profile generation module based on the rotary-scaling finetuning(RSFT)method;(II)a multi-objective generation module consisting of a rigid multi-body dynamics simulation(MBS)model,an analytical model,and a rigid–flexible MBS model,for generating 11 objectives related to wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort;(III)a weight assignment module consisting of an adaptive weight assignment strategy and a manual weight assignment strategy;and(IV)an optimization module based on radial basis function(RBF)and particle swarm optimization(PSO).Finally,three cases are introduced to show how WPTFS recommends a wheel profile according to train operators’needs.Among them,a wheel profile with high shape stability,a wheel profile for mitigating the development of wheel OOR,and a wheel profile considering hunting stability and derailment safety are developed,respectively.
