In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a n...In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.展开更多
The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning....The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning.PCT is based on Transformer,which achieves huge success in natural language processing and displays great potential in image processing.It is inherently permutation invariant for processing a sequence of points,making it well-suited for point cloud learning.To better capture local context within the point cloud,we enhance input embedding with the support of farthest point sampling and nearest neighbor search.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the PCT achieves the state-of-the-art performance on shape classification,part segmentation,semantic segmentation,and normal estimation tasks.展开更多
Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human vi...Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human visual system.Such an attention mechanism can be regarded as a dynamic weight adjustment process based on features of the input image.Attention mechanisms have achieved great success in many visual tasks,including image classification,object detection,semantic segmentation,video understanding,image generation,3D vision,multimodal tasks,and self-supervised learning.In this survey,we provide a comprehensive review of various attention mechanisms in computer vision and categorize them according to approach,such as channel attention,spatial attention,temporal attention,and branch attention;a related repository https://github.com/MenghaoG uo/Awesome-Vision-Attentions is dedicated to collecting related work.We also suggest future directions for attention mechanism research.展开更多
The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of ...The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of stars, galaxies and QSOs. Objects in both the pilot survey and the first year regular survey are included in the LAMOST DR1. The pilot survey started in October 2011 and ended in June 2012, and the data have been released to the public as the LAMOST Pilot Data Release in August 2012. The regular survey started in September 2012, and completed its first year of operation in June 2013. The LAMOST DR1 includes a total of 1202 plates containing 2 955 336 spectra, of which 1 790 879 spectra have observed signalto-noise ratio（SNR） ≥ 10. All data with SNR ≥ 2 are formally released as LAMOST DR1 under the LAMOST data policy. This data release contains a total of 2 204 696 spectra, of which 1 944 329 are stellar spectra, 12 082 are galaxy spectra and 5017 are quasars. The DR1 not only includes spectra, but also three stellar catalogs with measured parameters： late A,FGK-type stars with high quality spectra（1 061 918 entries）, A-type stars（100 073 entries）, and M-type stars（121 522 entries）. This paper introduces the survey design, the observational and instrumental limitations, data reduction and analysis, and some caveats. A description of the FITS structure of spectral files and parameter catalogs is also provided.展开更多
The present paper is aimed at recycling of coal ash and blast furnace slag to produce mineral wool. Considering the mineralogical constitutions of coal ash and blast furnace slag, the primary quaternary slag compositi...The present paper is aimed at recycling of coal ash and blast furnace slag to produce mineral wool. Considering the mineralogical constitutions of coal ash and blast furnace slag, the primary quaternary slag compositions of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 with basicity （mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 ） ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 and alumina ranging from 5% to 20% were investigated through a rotating cylinder method. The experimental results indicated that the viscosities decreased with increasing basicity above the liquidus temperature, and increased with increasing alumina content, and the maximum values were reached and as the alumina content was 20%, followed by the decrease with further increasing alumina content due to its amphoteric behavior. The amphoteric behavior of Al2O3 also performed in the relationship between viscosity and non-bridging oxygen per tetrahedrally-eoordinated atom （NBO/T）, and the viscosities decreased with increasing the NBO/T except the slag with a basicity 0.5 and Al2O3 20 % which have a low NBO/T value and a low viscosity than others.展开更多
Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in di...Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in diabetic erectile dysfunction models, the number of visible stem cells was rather low and decreased quickly. LESWT could recruit endogenous stem cells to the cavernous body and improve the microenvironment in diabetic cavernous tissue. Thus, we deduced that LESWT might benefit transplanted stem cell survival and improve the effects of stem cell transplantation. In this research, 42 streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomized into four groups： the diabetic group （n = 6）, the LESWT group （n = 6）, the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell （BMSC） transplantation group （n = 15）, and the combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation group （n = 15）. One and three days after BMSC transplantation, three rats were randomly chosen to observe the survival numbers of BMSCs in the cavernous body. Four weeks after BMSC transplantation, the following parameters were assessed： the surviving number of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous tissue, erectile function, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and penile immunohistochemical assessment. Our research found that LESWT favored the survival of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous body, which might be related to increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression and the enhancement of angiogenesis in the diabetic cavernous tissue. The combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation could improve the erectile function of diabetic erectile function rats more effectively than LESWT or BMSC transplantation performed alone.展开更多
Background We hypothesize that increased atrial oxidative stress and inflammation may play an important role in atrial nerve sprouting and heterogeneous sympathetic hyperinnervation during atrial fibrillation （AF）. ...Background We hypothesize that increased atrial oxidative stress and inflammation may play an important role in atrial nerve sprouting and heterogeneous sympathetic hyperinnervation during atrial fibrillation （AF）. To test the hypothesis, we examined whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment with probucol attenuates atrial autonomic remodeling in a canine model of AF produced by prolonged rapid right atrial pacing.Methods Twenty-one dogs were divided into a sham-operated group, a control group and a probucol group. Dogs in the control group and probucol group underwent right atrial pacing at 400 beats per minute for 6 weeks, and those in the probucol group received probucol 1 week before rapid atrial pacing until pacing stopped. After 6-week rapid atrial pacing, general properties including left atrial structure and function, atrial hemodynamics and the inducibility and duration of AF were measured in all the groups. Atrial oxidative stress markers and serum C-reactive protein （CRP） concentration were estimated. The degree of nerve sprouting and sympathetic innervation at the right atrial anterior wall （RAAW） and the left atrial anterior wall （LAAW） were quantified by immunohistochemistry, atrial norepinephrine contents were also detected. Atrial beta-nerve growth factor （beta-NGF） mRNA and protein expression at the RAAW and LAAW were assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively.Results Atrial tachypacing induced significant nerve sprouting and heterogeneous sympathetic hyperinnervation, and the magnitude of nerve sprouting and hyperinnervation was higher in the RAAW than in the LAAW. Atrial beta-NGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased at the RAAW and LAAW, and the upregulation of beta-NGF expression was greater at the RAAW than at the LAAW in the control group. The beta-NGF protein level was positively correlated with the density of sympathetic nerves in all groups. Probucol decreased the increase of CRP concentration and attenuate展开更多
The formation potential of four trihalomethanes （THMFP） and seven haloacetic acids （HAA7FP） in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution syst...The formation potential of four trihalomethanes （THMFP） and seven haloacetic acids （HAA7FP） in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system （SDS） chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance （SUVA254： the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon （DOC））, which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/（mg.m）, showed that the organic compounds in different source waters exhibited different reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 μg/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 μg/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids （HAAs） should be of concern in some source waters. TCM （chloroform） and BDCM （bromodichloromethane） were the major THM constituents, while TCAA （trichloroacetic acid） and DCAA （dichloroacetic acid） were the major HAA species. Br-THM （brominated THM species） were much higher than Br- HAA （brominated HAA species）, and the formation of Br-DBP （Br-THM and Br-HAA） should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 μg/L.展开更多
Naturally occurring electric fields are known to be morphogenetic cues and associated with growth and healing throughout mammalian and amphibian animals and the plant kingdom. Electricity in animals was discovered in ...Naturally occurring electric fields are known to be morphogenetic cues and associated with growth and healing throughout mammalian and amphibian animals and the plant kingdom. Electricity in animals was discovered in the eighteenth century. Electric fields activate multiple cellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/PTEN, the membrane channel of KCNJ15/Kir4.2 and intracellular polyamines. These pathways are involved in the sensing of physiological electric fields, directional cell migration (galvanotaxis, also known as electrotaxis), and possibly other cellular responses. Importantly, electric fields provide a dominant and over-riding signal that directs cell migration. Electrical stimulation could be a promising therapeutic method in promoting wound healing and activating regeneration of chronic and non-healing wounds. This review provides an update of the physiological role of electric fields, its cellular and molecular mechanisms, its potential therapeutic value, and questions that still await answers.展开更多
BACKGROUND No large-scale epidemiological survey on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)in China has been conducted.China has a large population and a complex geographical environment.It is importan...BACKGROUND No large-scale epidemiological survey on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)in China has been conducted.China has a large population and a complex geographical environment.It is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution of GERD in China.AIM To explore the prevalence and the spatial,temporal,and population distributions of GERD in the natural Chinese population.METHODS We searched Chinese and English databases for literature on the prevalence of GERD in the natural Chinese population.The prevalence of GERD was pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model.Subgroup analysis was performed according to time,region,and population.We used ArcGIS software to draw statistical maps and trend analysis charts.Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out using Geoda software.Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the spatial distribution relationship between GERD and upper digestive tract tumours.RESULTS Altogether,70 studies involving 276014 individuals from 24 provinces of China were included.The overall pooled prevalence of GERD was 8.7%(95%CI:7.5%-9.9%)in China's Mainland.Over the past two decades,the prevalence of GERD in China has increased from 6.0%to 10.6%.GERD was more common in people aged 40-60,with body mass index≥24,and of Uygur ethnicity.The prevalence was higher in the west and east than in the centre,and there may be a local spatial autocorrelation between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southeast.GERD was correlated with gastric(r=0.421,P=0.041)and oesophageal tumours(r=0.511,P=0.011)in spatial distribution.CONCLUSION GERD is becoming common in China.The prevalence differs by region and population.The development of appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of GERD is needed.展开更多
Yu Gan Long(YGL)is a Chinese traditional herbal formula which has been reported to attenuate liver fibrosis for many years and we have explored its anti-fibrotic mechanism through blocking transforming growth factor(T...Yu Gan Long(YGL)is a Chinese traditional herbal formula which has been reported to attenuate liver fibrosis for many years and we have explored its anti-fibrotic mechanism through blocking transforming growth factor(TGF-β)in the previous study.But the mechanisms associated with platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)-BB remain obscure.In this study,we further investigated the mechanism of YGL reducing carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.Our results showed that YGL suppressed CCl4-induced upregulation of collagen IV(Col IV),type HI precollagen(PCHI),hyaluronuc acid(HA)and laminin(LN),which are implicated in liver fibrosis.Also,YGL reduced theα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)expression,which acts as the indicator of liver fibrosis.Furthermore,YGL decreased the serum levels of hepatic stellate cell(HSC)mitogen PDGF-BB and inflammation cytokines,including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6.Markers involved in liver fibrosis,such as Ras,p-Raf-1,p-ERK1/2,p-JNK,p-P38,p-PI3K,p-AKT,p-JAKl,p-STAT3 were downregulated significantly after treatment with YGL.Our results indicated that YGL ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by reducing inflammation cytokines production,and suppressing Ras/ERK,PI3K/AKT,and JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathways,which provided further evidence towards elucidation of the anti-fibrotic mechanism of YGL.展开更多
In this paper,we introduce a very large Chinese text dataset,in the wild.While optical character recognition(OCR)in document images is well studied and many commercial tools are available,the detection and recognition...In this paper,we introduce a very large Chinese text dataset,in the wild.While optical character recognition(OCR)in document images is well studied and many commercial tools are available,the detection and recognition of text in natural images is still a challenging problem,especially for some more complicated character sets such as Chinese text.Lack of training data has always been a problem,especially for deep learning methods which require massive training data.In this paper,we provide details of a newly created dataset of Chinese text with about 1 million Chinese characters from 3850 unique ones annotated by experts in over 30 000 street view images.This is a challenging dataset with good diversity containing planar text,raised text,text under poor illumination,distant text,partially occluded text,etc.For each character,the annotation includes its underlying character,bounding box,and six attributes.The attributes indicate the charactcr's background complexity,appearance,style,etc.Besides the dataset,we give baseline results using state-of-the-art methods for tliree tasks:character recognition(top-1 accuracy of 80.5%),character detection(AP of 70.9%),and text line detection(AED of 22.1).The dataset,source code,and trained models are publicly available.展开更多
AIM:To identify the aetiology of open globe injuries at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over a period of 10y and the prognostic factors for visual outcome.METHODS:Retrospective review of medical records of open glo...AIM:To identify the aetiology of open globe injuries at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over a period of 10y and the prognostic factors for visual outcome.METHODS:Retrospective review of medical records of open globe injury cases that presented from January2000 to December 2009.Classification of open globe injury was based on the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology(BETT).Records were obtained with hospital permission via the in-house electronic patient management system,and the case notes of all patients with a diagnosis of open globe injury were scrutinised.Patients with prior ocular trauma,pre-existing ocular conditions affecting the visual acuity,contrast sensitivity,central vision or corneal thickness,as well as those with a history of previous intraocular or refractive surgery were excluded.Analysis of data was with SPSS version20.0.Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between prognostic factors and visual outcome.RESULTS:This study involved 220 patients(n=222eyes).The most common place of injury was the home(51.8%),followed by the workplace(23.4%).Among children aged less than 16y of age,domestic-related injury was the predominant cause(54.6%),while in those aged 16y and above,occupational injuries were the most common cause(40.0%).Most eyes(76.5%)had an initial visual acuity worse than 3/60,and in half of these,the visual acuity improved.The visual outcome was found to be significantly associated with the initial visual acuity(P【0.005),posterior extent of wound(P【0.001),length of wound(P【0.001),presence of hyphaema(P【0.001)and presence of vitreous prolapse(P【0.005).CONCLUSION:The most common causes of open globe injury are domestic accidents and occupational injuries.Significant prognostic factors for final visual outcome in patients with open globe injury are initial visual acuity,posterior extent and length of wound,presence of hyphaema and presence of vitreous prolapse.Awareness of the factors predicting a poor visual outcome may be helpful during coun展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC)is the second leading cause of cancer-related death.The poor survival rate may reflect the relatively aggressive tumor biology of GC.Recently,the importance of the tumor microenvironment in carcinoge...Gastric cancer(GC)is the second leading cause of cancer-related death.The poor survival rate may reflect the relatively aggressive tumor biology of GC.Recently,the importance of the tumor microenvironment in carcinogenesis has emerged.In the tumor microenvironment,tumor cells and the surrounding stromal cells aberrantly secrete matricellular proteins capable of modulating carcinogenesis and regulating metastasis.The Cyr61/CTGF/Nov(CCN)proteins are a family of matricellular proteins with variable roles in many physiological and pathological processes.The evidence suggests that CCN family proteins contribute to GC carcinogenic processes.Here,we briefly review recent research on the effects of CCN family proteins in GC carcinogenesis and the development of new targeted agents in this field.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the effect of selective Cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） inhibitor 4-[5-（4-Chloro-phenyl）-3- （trifluoromethyl）- 1H-pyrazol- 1-yl] benzenesulfonamide （SC-236）, on the cholecystokinin （CCK）-octape...AIM： To investigate the effect of selective Cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） inhibitor 4-[5-（4-Chloro-phenyl）-3- （trifluoromethyl）- 1H-pyrazol- 1-yl] benzenesulfonamide （SC-236）, on the cholecystokinin （CCK）-octapeptideinduced acute pancreatitis （AP） in rats. METHODS： Wistar rat weighing 240 g to 260 g were divided into three groups. （1） Normal DMSO treated group, （2） SC-236 at 4 mg/kg treated group; SC-236 systemically administered via the intravenous （i.v.） catheter, followed by 75 μg/kg CCK octapeptide subcutaneously three times, after 1, 3 and 5 h. This whole procedure was repeated for 5 d. （3） Dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） treated group： an identical protocol was used in this group as in the SC-236 cohort （see 2. above）. Repeated CCK octapeptide treatment resulted in a typical experimentally induced pancreatitis in the Wistar rats. RESULTS： SC-236 improved the severity of CCK- octapeptide-induced AP as measured by laboratory criteria [the pancreatic weight/body weight （p.w/ b.w） ratio, the level of serum amylase and lipase]. The SC-236 treated group showed minimal histologic evidence of pancreatitis and a significant reduction in myeloperoxidase activity. SC-236 also increased heat shock protein （HSP）-60 and HSP72 compared with the DMSO-treated group in the CCK-octapeptide-induced AP and also reduced the pancreatic levels of COX-2. Furthermore, SC-236 reduced proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and inhibited NF-KB activation compared with the DMSO-treated group in the CCK-octapeptide-induced AP. CONCLUSION： Our results suggested that COX-2 plays pivotal role in the development of AP and COX-2 inhibitors may play a beneficial role in preventing AP.展开更多
Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that can affect its chemical composition and functionality. Two types of wheat cultivars, the hard and soft wheat cultivars, grown at Tai＇an Ex...Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that can affect its chemical composition and functionality. Two types of wheat cultivars, the hard and soft wheat cultivars, grown at Tai＇an Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China, were examined in this study. The granule size distribution and amylose contents in wheat grains were studied and compared, and relationships between the properties were identified. A clear bimodal distribution of granule size was shown in all wheat cultivars. Volume distribution of starch granules shows the typical bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 5.6-6.1μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Also, granule surface area distribution was bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 2.4-3.2μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Number distribution of granules was a typical population with a peak value in the range of 0.54-1.05μm. Contributions from the granules 〈 2.8μm and 〈 9.9μm to the total volume were in the ranges of 94.2-95.1% and 99.7-99.9% of total number, respectively. Proportions of granules〈2.8μm, 2.8-9.9μm, 9.9-22.8μm, and 22.8-42.8μm were in the ranges of 12.9-14.3%, 28.4-31.1%, 33.5-35.6%, and 19.7-22.7% for hard wheat, and 10.3-13.9%, 26.6-28.1%, 32.7-34.6%, and 24.2-27% for soft wheat. Hard wheat had greater B-type granules （ 〈 9.9μm）, and had fewer granules of 22.8-42.8μm than soft wheat. Amylose content was positively related to volume percentage of granules 22.8-42.8μm, and negatively related to volume percentage of granules 2.8-22.8μm.展开更多
基金supported(in part)by the Entrusted Project of National Center for Medical Service Administration,National Health and Family Planning Commission China(No.[2019]099)the First Level Funding of the Second Medical Leading Talent Project in Hubei Provincethe Special Project for Emergency of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2020YFC0841300)。
文摘In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Number 61521002)the Joint NSFC–DFG Research Program(Project Number 61761136018).
文摘The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning.PCT is based on Transformer,which achieves huge success in natural language processing and displays great potential in image processing.It is inherently permutation invariant for processing a sequence of points,making it well-suited for point cloud learning.To better capture local context within the point cloud,we enhance input embedding with the support of farthest point sampling and nearest neighbor search.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the PCT achieves the state-of-the-art performance on shape classification,part segmentation,semantic segmentation,and normal estimation tasks.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61521002 and 62132012)。
文摘Humans can naturally and effectively find salient regions in complex scenes.Motivated by this observation,attention mechanisms were introduced into computer vision with the aim of imitating this aspect of the human visual system.Such an attention mechanism can be regarded as a dynamic weight adjustment process based on features of the input image.Attention mechanisms have achieved great success in many visual tasks,including image classification,object detection,semantic segmentation,video understanding,image generation,3D vision,multimodal tasks,and self-supervised learning.In this survey,we provide a comprehensive review of various attention mechanisms in computer vision and categorize them according to approach,such as channel attention,spatial attention,temporal attention,and branch attention;a related repository https://github.com/MenghaoG uo/Awesome-Vision-Attentions is dedicated to collecting related work.We also suggest future directions for attention mechanism research.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2014CB845700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11390371)Funding for the project has been provided by the National Development and Reform Commission
文摘The Large sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST） general survey is a spectroscopic survey that will eventually cover approximately half of the celestial sphere and collect 10 million spectra of stars, galaxies and QSOs. Objects in both the pilot survey and the first year regular survey are included in the LAMOST DR1. The pilot survey started in October 2011 and ended in June 2012, and the data have been released to the public as the LAMOST Pilot Data Release in August 2012. The regular survey started in September 2012, and completed its first year of operation in June 2013. The LAMOST DR1 includes a total of 1202 plates containing 2 955 336 spectra, of which 1 790 879 spectra have observed signalto-noise ratio（SNR） ≥ 10. All data with SNR ≥ 2 are formally released as LAMOST DR1 under the LAMOST data policy. This data release contains a total of 2 204 696 spectra, of which 1 944 329 are stellar spectra, 12 082 are galaxy spectra and 5017 are quasars. The DR1 not only includes spectra, but also three stellar catalogs with measured parameters： late A,FGK-type stars with high quality spectra（1 061 918 entries）, A-type stars（100 073 entries）, and M-type stars（121 522 entries）. This paper introduces the survey design, the observational and instrumental limitations, data reduction and analysis, and some caveats. A description of the FITS structure of spectral files and parameter catalogs is also provided.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50874013)National Key Technology Research and Development Programof China (2007BAB15B04)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(NCET-07-0071, NCET-08-0723)
文摘The present paper is aimed at recycling of coal ash and blast furnace slag to produce mineral wool. Considering the mineralogical constitutions of coal ash and blast furnace slag, the primary quaternary slag compositions of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 with basicity （mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 ） ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 and alumina ranging from 5% to 20% were investigated through a rotating cylinder method. The experimental results indicated that the viscosities decreased with increasing basicity above the liquidus temperature, and increased with increasing alumina content, and the maximum values were reached and as the alumina content was 20%, followed by the decrease with further increasing alumina content due to its amphoteric behavior. The amphoteric behavior of Al2O3 also performed in the relationship between viscosity and non-bridging oxygen per tetrahedrally-eoordinated atom （NBO/T）, and the viscosities decreased with increasing the NBO/T except the slag with a basicity 0.5 and Al2O3 20 % which have a low NBO/T value and a low viscosity than others.
文摘Stem cell transplantation and low-energy shock-wave therapy （LESWT） have emerged as potential and effective treatment protocols for diabetic erectile dysfunction. During the tracking of transplanted stem cells in diabetic erectile dysfunction models, the number of visible stem cells was rather low and decreased quickly. LESWT could recruit endogenous stem cells to the cavernous body and improve the microenvironment in diabetic cavernous tissue. Thus, we deduced that LESWT might benefit transplanted stem cell survival and improve the effects of stem cell transplantation. In this research, 42 streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomized into four groups： the diabetic group （n = 6）, the LESWT group （n = 6）, the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell （BMSC） transplantation group （n = 15）, and the combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation group （n = 15）. One and three days after BMSC transplantation, three rats were randomly chosen to observe the survival numbers of BMSCs in the cavernous body. Four weeks after BMSC transplantation, the following parameters were assessed： the surviving number of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous tissue, erectile function, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and penile immunohistochemical assessment. Our research found that LESWT favored the survival of transplanted BMSCs in the cavernous body, which might be related to increased stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression and the enhancement of angiogenesis in the diabetic cavernous tissue. The combination of LESWT and BMSC transplantation could improve the erectile function of diabetic erectile function rats more effectively than LESWT or BMSC transplantation performed alone.
文摘Background We hypothesize that increased atrial oxidative stress and inflammation may play an important role in atrial nerve sprouting and heterogeneous sympathetic hyperinnervation during atrial fibrillation （AF）. To test the hypothesis, we examined whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment with probucol attenuates atrial autonomic remodeling in a canine model of AF produced by prolonged rapid right atrial pacing.Methods Twenty-one dogs were divided into a sham-operated group, a control group and a probucol group. Dogs in the control group and probucol group underwent right atrial pacing at 400 beats per minute for 6 weeks, and those in the probucol group received probucol 1 week before rapid atrial pacing until pacing stopped. After 6-week rapid atrial pacing, general properties including left atrial structure and function, atrial hemodynamics and the inducibility and duration of AF were measured in all the groups. Atrial oxidative stress markers and serum C-reactive protein （CRP） concentration were estimated. The degree of nerve sprouting and sympathetic innervation at the right atrial anterior wall （RAAW） and the left atrial anterior wall （LAAW） were quantified by immunohistochemistry, atrial norepinephrine contents were also detected. Atrial beta-nerve growth factor （beta-NGF） mRNA and protein expression at the RAAW and LAAW were assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively.Results Atrial tachypacing induced significant nerve sprouting and heterogeneous sympathetic hyperinnervation, and the magnitude of nerve sprouting and hyperinnervation was higher in the RAAW than in the LAAW. Atrial beta-NGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased at the RAAW and LAAW, and the upregulation of beta-NGF expression was greater at the RAAW than at the LAAW in the control group. The beta-NGF protein level was positively correlated with the density of sympathetic nerves in all groups. Probucol decreased the increase of CRP concentration and attenuate
基金supported by the High-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China(No.2007AA06A414)the National Basic Research Development Program (973) of China(No. 2006CB403306)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Major Projects of Knowledge Innovation Program(No. KZCX1-YW-06)
文摘The formation potential of four trihalomethanes （THMFP） and seven haloacetic acids （HAA7FP） in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system （SDS） chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance （SUVA254： the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon （DOC））, which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/（mg.m）, showed that the organic compounds in different source waters exhibited different reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 μg/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 μg/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids （HAAs） should be of concern in some source waters. TCM （chloroform） and BDCM （bromodichloromethane） were the major THM constituents, while TCAA （trichloroacetic acid） and DCAA （dichloroacetic acid） were the major HAA species. Br-THM （brominated THM species） were much higher than Br- HAA （brominated HAA species）, and the formation of Br-DBP （Br-THM and Br-HAA） should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 μg/L.
文摘Naturally occurring electric fields are known to be morphogenetic cues and associated with growth and healing throughout mammalian and amphibian animals and the plant kingdom. Electricity in animals was discovered in the eighteenth century. Electric fields activate multiple cellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/PTEN, the membrane channel of KCNJ15/Kir4.2 and intracellular polyamines. These pathways are involved in the sensing of physiological electric fields, directional cell migration (galvanotaxis, also known as electrotaxis), and possibly other cellular responses. Importantly, electric fields provide a dominant and over-riding signal that directs cell migration. Electrical stimulation could be a promising therapeutic method in promoting wound healing and activating regeneration of chronic and non-healing wounds. This review provides an update of the physiological role of electric fields, its cellular and molecular mechanisms, its potential therapeutic value, and questions that still await answers.
文摘BACKGROUND No large-scale epidemiological survey on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)in China has been conducted.China has a large population and a complex geographical environment.It is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution of GERD in China.AIM To explore the prevalence and the spatial,temporal,and population distributions of GERD in the natural Chinese population.METHODS We searched Chinese and English databases for literature on the prevalence of GERD in the natural Chinese population.The prevalence of GERD was pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model.Subgroup analysis was performed according to time,region,and population.We used ArcGIS software to draw statistical maps and trend analysis charts.Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out using Geoda software.Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the spatial distribution relationship between GERD and upper digestive tract tumours.RESULTS Altogether,70 studies involving 276014 individuals from 24 provinces of China were included.The overall pooled prevalence of GERD was 8.7%(95%CI:7.5%-9.9%)in China's Mainland.Over the past two decades,the prevalence of GERD in China has increased from 6.0%to 10.6%.GERD was more common in people aged 40-60,with body mass index≥24,and of Uygur ethnicity.The prevalence was higher in the west and east than in the centre,and there may be a local spatial autocorrelation between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southeast.GERD was correlated with gastric(r=0.421,P=0.041)and oesophageal tumours(r=0.511,P=0.011)in spatial distribution.CONCLUSION GERD is becoming common in China.The prevalence differs by region and population.The development of appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of GERD is needed.
基金This study was supported by grants from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M592320,No.2016M600670)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2018CFB657)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81601605).
文摘Yu Gan Long(YGL)is a Chinese traditional herbal formula which has been reported to attenuate liver fibrosis for many years and we have explored its anti-fibrotic mechanism through blocking transforming growth factor(TGF-β)in the previous study.But the mechanisms associated with platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)-BB remain obscure.In this study,we further investigated the mechanism of YGL reducing carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.Our results showed that YGL suppressed CCl4-induced upregulation of collagen IV(Col IV),type HI precollagen(PCHI),hyaluronuc acid(HA)and laminin(LN),which are implicated in liver fibrosis.Also,YGL reduced theα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)expression,which acts as the indicator of liver fibrosis.Furthermore,YGL decreased the serum levels of hepatic stellate cell(HSC)mitogen PDGF-BB and inflammation cytokines,including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6.Markers involved in liver fibrosis,such as Ras,p-Raf-1,p-ERK1/2,p-JNK,p-P38,p-PI3K,p-AKT,p-JAKl,p-STAT3 were downregulated significantly after treatment with YGL.Our results indicated that YGL ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by reducing inflammation cytokines production,and suppressing Ras/ERK,PI3K/AKT,and JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathways,which provided further evidence towards elucidation of the anti-fibrotic mechanism of YGL.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61822204 and 61521002a research grant from the Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Centerthe Tsinghua-Tencent Joint Laboratory for Internet Innovation Technology.
文摘In this paper,we introduce a very large Chinese text dataset,in the wild.While optical character recognition(OCR)in document images is well studied and many commercial tools are available,the detection and recognition of text in natural images is still a challenging problem,especially for some more complicated character sets such as Chinese text.Lack of training data has always been a problem,especially for deep learning methods which require massive training data.In this paper,we provide details of a newly created dataset of Chinese text with about 1 million Chinese characters from 3850 unique ones annotated by experts in over 30 000 street view images.This is a challenging dataset with good diversity containing planar text,raised text,text under poor illumination,distant text,partially occluded text,etc.For each character,the annotation includes its underlying character,bounding box,and six attributes.The attributes indicate the charactcr's background complexity,appearance,style,etc.Besides the dataset,we give baseline results using state-of-the-art methods for tliree tasks:character recognition(top-1 accuracy of 80.5%),character detection(AP of 70.9%),and text line detection(AED of 22.1).The dataset,source code,and trained models are publicly available.
文摘AIM:To identify the aetiology of open globe injuries at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over a period of 10y and the prognostic factors for visual outcome.METHODS:Retrospective review of medical records of open globe injury cases that presented from January2000 to December 2009.Classification of open globe injury was based on the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology(BETT).Records were obtained with hospital permission via the in-house electronic patient management system,and the case notes of all patients with a diagnosis of open globe injury were scrutinised.Patients with prior ocular trauma,pre-existing ocular conditions affecting the visual acuity,contrast sensitivity,central vision or corneal thickness,as well as those with a history of previous intraocular or refractive surgery were excluded.Analysis of data was with SPSS version20.0.Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between prognostic factors and visual outcome.RESULTS:This study involved 220 patients(n=222eyes).The most common place of injury was the home(51.8%),followed by the workplace(23.4%).Among children aged less than 16y of age,domestic-related injury was the predominant cause(54.6%),while in those aged 16y and above,occupational injuries were the most common cause(40.0%).Most eyes(76.5%)had an initial visual acuity worse than 3/60,and in half of these,the visual acuity improved.The visual outcome was found to be significantly associated with the initial visual acuity(P【0.005),posterior extent of wound(P【0.001),length of wound(P【0.001),presence of hyphaema(P【0.001)and presence of vitreous prolapse(P【0.005).CONCLUSION:The most common causes of open globe injury are domestic accidents and occupational injuries.Significant prognostic factors for final visual outcome in patients with open globe injury are initial visual acuity,posterior extent and length of wound,presence of hyphaema and presence of vitreous prolapse.Awareness of the factors predicting a poor visual outcome may be helpful during coun
文摘Gastric cancer(GC)is the second leading cause of cancer-related death.The poor survival rate may reflect the relatively aggressive tumor biology of GC.Recently,the importance of the tumor microenvironment in carcinogenesis has emerged.In the tumor microenvironment,tumor cells and the surrounding stromal cells aberrantly secrete matricellular proteins capable of modulating carcinogenesis and regulating metastasis.The Cyr61/CTGF/Nov(CCN)proteins are a family of matricellular proteins with variable roles in many physiological and pathological processes.The evidence suggests that CCN family proteins contribute to GC carcinogenic processes.Here,we briefly review recent research on the effects of CCN family proteins in GC carcinogenesis and the development of new targeted agents in this field.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science & Technology/Korea Science & Engineering Foundation through the Vestibuloco-chlear Research Center at Wonkwang University, No. R13-2002- 055-00000-0
文摘AIM： To investigate the effect of selective Cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） inhibitor 4-[5-（4-Chloro-phenyl）-3- （trifluoromethyl）- 1H-pyrazol- 1-yl] benzenesulfonamide （SC-236）, on the cholecystokinin （CCK）-octapeptideinduced acute pancreatitis （AP） in rats. METHODS： Wistar rat weighing 240 g to 260 g were divided into three groups. （1） Normal DMSO treated group, （2） SC-236 at 4 mg/kg treated group; SC-236 systemically administered via the intravenous （i.v.） catheter, followed by 75 μg/kg CCK octapeptide subcutaneously three times, after 1, 3 and 5 h. This whole procedure was repeated for 5 d. （3） Dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） treated group： an identical protocol was used in this group as in the SC-236 cohort （see 2. above）. Repeated CCK octapeptide treatment resulted in a typical experimentally induced pancreatitis in the Wistar rats. RESULTS： SC-236 improved the severity of CCK- octapeptide-induced AP as measured by laboratory criteria [the pancreatic weight/body weight （p.w/ b.w） ratio, the level of serum amylase and lipase]. The SC-236 treated group showed minimal histologic evidence of pancreatitis and a significant reduction in myeloperoxidase activity. SC-236 also increased heat shock protein （HSP）-60 and HSP72 compared with the DMSO-treated group in the CCK-octapeptide-induced AP and also reduced the pancreatic levels of COX-2. Furthermore, SC-236 reduced proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and inhibited NF-KB activation compared with the DMSO-treated group in the CCK-octapeptide-induced AP. CONCLUSION： Our results suggested that COX-2 plays pivotal role in the development of AP and COX-2 inhibitors may play a beneficial role in preventing AP.
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program for High-Yielding of Food Crops,China(2006BAD02A09)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University,Ministry of Education(IRT0635)the Academy Doctoral Subject Scientific Research Foundation,Ministry of Education,China(20060434006)
文摘Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that can affect its chemical composition and functionality. Two types of wheat cultivars, the hard and soft wheat cultivars, grown at Tai＇an Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China, were examined in this study. The granule size distribution and amylose contents in wheat grains were studied and compared, and relationships between the properties were identified. A clear bimodal distribution of granule size was shown in all wheat cultivars. Volume distribution of starch granules shows the typical bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 5.6-6.1μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Also, granule surface area distribution was bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 2.4-3.2μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Number distribution of granules was a typical population with a peak value in the range of 0.54-1.05μm. Contributions from the granules 〈 2.8μm and 〈 9.9μm to the total volume were in the ranges of 94.2-95.1% and 99.7-99.9% of total number, respectively. Proportions of granules〈2.8μm, 2.8-9.9μm, 9.9-22.8μm, and 22.8-42.8μm were in the ranges of 12.9-14.3%, 28.4-31.1%, 33.5-35.6%, and 19.7-22.7% for hard wheat, and 10.3-13.9%, 26.6-28.1%, 32.7-34.6%, and 24.2-27% for soft wheat. Hard wheat had greater B-type granules （ 〈 9.9μm）, and had fewer granules of 22.8-42.8μm than soft wheat. Amylose content was positively related to volume percentage of granules 22.8-42.8μm, and negatively related to volume percentage of granules 2.8-22.8μm.
